A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy an...A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.展开更多
Polyquaternium-6 (PQ6) as the water-soluble polymer was used for complexing the anion forms of tungsten (Ⅵ) before ultrafiltration. Tungsten (Ⅵ)-PQ6 complex was retained by polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration m...Polyquaternium-6 (PQ6) as the water-soluble polymer was used for complexing the anion forms of tungsten (Ⅵ) before ultrafiltration. Tungsten (Ⅵ)-PQ6 complex was retained by polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane in the complexation-ultrafiltration process. Effects of various operating parameters such as polymer metal ratio(PMR), pH and chloride ion concentration on permeate flux (J) and tungsten rejection coefficient (R) were investigated. The integration of four experiments including concentration, decomplexation, diafiltration and reuse of regenerated polymer was carried out. In the process of concentration, J declines slowly and R is about 1 at PMR of 3 and pH of 7. Tungsten concentration in the retentate increases linearly with volume concentration factor. Tungsten is concentrated efficiently with the membrane. The concentrated retentate was used further for the decomplexation. It takes about 6 min to reach the decomplexation equilibrium at chloride ion concentration of 50 mg·L-1 . The decomplexation percentage of tungsten (Ⅵ)-PQ6 complex reaches 56.1%. In the diafiltration process, tungsten (Ⅵ) can be extracted effectively by using 50 mg·L-1 chloride ion solution, and the purification of the regenerated PQ6 is acceptably satisfactory. The regenerated PQ6 was used to bind tungsten (Ⅵ) at various pH values. The binding capacity of the regenerated PQ6 is close to that of fresh PQ6, and the recovery percentage of binding capacity is higher than 90%.展开更多
The topology of diode neutral-point-clamped(NPC)three-level inverter is prone to neutral-point potential offset.When the sum of three-phase current is zero,the virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM)scheme...The topology of diode neutral-point-clamped(NPC)three-level inverter is prone to neutral-point potential offset.When the sum of three-phase current is zero,the virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM)scheme does not cause the neutral-point voltage offset,but it lacks the ability to balance the deviation.For this reason,a neutral-point potential control strategy combining virtual space vector modulation and loop width control is proposed.The neutral-point potential is balanced by introducing the distribution factor for the regions with redundant vectors.For other regions,the potential is controlled by selecting a suitable switching sequence.Meanwhile,the effect on the virtual vector modulation is reduced within the loop width by setting an appropriate loop width,thereby improving the balance effect.The simulation results show that the proposed method has a strong ability to control the offset and has excellent potential balance performance under the conditions of balanced load,unbalanced load and asymmetric capacitance parameters.展开更多
基金National Science and Technology Supporting Program of "the Eleventh Five-Year Plan",No.2006BAJ05A06 2006BAJ14B03-01Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-307-02
文摘A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20976040)Science and Technology Planning Project of Hunan Province of China (2009SK3036)
文摘Polyquaternium-6 (PQ6) as the water-soluble polymer was used for complexing the anion forms of tungsten (Ⅵ) before ultrafiltration. Tungsten (Ⅵ)-PQ6 complex was retained by polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane in the complexation-ultrafiltration process. Effects of various operating parameters such as polymer metal ratio(PMR), pH and chloride ion concentration on permeate flux (J) and tungsten rejection coefficient (R) were investigated. The integration of four experiments including concentration, decomplexation, diafiltration and reuse of regenerated polymer was carried out. In the process of concentration, J declines slowly and R is about 1 at PMR of 3 and pH of 7. Tungsten concentration in the retentate increases linearly with volume concentration factor. Tungsten is concentrated efficiently with the membrane. The concentrated retentate was used further for the decomplexation. It takes about 6 min to reach the decomplexation equilibrium at chloride ion concentration of 50 mg·L-1 . The decomplexation percentage of tungsten (Ⅵ)-PQ6 complex reaches 56.1%. In the diafiltration process, tungsten (Ⅵ) can be extracted effectively by using 50 mg·L-1 chloride ion solution, and the purification of the regenerated PQ6 is acceptably satisfactory. The regenerated PQ6 was used to bind tungsten (Ⅵ) at various pH values. The binding capacity of the regenerated PQ6 is close to that of fresh PQ6, and the recovery percentage of binding capacity is higher than 90%.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61761027)Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Lanzhou Jiaotong University(No.1600120101)
文摘The topology of diode neutral-point-clamped(NPC)three-level inverter is prone to neutral-point potential offset.When the sum of three-phase current is zero,the virtual space vector pulse width modulation(VSVPWM)scheme does not cause the neutral-point voltage offset,but it lacks the ability to balance the deviation.For this reason,a neutral-point potential control strategy combining virtual space vector modulation and loop width control is proposed.The neutral-point potential is balanced by introducing the distribution factor for the regions with redundant vectors.For other regions,the potential is controlled by selecting a suitable switching sequence.Meanwhile,the effect on the virtual vector modulation is reduced within the loop width by setting an appropriate loop width,thereby improving the balance effect.The simulation results show that the proposed method has a strong ability to control the offset and has excellent potential balance performance under the conditions of balanced load,unbalanced load and asymmetric capacitance parameters.
