罪与罚:《稻草之盾》的人性叙事

“罪与罚”是犯罪电影的核心命题,当代日本犯罪电影将视点又同时落在“探索何为正义”的主题之上,摒弃传统犯罪电影扬善除恶的内容,探索更深层次和更宽泛的内容主题。日本导演三池崇史执导的《稻草之盾》根据木内一裕的同名小说改编,以人性叙事为方法,展开了一场法治、道德、人性与正义的辩论。被虐杀孙女的老人企图用金钱收买他人,借他人之手完成复仇,法律反而成为庇佑杀人魔清丸国秀的保护伞。在押送恶魔清丸回东京送检的过程中,人性、欲望与正义彼此较量。

Study on Biogas Production Using Anaerobic Fermentation of Rice Straw

[Objective] The aim was to improve the biogas production rate,and improve the use ratio of rice straws to the furthest.[Method] Single-factor method was adopted to analyze the influence of inoculated amount,total solid content and carbon-nitrogen ratio on biogas production in biogas station of Nanjing University of Technology.[Result] It was found that the most optimum condition was：inoculated amount of 34%,total solid content of 6%,and carbon-nitrogen ratio of 25：1.According to the experimental verification,the total biogas yield in experimental group increased by 27.6% over the control group.[Conclusion] The research provided the reference of the further industrialization production of biogas using straw.

Soil Carbon Pool Management Index under Different Straw Retention Regimes

[Objective] To clarify the effects of different straw retention regimes on soil fertility in double cropping paddy field. [Method] The effects of different straw reten- tion regimes on total organic carbon （CToc）, active carbon （CA） and mineralized carbon （CM） were analyzed, and carbon pool active （A）, carbon pool active index （A/）, carbon pool index （CPI） and carbon pool management index （CPMi） for each treat- ment were calculated. [Result] Compared with the unfertilized treatment （CK）, CToc, CA, CM and the available ratio of soil carbon were increased in the treatment of re- turning early season and late season rice straws to field. With the same nutrient application, CToc, CA and the available ratio of soil carbon in the field with straw re- turned to field were higher than that of straw incineration and no straw returning, and the change in soil CA content was more significant. The difference in CPMI be- tween different treatments reached significant or very significant level, and the value was in the order of straw directly returned to field 〉 straw returned to field after in- cineration 〉 no straw returned to field. [Conclusion] This study provided theoretical bases for the increase of soil CA content and soil fertility in double rice fields.

Study on biodegradated ability of thirteen edible fungi to straw

The biodegradated abilities of 13 edible fungi to straw were studied. The results showed that all the experimental fungi except Tricholama mongolicum had definite biodegradated abilities to the lignin and cellulose of straw. The Ideal fungus for straw degradation was screened out as Pleurotus ostreatus, which showed a higher degradation ability for lignin (17.86%) and lower degradation rate for cellulose (2.24%), with a Selection Factor (SF) of 7.97. The degradation rates of lignin and cellulose for other fungi ranged from 2.30% to 16.54% and 5.60% to 17.32%, respectively, and the SF was very low in range of 0.14 to 2.24.The ratio of colony's diameters to the color-zone (d1/d2) and SF are negative correlation, with a correlation coefficient of -0.1476.

Effects of Six Cultivation Patterns on Occurrence of Major Diseases and Pests and Yield of Rice

The occurrence rules of major diseases and pests in rice were investigated under six cultivation patterns, i.e., mechanical plowing-artificial transplanting, mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting, mechanical plowing-scattered transplanting,cattle plowing-artificial transplanting, cattle plowing-mechanical transplanting and cattle plowing-scattered transplanting. The results showed that the six cultivation patterns showed small effects on the occurrence of rice sheath blight, second-generation rice planthopper, rice stem borer and rice false smut, but showed great effects on the occurrence of rice leaf folder, third-and fourth-generation rice planthopper and weeds; there were certain differences in the rice yield among different cultivation patterns, and the rice yield under the pattern of mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting ranked first, while that under the pattern of cattle plowing-scattered transplanting ranked last.

Prevention Effects of Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·Quinclorac 50% WP on Stem and Leaf of Dry Direct Seeded Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore the prevention effects of pyrazosul-furon-ethyl·quinclorac 50% WP on stem and leaf of dry direct seeded rice. [Method] Totaling 7 drug doses were set in the test and the effects were observed 5, 10, 15 and 30 d after drug application, with the remained weeds surveyed 15 and 30 d after drug application. [Result] The test showed pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·quinclorac 50%WP was safe to rice as treatment agent of stem and leaf, and rice yield increased dramatical y, with the growth rate in 2.1%-49.3%. After the drug application, the prevention effects on Echinochloa crusgal i, Ludwimlia prostrata, Monochoria vamli-nalis, and Zong grass were 92.2%, 96.6%, 93.5%, and 94.8%, and the effects on fresh weight were 94.8%, 97.1%, 93.3% and 94.9%, respectively. [Conclusion] Pyra-zosulfuron-ethyl·quinclorac 50% WP can be taken as treatment agents of stem and leaf of dry direct seeded rice.

Preliminary Study on the Low Energy Ion Beam Mediated Parameters with Fractional Factorial Design Method

[Objective] The aim was to explore the biological effect of low energy ion beam mediated parameters with fractional factorial design method. [Method] The twin-embryos seed of autotetraploid rice DER10-04-01 was taken as the receptor material,and the Elymus dahuricus Turcz. was used as materials to provide DNA to carry out the ion beam mediated experiment. And the fractional factorial design method was used to study the parameters of low enery N＋ ion beam mediated foreign genes into rice. [Result] The implantation energy,dose,DNA concentrations and immersion time of DNA showed significant biological effects on the normal growth and development of DER10-04-01,in which the biological effects of implantation dose and DNA concentrations were relatively obvious. [Conclusion] The implantation energy,dose,DNA concentrations and immersion time of DNA were major factors showing important effects on the experimental result in ion beam mediated foreign genetic materials.

Calculation of Safe Volume of Straw Using Frank-Kamenetskii Model

[Objective] The aim was to calculate the safe straw volume using Frank- Kamenetskii Model to provide method for fire protection in forage farm. [Method] Frank-Kamenetskii Model was used to measure Tacr and improved by marginal tem- perature which was adjustable. In addition, effects of water content and density of baled straws on Tc were explored using the improved model. [Result] Size of straw bales was the key factor determining whether spontaneous combustion would occur. For baled straws with water at 15.27% and density at 285 kg/m3, Tc was 85-88 ~C and safe diameter of baled straws maximized 8.2 m. In addition, straws should be stacked from south to north （or north to south） to avoid sunshine and certain space should be kept between straw bales for heat dissipation. [Conclusion] The research is of significance for safe management of forage farm.

Study on Damage Characteristics of Weedy Rice

In this study, several typical tralts of weedy rice and its damage charac-teristics were analyzed. The resuIts showed that the shattering of weedy rice was sometimes weaker than that of conventional rice. The newIy-harvested weedy rice seeds have certaln dormant period and a Iong active period, whiIe the conventional rice seeds have no dormant period but have a Iimited active period. In the direct seeding and intercropping rice fields where weedy rice occurs seriousIy Iast year, if not controI ed timeIy, weedy rice may caused a damage above 28%, sometimes even above 99%. After one season of cuItivation, the underground weedy rice and conventional rice seeds wiI be carbonized, Iosing their activity. The germination of underground weedy rice can be first induced, and when the Iast-season wheat is harvested, the germinated weedy rice can be kiI ed with 41% gIyphosate （3 000 mI/hm2）, thus the damage and expansion of weedy rice wiI be effectiveIy controI ed.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Oryza sativa and Spartina alterniflora

[Objective] The aim was to explore salt-resistant Spartina alterniflora and high-yield rice with germplasm resource in order to create new salt-resistant rice species with dual-purpose of food and forage. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, re- searches on distant hybridization of Spartina alterniflora and Oryza Sativa have been conducted with method of distant hybridization breeding. On the other hand, break- through and combination techniques （four selected one） were adopted to find the new rice species, including techniques of planting and selection in seashore, cyto- logical detection and selection, phenotype selection of backcross, and molecular marker assisted selection. [Result] Success rate of distant hybridization from 2009 to 2010 was 1.39%. RAPD molecular identification of 7C14 and rice female parent of Zhongxiang No.l, seed 2 was carried on with distant hybridization of male parent of Spartina altemiflora （H）. The results showed that bands same with Spartina alterni- flora parents were found in RH-1-10K205-7C14xH, RH-2-8K157-7C14xH, and RH-13- 9H5-Zhongxaing No.1 xH. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hy- bridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina alterniflora. Female parent of rice 7K339, however, was under RAPD molecular identification with male parent of Spartina alterniflora. The result showed that bands same with Spartina alterniflora parents were found in RH-5-10K215, RH-6-8K48, RH- 12-9H9, RH-14-9H8 and RH-16-9H28. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hybridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina altemiflora. Rest hybrid strains were found variance with Spartina alterniflora parents and rice parents in varying degrees. [Conclusion] New and excellent rice species of dual-purpose solves problem not only about salt-resistant species badly needed in coastal development and treatment of saline and alkaline land, but about fine fodder and roughage for herbivore, as well. What＇s more, this is of scientific significance in recourse utilization, efficiency improvement in agriculture, food security, and cultivation strategy.

Residue and Degradation Dynamics of Bensulfuron-methyl·Mefenacet 4.2 g/kg Granule in Paddy Field

This study was conducted to determine the safety of bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet in rice ecosystem. A field experiment was carried to reveal residual dynamics and final residue of bensulfuron-methyl.mefenacet 4.2 g/kg granule in rice and paddy system in Hangzhou, Changsha and Nanning of China during 2010 to 2011. The results showed that the average recoveries of bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet spiked in the paddy soil, paddy water, rice, husk and rice plant at the 3 concentration levels of 0.05, 0.10 and 1.00 mg/kg ranged from 70.78% to 116.06% with the relative standard deviations of 0.91%-10.24%. The limit of detection （LOD） values of bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet were 0.02 mg/L, and the minimum de- tection quantities were 4.0×10-9 g. The degradation dynamics test was done by spraying at a high dose （270 kg/hm2, bensulfuron-methyl active ingredient was 64.8 g/hm2, mefenacet active ingredient was 1 069.2 g/hm2） by direct spreading method 5-7 d after transplanting, and the final residual test carried out at a low dose （180 kg/hm2, bensuifuron-methyl active ingredient was 43.2 g/hm2, mefenacet active in- gredient was 712.8 g/hm2） and a high dose （270 kg/hm2）. The degradation research of bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet in paddy water, soil and rice plant suggested that the degradation curves accorded with the first-order kinetics equation, the aver- age half life of bensulfuron-methyl was 5.35, 3.05 and 3.71 d in water, soil and rice plant, respectively, and the average half life of mefenacet was 3.61, 3.29 and 3.88 d in water, soil and rice plant, respectively. The final residues of bensulfuron-methyl and mefenacet were not detected in normal harvest paddy soil, rice straw, husk and brown rice.

Effects of Soaking Cultivated Rice Seeds with Fulvic Acid on Physiological and Ecological Properties of Weedy Rice

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of soaking cultivated rice seeds with fulvic acid （FA） on physiological and ecological properties of weedy rice in the direct seeding cultivated rice field. [Method] Weedy rice JS-Y1 and culti-vated rice Nanjing 44 were used as experimental materials for field plot trials to an-alyze the effects of soaking cultivated rice seeds with 0 （water as control）, 4, 6, 8 g/L FA on til ering dynamics, plant height, chlorophyl content, photosynthetic perfor-mance, gas exchange parameters and yield components of weedy rice at different growth stages. [Result] Among the 4 plants/m2 weedy rice plots, with the increase of FA concentration, til er number, plant height, chlorophyl content, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, stomatal conductance （Gs） and transpiration rate （Tr） of weedy rice were reduced. Under the 4-6 g/L FA concentration, til er numbers of weedy rice at differ-ent growth stages were reduced by 13.84%-35.71% compared with control at the same density and the most significant reduction was on the 22nd d after weedy rice germination; chlorophyl contents of weedy rice at the jointing stage were significant-ly reduced by 7.90%-8.88%. Furthermore, in the plots with 4 g/L FA, weedy rice plant heights at the heading stage and grain fil ing stage were significantly reduced by 6.37%-9.10%; Pn, Gs and Tr of weedy rice at the jointing stage and grain fil ing stage were significantly reduced by 10.19%-16.05%, 12.57%-23.33% and 10.28%-19.76%, respectively; 1 000-grain weight, effective panicle number per plant and panicles weight per plant of weedy rice at the maturity stage were significantly re-duced by 3.19%, 21.21% and 27.27%, correspondingly. [Conclusion] In 4 plants/m2 weedy rice plots, because soaking cultivated rice seeds with 4 g/L FA could regu-late the growth and development of cultivated rice, the soaking with FA could change the ecological relationship between cultivated rice and weedy rice, affect weedy rice physiological and ecological properties and al eviate the competitive inhi-bition of weedy rice on cultivated rice.

Effects of Rice-duck Mutualism on Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds and Economic Benefits

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.

Effects of Straw Covering and Different Types of Potassium Fertilizer on Salinity Accumulation in Surface Layer of Tobacco-planted Paddy Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigation the effects of straw covering and different types of potassium fertilizer on salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil in southern China. [Method] Tobacco variety ‘Yunyan87’ was used as the experimental material to investigate the effects of salinity accumulation in surface layer of tobacco-planted paddy soil on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco using different types of potassium fertilizer and mulching cultivation methods. [Result] The results showed that K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42and NO3-were the major salt ions in topsoil at different growth stages of flue-cured tobacco, Na ＋ and Mg2＋ contents were also relatively high at vigorous growth stage, indicating that these salt ions were easily accumulated in surface layer of soil; to be specific, the absolute increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of K＋ SO42- NO3-Ca2＋ Mg2＋ Na＋ Cl-, while the relative increase of salt ion concentration showed a decreasing order of Ca2＋ K＋ Na＋ NO3-SO42-Mg2＋ Cl-. At 60 d posttransplanting, total salt content in topsoil reached the minimum of 359.1 mg/kg in Treatment 2, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 536.1 mg/kg in Treatment 5 （CK）, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. At 90 d post-transplanting, no significant difference was observed in total salt content among various treatments. At harvesting period, total salt content in topsoil reached the maximum of 3 278.4 mg/kg in Treatment 1, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. Topsoil pH showed no significant differences among various treatments at three different periods, ranging from 5.39 to 5.59. Straw covering could effectively reduce salt content in topsoil, accelerate vigorous growth of tobacco, shorten vigorous growth period and increase plant height, leaf number and lead area; at vigorous growth stage, root vitality and root volume of tobacco were improved, but the yield and output value were relatively low. Major agronomic traits and yield of tobacco showed no significant difference among various treatments. Output value of tobacco reached the maximum of 24 196.8 yuan/hm2 in Treatment 3, which was significantly higher than that in other treatments. [Conclusion] Appropriate types and proportions of potassium fertilizer and straw covering can effectively reduce the total salt content in tobacco-planted paddy soil and increase the effective supply amount of K＋ , Ca2＋ , SO42-and NO3-, thereby promoting and improving the root vitality of tobacco, which is conducive to the growth and development of tobacco and will eventually enhance the yield, quality and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the germplasm resources of salt-tolerant Spartina,sweet-stalk Soughum bicolor and high-yield Oryza sativa for innovation of new germplasms of salt-tolerant and sweet-stalk Oryza sativa with dual purpose of food and forage in sea beach.[Method] From 2009 to 2012,researches on distant hybridization of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa had been carried out,and the RAPD molecular identification of obtained distant hybridization materials had been conducted.[Result] Experimental evidences of hybrid seed setting,transplanting and economic characters of hybrid materials were obtained;among the 14 hybrid materials for RAPD analysis,5 materials shared common bands with Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents,which were absent in Oryza sativa parent,indicating that the genetic component of Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents has been integrated into the 5 distant hybrids.[Conclusion] This study has important scientific significance in recourse utilization,agricultural efficiency improvement,food security,and cultivation strategy of China,showing broad application prospects.

Effect of Long-Term Straw Incorporation on SoilMicrobial Biomass and C and N Dynamics

A study was performed on the long-term effect of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass C contents, C and N dynamics in both Rothamsted and Woburn soils. The results showed that for both soils,the microbial biomass C contents were significantly different among all the treatments, and followed the sequence in treatments of straw chopped and incorporated into 10 cm (CI10) > straw burnt and incorporated into 10 cm (BI10) > straw chopped and incorporated into 20 cm (CI20) > straw burnt and incorporated into 20 cm (BI20). Laboratory incubation of soils showed that the cumulative CO2 evolution was closely related to the soil microbial biomass C content. Carbon dioxide evolution rates (CO2-C, μg (g d) -1 ) decreased rapidly in the first two weeks’ incubation, then decreased more slowly. The initial K2SO4-extractable NH4-N and NO3-N contents were low and similar in all the treatments, and all increased gradually with the incubation time. However, net N immobilization was observed in chopped treatments for Rothamsted soils during the first 4 weeks. Nevertheless, more N mineralization occurred in neatment CI10 than any other treatment at the end of incubation for both soils. The Woburn soils could more easily suffer from the leaching of nitrate because the soils were more permeable and more N was mineralized during the incubation compared to the Rothamsted soils.

Maize (Zea mays L.) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Straw Decomposition in Soil: Effect of Straw Placement, Mineral Nitrogen and Tillage

With the present understanding that decomposing straw may not onlyaffect soil properties, but pos- sibly greenhouse gas emissions aswell, focus among environmental researchers has gradually expanded toinclude understanding of decomposition rate and stability of straw ofdifferent plants in different soils under different managementconditions. Against such a background, a short-term (60 days)greenhouse simulation experiment was carried out to study the effectsof straw placement, external mineral N source and tillage on strawdecomposition of maize and cotton in two contrasting soils, a redsoil (Ferrasol) and a black soil (Acrisol).

Study on Sensitivities of 16 Rice Varieties to Acetochlor

In this study, the effects of acetochlor on the growth of 16 rice varieties were investigated. In addition, the sensitivity of different rice variety to acetochlor and the relationship between sensitivity and variety type were also studied. The effects of acetochlor on the germination of rice were determined in Petri dishes. The inhibitory effects of acetochlor on the seedling height, root length, seedling weight, root weight and other indicators of rice varieties were determined by agar method. The result showed the acetochlor had a certain inhibitory effect on the germination of rice. The low-concentration acetochlor would increase the seedling height and root number. However, when the concentration of acetochlor reached a certain value, its inhibitory effects became obvious. The inhibitory effect of acetochlor on rice roots was stronger than that on rice stems. Among the rice varieties, Sidao had the highest acetochlor tolerance, and Tianyou 3301 had the highest sensitivity to acetochlor. The average inhibition rates of seedling height, fresh seeding weight, root length, fresh plant weight and root number of Sidao in agar culture medium with 0.02 mg/L of acetochlor were 1.46%, 6.42%, 51.06%, 60.87% and -6.45%, respectively, while of Tianyou 3301 were 21.62%, 22.62%, 63.16%, 74.76% and 3.89%, respectively. The sensitivity to acetochlor differed significantly among different rice variety. However, this difference had no significant relationship with variety type.

Effects of rice straw on the cell viability, photosynthesis, and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

Rice straw is supposed to be an environment-friendly biomaterial for inhibiting the growth of harmful blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. However, its potential mechanism is not well known. To explore this mechanism, the growth, cell viability(esterase activity, membrane potential, and membrane integrity), photosynthesis, and cell size of M. aeruginosa were determined using fl ow cytometry and Phyto-PAM after exposure to rice straw extracts(RSE). The results show that doses from 2.0 to 10.0 g/L of RSE effi ciently inhibited the alga for 15 days, while the physiologic and morphologic responses of the cyanobacteria were time-dependent. RSE interfered with the cell membrane potential, cell size, and in vivo chlorophyll- a fl uorescence on the fi rst day. After 7 days of exposure, RSE was transported into the cytosol, which disrupted enzyme activity and photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria then started to repair its physiology(enzyme activity, photosynthesis) and remained viable, suggesting that rice straw act as an algistatic agent.

Mechanism Study of Rice Straw Pyrolysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Technique

The pyrolysis mechanism of rice straw (RS) was investigated using a tube reactor with Fourier trans-form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analyzer. The results show that the maximum pyrolysis rate increases with increasing heating rate and the corresponding temperature also increases. The three-pseudocomponent model could describe the pyrolysis behavior of rice straw accurately. The main pyrolysis gas products are H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, HCHO (formaldehyde), HCOOH (formic acid), CH3OH (methanol), C6H5OH (phenol), etc. The releasing of H2O, CO2, CO and CH4 mainly focuses at 220-400°C. The H2O formation process is separated into two stages corresponding to the evaporation of free water and the formation of primary volatiles. The release of CO2 first increases with increasing temperature and gets the maximum at 309°C. The releasing behavior of CO is similar to H2O and CO2 between 200 and 400°C. The production of CH4 happens, compared to CO2 and CO, at higher temperatures of 275-400°C with the maximum at 309°C. When the temperature exceeds 200°C, hy-droxyl and aliphatic C H groups decrease significantly, while C O, olefinic C C bonds and ether structures in-crease first in the chars and then the aromatic structure develops with rising temperature. Above 500°C, the material becomes increasingly more aromatic and the ether groups decreases with an increase of temperature. The aromati-zation process starts at ≈350°C and continues to higher temperatures.