Constipation is a common gastrointestinal complaint in clinical practice, affecting an estimated 27% of the population. Many patients are disappointed by current conventional treatments and, therefore, seek help from ...Constipation is a common gastrointestinal complaint in clinical practice, affecting an estimated 27% of the population. Many patients are disappointed by current conventional treatments and, therefore, seek help from complementary and alternative medicine （CAM）. Traditional Chinese medicine, is the most important part of CAM and has been practiced for treating diseases and promoting the health of humans for thousands of years, and has become a popular alternative choice. Although there are many Chinese herbal medicine （CHM interventions available, and some have been verified b＇ clinical trials, their efficacy and safety are still questioned by both patients and health care providers worldwide. The purposes of this review are, first, to appraise the qualities of individual study designs in the new Cochrane approach. Second, the benefits of individual CHM interventions or individual types of CHM intervention for the treatment of functional constipation are analyzed. Finally, valid and comprehensive conclusions are drawn, if applicable, in order to make clinical recommendations.展开更多
Objective： To observe the differences in therapeutic effects of acupuncture and lactulose oral solution on constipation after stroke. Method： Sixty patients with constipation after stroke were divided into an acupun...Objective： To observe the differences in therapeutic effects of acupuncture and lactulose oral solution on constipation after stroke. Method： Sixty patients with constipation after stroke were divided into an acupuncture group and a western medicine group by a random number method, with 30 cases in each group. Based on the the conventional treatment and rehabilitation for function recovery, the acupuncture group was treated at the selected the bilateral acupoints： Daheng （SP15）, Fujie （SP14）, Zhigou （TE6）, Zhaohai （KI6）, Yingxiang （LI20）, and Shaoshang （LU11） while the western medicine group was treated with 30 ml of lactulose oral solution. The clinical symptoms score and clinical efficacy of the treatment provided for constipation in both groups were recorded pre-treatment, at one week of treatment, after treatment for two weeks, and one month after discharge respectively. Results： The clinical symptom scores of constipation in the two groups after one week of treatment, two weeks of treatment, and one month of treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment （P 〈 0.001）. The treatment efficacy in the acupuncture group showed significant improvement when compared with the western medicine group, at one week, two weeks and one month （1.03 ± 1.19 vs 1.43 ± 1.19, P 〉 0.05 ; 0.73 ± 1.01 vs 1.33 ± 1.18, P 〈 0.05; 0.53 ± 0.82 vs 1.27 ± 1.14, P 〈 0.05, respectively）. The efficacy rate was statistically significant at two weeks after treatment and one month after follow-up （86.67% vs 70%,P 〈 0.05; 93.33% vs 73.33%, P 〈 0.05, respectively）. Conclusion： The short-term and long-term efficacy of acupuncture on constipation after stroke is better thanthat of treatment with lactulose oral solution. This method is safe, free of side effects, durable, has high feasibility, and is suitable for clinical application.展开更多
AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tegaserod, 6 mg twice daily （b.i.d.）, in men and women with chronic constipation （CC） from China. METHODS： This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled stu...AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tegaserod, 6 mg twice daily （b.i.d.）, in men and women with chronic constipation （CC） from China. METHODS： This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Following a 2-wk treatmentfree baseline period, patients were randomized to receive either tegaserod （6 mg b.i.d.） or placebo （b.i.d.） for 4 wk. An analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to determine the overall effect of treatment for the primary efficacy variable; the change from baseline in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements （CSBMs） during the 4-wk treatment period. Secondary efficacy endpoints included other measures of response in terms of CSBMs, and patients＇ daily and weekly assessment of bowel habits. Safety was also assessed, based on the incidence and severity of adverse events （AEs）. RESULTS： A total of 607 patients were randomized to receive either tegaserod （n = 304） or placebo （n = 303）. Tegaserod treatment resulted in a rapid and significant increase from baseline in the adjusted mean number of CSBMs per week over wk 1-4 compared with placebo （1.39 vs 0.91, P = 0.0002）. A statistically significant difference in favor of tegaserod was also observed for a mean increase ≥ 1 CSBM/wk over wk 1-4 （47.7% vs 35.0%, tegaserod vs placebo, respectively, P = 0.0018） and for the absolute number of≥ 3 CSBMs/wk over wk 1-4 （25.0% vs 14.5%, tegaserod vs placebo, respectively, P = 0.0021）. Improvements in other symptoms of CC were also seen in the tegaserod group, including improved stool form and reduced straining. In addition, more patients in the tegaserod group reported satisfactory relief from their constipation symptoms. The frequency and severity of AEs was comparable between tegaserod and placebo groups, with the exception of a greater incidence of diarrhea in patients receiving tegaserod （3.6%） compared with placebo （1.7%）. CONCLUSION： Tecjaserod treatment improved multiple symptoms of CC and was associated with a favorable safety profile.展开更多
In 2011, Qu et al. proposed a quantum information hiding protocol based on the entanglement swapping of χ-type quantum states. Because a χ-type state can be described by the 4-particle cat states which have good sym...In 2011, Qu et al. proposed a quantum information hiding protocol based on the entanglement swapping of χ-type quantum states. Because a χ-type state can be described by the 4-particle cat states which have good symmetry,the possible output results of the entanglement swapping between a given χ-type state and all of the 16 χ-type states are divided into 8 groups instead of 16 groups of different results when the global phase is not considered. So it is difficult to read out the secret messages since each result occurs twice in each line(column) of the secret messages encoding rule for the original protocol. In fact, a 3-bit instead of a 4-bit secret message can be encoded by performing two unitary transformations on 2 particles of a χ-type quantum state in the original protocol. To overcome this defect, we propose an improved quantum information hiding protocol based on the general term formulas of the entanglement swapping among χ-type states.展开更多
基金Supported by Health and Health Services Research Fund of Hong Kong Health, Welfare and Food Bureau, No. 05060161
文摘Constipation is a common gastrointestinal complaint in clinical practice, affecting an estimated 27% of the population. Many patients are disappointed by current conventional treatments and, therefore, seek help from complementary and alternative medicine （CAM）. Traditional Chinese medicine, is the most important part of CAM and has been practiced for treating diseases and promoting the health of humans for thousands of years, and has become a popular alternative choice. Although there are many Chinese herbal medicine （CHM interventions available, and some have been verified b＇ clinical trials, their efficacy and safety are still questioned by both patients and health care providers worldwide. The purposes of this review are, first, to appraise the qualities of individual study designs in the new Cochrane approach. Second, the benefits of individual CHM interventions or individual types of CHM intervention for the treatment of functional constipation are analyzed. Finally, valid and comprehensive conclusions are drawn, if applicable, in order to make clinical recommendations.
文摘Objective： To observe the differences in therapeutic effects of acupuncture and lactulose oral solution on constipation after stroke. Method： Sixty patients with constipation after stroke were divided into an acupuncture group and a western medicine group by a random number method, with 30 cases in each group. Based on the the conventional treatment and rehabilitation for function recovery, the acupuncture group was treated at the selected the bilateral acupoints： Daheng （SP15）, Fujie （SP14）, Zhigou （TE6）, Zhaohai （KI6）, Yingxiang （LI20）, and Shaoshang （LU11） while the western medicine group was treated with 30 ml of lactulose oral solution. The clinical symptoms score and clinical efficacy of the treatment provided for constipation in both groups were recorded pre-treatment, at one week of treatment, after treatment for two weeks, and one month after discharge respectively. Results： The clinical symptom scores of constipation in the two groups after one week of treatment, two weeks of treatment, and one month of treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment （P 〈 0.001）. The treatment efficacy in the acupuncture group showed significant improvement when compared with the western medicine group, at one week, two weeks and one month （1.03 ± 1.19 vs 1.43 ± 1.19, P 〉 0.05 ; 0.73 ± 1.01 vs 1.33 ± 1.18, P 〈 0.05; 0.53 ± 0.82 vs 1.27 ± 1.14, P 〈 0.05, respectively）. The efficacy rate was statistically significant at two weeks after treatment and one month after follow-up （86.67% vs 70%,P 〈 0.05; 93.33% vs 73.33%, P 〈 0.05, respectively）. Conclusion： The short-term and long-term efficacy of acupuncture on constipation after stroke is better thanthat of treatment with lactulose oral solution. This method is safe, free of side effects, durable, has high feasibility, and is suitable for clinical application.
文摘AIM： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tegaserod, 6 mg twice daily （b.i.d.）, in men and women with chronic constipation （CC） from China. METHODS： This was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Following a 2-wk treatmentfree baseline period, patients were randomized to receive either tegaserod （6 mg b.i.d.） or placebo （b.i.d.） for 4 wk. An analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to determine the overall effect of treatment for the primary efficacy variable; the change from baseline in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements （CSBMs） during the 4-wk treatment period. Secondary efficacy endpoints included other measures of response in terms of CSBMs, and patients＇ daily and weekly assessment of bowel habits. Safety was also assessed, based on the incidence and severity of adverse events （AEs）. RESULTS： A total of 607 patients were randomized to receive either tegaserod （n = 304） or placebo （n = 303）. Tegaserod treatment resulted in a rapid and significant increase from baseline in the adjusted mean number of CSBMs per week over wk 1-4 compared with placebo （1.39 vs 0.91, P = 0.0002）. A statistically significant difference in favor of tegaserod was also observed for a mean increase ≥ 1 CSBM/wk over wk 1-4 （47.7% vs 35.0%, tegaserod vs placebo, respectively, P = 0.0018） and for the absolute number of≥ 3 CSBMs/wk over wk 1-4 （25.0% vs 14.5%, tegaserod vs placebo, respectively, P = 0.0021）. Improvements in other symptoms of CC were also seen in the tegaserod group, including improved stool form and reduced straining. In addition, more patients in the tegaserod group reported satisfactory relief from their constipation symptoms. The frequency and severity of AEs was comparable between tegaserod and placebo groups, with the exception of a greater incidence of diarrhea in patients receiving tegaserod （3.6%） compared with placebo （1.7%）. CONCLUSION： Tecjaserod treatment improved multiple symptoms of CC and was associated with a favorable safety profile.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61572297,61303199,61272514,and 61373131the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.ZR2013FM025,ZR2013FQ001+4 种基金ZR2014FM003,and ZY2015YL018the Shandong Provincial Outstanding Research Award Fund for Young Scientists of China under Grant Nos.BS2015DX006and BS2014DX007the National Development Foundation for Cryptological Research,China under Grant No.MMJJ201401012the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology Fundsthe Shandong Academy of Sciences Youth Fund Project,China under Grant Nos.2015QN003 and 2013QN007
文摘In 2011, Qu et al. proposed a quantum information hiding protocol based on the entanglement swapping of χ-type quantum states. Because a χ-type state can be described by the 4-particle cat states which have good symmetry,the possible output results of the entanglement swapping between a given χ-type state and all of the 16 χ-type states are divided into 8 groups instead of 16 groups of different results when the global phase is not considered. So it is difficult to read out the secret messages since each result occurs twice in each line(column) of the secret messages encoding rule for the original protocol. In fact, a 3-bit instead of a 4-bit secret message can be encoded by performing two unitary transformations on 2 particles of a χ-type quantum state in the original protocol. To overcome this defect, we propose an improved quantum information hiding protocol based on the general term formulas of the entanglement swapping among χ-type states.
