二苏对其《策论》的摒弃及二书的流行

《策论》本是二苏精心结撰的贤良进卷,在两人诸集中结集最早,流传最广,后来却为他们所摒弃。这种态度也为其子孙编集时严格遵循。不过二苏摒弃的只是其不成熟的内容,并不否定其写法。进入南宋,它们主要以《应诏集》之名行世,其中的文章在历代被编选的频度远超二人的其他作品。但读者们也大致是欣赏其文法风格,而商榷其内容。作品尤其是早期作品为作者所否定而为读者肯定的现象不少见,二苏《策论》堪为范例。

北宋熙宁变法前诗赋取士制度的沿革

北宋初、中期的百余年,是中国科举从唐代重诗赋向后世重经学演变的关键时期,对这一时期科举考试的面貌进行较为细致的描述,展示诗赋与策论在考试中地位置换的轨迹与内在原因,有助于更深入地了解科举制度,了解宋代文学、文化的社会背景。

Application of functional equivalence to the translation strategy of Chinese American literature： A case study of The Joy Luck Club

Ever since the 1970s when Chinese American writers thrived from a marginal position and integrated into the mainstream of American literature, the study on Chinese American Literature has received more and more attention from the academic circles. However, the research on this newly emerging subject in the field of translation studies has not been treated with equal attention. This thesis attempts to propose a possible strategy to translate Chinese American works, based on the theory of ＂functional equivalence＂, taking the comparison of the 2 Chinese versions of TAN＇s The Joy Luck Club as an example.

AUTONOMOUS AGENT FRAMEWORK AND ITS DECISION-MAKING

Autonomy, a key property associated with the agent, is an important topic in the current research of the agent theory. Although no definition of the agent autonomy is universally accepted, an important aspect of the agent autonomy is the decision-making capability of the agents. This paper investigates the autonomy of the agent, presents a framework for autonomous agent and discusses its decision-making process. Started with introducing a language for representing autonomous agent, a framework is proposed for modeling autonomous agent based on a BDI model and the situation calculus. Finally, a kind of decision-making process of the autonomous agent is presented.

Simulation of Climate Negotiation Strategies between China and the U.S. Based on Game Theory

Consensus and disagreements between China and the U.S. are the key factors influencing the direction that global climate negotiation is heading for. By taking into account the uncertainties of temperature increment and its impact on GDP growth, together with the positive, negative and spillover effects of climate change investment on utility, a strategic simulation model including China and the U.S. is developed. Based on utility and game theory, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results show that the first-mover disadvantage exists in the game, and the scale of each country＇s climate change investment under non-cooperative win-win basis for global cooperation, the technology transfer and funding to China scenario is too small to ensure the 2℃ simulation results also indicate that it target. To guarantee the stability and makes sense to assist and compensate

Multi-factors decision-making entropy method and its application in engineering management

In order to meet the strict requirements for information in engineering management, the positive interval （0, 1 ] in Shannon information entropy is extended to the real number interval [ - 1, 1 ]. The information theory and the decision theory are combined effectively, and the deficiencies that the traditional Bayes decision-making methods only consider a single factor are made up for. The multi-factors engineering decision-making methods are proposed, and some critical problems are solved in the practical engineering management decision-making process.

Travel modal choice analysis for traffic corridors based on decision-theoretic approaches

The rapid development of multimodal transportation system prompts travellers to choose multiple transportation modes, such as private vehicles or taxi, transit(subways or buses), or park-and-ride combinations for urban trips. Traffic corridor is a major scenario that supports travellers to commute from suburban residential areas to central working areas. Studying their modal choice behaviour is receiving more and more interests. On one hand, it will guide the travellers to rationally choose their most economic and beneficial mode for urban trips. On the other hand, it will help traffic operators to make more appropriate policies to enhance the share of public transit in order to alleviate the traffic congestion and produce more economic and social benefits. To analyze the travel modal choice, a generalized cost model for three typical modes is first established to evaluate each different travel alternative. Then, random utility theory(RUT) and decision field theory(DFT) are introduced to describe the decision-making process how travellers make their mode choices. Further, some important factors that may influence the modal choice behaviour are discussed as well. To test the feasibility of the proposed model, a field test in Beijing was conducted to collect the real-time data and estimate the model parameters. The improvements in the test results and analysis show new advances in the development of travel mode choice on multimodal transportation networks.

Pricing decision of green supply chain under the game competition of duopolistic retailers

In order to evaluate the impact of green production introduced by the manufacturer and study the competitive strategy between two retailers,four strategic models among diverse retailers,i.e.,Cournot,Stackelberg and two cases of collusion,are constructed.The optimal decision is obtained by the game theory and numerical analysis.The results indicate that the manufacturer's marginal profitability is no less than that of the two retailers.However,due to the manufacturer's green cost,the downstream profitability of the supply chain may exceed the upstream manufacturer's profitability.The retailers'Cournot behavior causes the manufacturer to acquire the highest profitability and set the highest green level.However,there is an opposite result in collusion.Two retailers will choose Cournot pricing when the consumer's green sensitivity is higher than a threshold.When consumers are more sensitive to the price difference of products,retailers prefer collusion,and then choose the Stackelberg behavior.Manufacturers'profitability will increase as competition among retailers intensifies.Proper competition allows two duopolistic retailers to acquire a higher profitability.

A Bayesian Theory of Games： An Analysis of Strategic Interactions with Statistical Decision Theoretic Foundation

This paper introduces a new game theoretic equilibrium which is based upon the Bayesian subjective view of probability, BEIC （Bayesian equilibrium iterative conjectures）. It requires players to make predictions, starting from first order uninformative predictive distribution functions （or conjectures） and keep updating with statistical decision theoretic and game theoretic reasoning until a convergence of conjectures is achieved. Information known by the players such as the reaction functions are thereby incorporated into their higher order conjectures and help to determine the convergent conjectures and the equilibrium. In a BEIC, conjectures are consistent with the equilibrium or equilibriums they supported and so rationality is achieved for actions, strategies and conjectures. The BEIC approach is capable of analyzing a larger set of games than current Nash Equilibrium based games theory, including games with inaccurate observations, games with unstable equilibrium and games with double or multiple sided incomplete information games. On the other hand, for the set of games analyzed by the current games theory, it generates far lesser equilibriums and normally generates only a unique equilibrium. It treats games with complete and perfect information as special cases of games with incomplete information and noisy observation whereby the variance of the prior distribution function on type and the variance of the observation noise term tend to zero. Consequently, there is the issue of indeterminacy in statistical inference and decision making in these games as the equilibrium solution depends on which variances tends to zero first. It therefore identifies equilibriums in these games that have so far eluded the classical theory of games. Finally, it also resolves inconsistencies in equilibrium results by different solution concepts in current games theory such as that between Nash Equilibrium and iterative elimination of dominated strategies and that between Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium and backward induction （Subgame Perfect Equilibrium）.

Urbanization with Chinese Characteristics

As a result of substitution of capital for labor in agriculture and rigid demand of urban sectors for migrant workers,the rural-to-urban migration becomes irreversible process,and Todaro dogma,which aims to limit the migration under the assmnption of ＂come-and-go＂ migration pattern,becomes and old-fashioned theory for policy-making.By empirically confirming the advent of the Lewis turning poing-namely,a new stage of labor migration and more generally of economic development,the paper reveals the policy implication of the Lewis turning point and proposes the policy reforms needed for a complete urbanization,including hukou system reform and equalization of public services.

Optimization Transmission Theory and Technical Pathways that Describe Multiscale Urban Agglomeration Spaces

Urban agglomerations are spatial entities that promote the development of ‘new urbanization' processes within China. In this context, the concept of ‘multiscale urban agglomeration spaces' encompasses three linked levels: macroscale urban agglomerations, mesoscale cities, and microscale urban centers. Applying a series of multidisciplinary integrated research methods drawn from geography, urban planning, and architecture, this paper reveals two intensive utilization laws that can be generalized to apply to multiscale urban agglomeration spaces, top-to-bottom ‘positive transmission' linkage and inside-to-outside ‘negative transmission' movement. This paper also proposes optimization transmission theory and policy decision technical pathways that can be applied to these three urban agglomeration spatial scales. Specific technical pathways of transmission include intensive expansion and simulated decision-making in macroscale urban agglomerations, ecology, production, and living space intensive layout and dynamic decision-making in mesoscale cities, and four cores(i.e., ‘single, ring, axis, and pole core') progressive linkage and intensive optimization decision-making in microscale urban centers. The theory and technical pathways proposed in this paper solve the technical problem of optimization and provide intensive methods that can be applied not only at the individual level but also at multiple scales in urban agglomeration spaces. This study also advances a series of comprehensive technical solutions that can be applied to both compact and smart growth cities as well as to urban agglomerations. Solid theoretical support is provided for the optimization of Chinese land development, urbanization, agricultural development, and ecological security.

Firm review revelation policy considering social ties among consumers

An optimization model is proposed to analyze the optimal review revelation policies and consumer online social network management strategies of e-commerce firms.The results show that displaying friend reviews to consumers does not necessarily increase firms profits.Only when positive reviews account for a large proportion of all the reviews and when the cost of showing friend reviews is not high,can showing friend reviews be more profitable than not showing such information.The distribution of social ties among consumers can affect firms profits.Even in the case that showing friend reviews to consumers is more profitable,an increase in the proportion of strong ties is not necessarily beneficial to firms.Only when the proportion of positive reviews is large enough,can firms profits increase with the increase in the proportion of strong ties among consumers.Moreover,the degree of consumer distrust in the average quality rating can also affect firms strategies for managing consumer online social networks.As the degree of consumer distrust in the average quality rating rises,firms are more likely to obtain higher profits by taking measures to increase the proportion of strong ties among consumers on their websites.

An Analysis on the Inconsistency of the Security Supervision Policy in the Method of Game Theory

This article expounds and proves the basic model of the inconsistency of the security supervision policy and makes an analysis in the method of game theory on the inconsistency of the security transaction-tax-rate policy, concludes that the security supervision department is inclined to increase or decrease the security transaction tax rate, thus points out ways for supervision department to surmount this difficulty.

Assessing Probabilities for Events Pertaining to Buy/Sell and Similar Decisions

Assessing probabilities for relevant and sometimes unique events in real-world decision situations can be problematic. This paper elucidates a 2-step process for assigning probabilities to relevant events enabling a rational decision process to supersede decision choices based only on a gut feeling. After assessing probabilities the decision maker can confirm or reverse a gut feeling choice using expected values for each available act and traditional decision theory methodology. A simple example involving a buy now or buy later situation with market uncertainty illustrates the process for typical yes or no decisions.

Selection method of risk response schemes for mining project based on fuzzy preference relations

To overcome the subjectivity of experts in the process of risk response scheme selection, according to the theory of group decision making, a selection method and flow of the risk response schemes for a mining project was proposed based on fuzzy preference relation and consistency induced ordered weighted averaging (C-IOWA) operator,which can overcome the loss of information in the process of group decision making to a great degree, and improve its efficiency and quality.A numeric example was introduced to illustrate the application of the method, also validating the method as scientific and practicable.

INCENTIVE MECHANISMS FOR TRUSTWORTHY ROUTING BASED ON GAME MODEL OF THE STRATEGIES OF NODES IN P2P NETWORKS

The trustworthiness and security of routing in the existing Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks can not be ensured because of the diversity of the strategies of P2P nodes. This paper firstly uses game theory to establish game model of the strategies and profits of various types of routing nodes. Then,two incentive mechanisms for the corresponding stages of P2P trustworthy routing are proposed,namely trust associated mechanism and trust compensated mechanism. Simulation results show that the incentive mechanisms proposed in this paper will encourage cooperation actions of good nodes and restrain malicious actions of bad nodes,which ensure the trustworthiness of routing consequently.

Tactical intention recognition of aerial target based on XGBoost decision tree

In order to improve the accuracy of target intent recognition,a recognition method based on XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)decision tree is proposed.This paper adopts relevant data and program of python to calculate the probability of tactical intention.Then the sequence intention probability is obtained by applying Dempster-Shafer rule of combination.To verify the accuracy of recognition results,we compare the experimental results of this paper with the results in the literatures.The experiment shows that the probability of tactical intention recognition through this method is improved,so this method is feasible.

The Dynamic Evaluation of Enterprise's Strategy Based on Rough Set Theory

This paper presents dynamic evaluation of enterprise's strategy which is suitable for dealing with the complex and dynamic problems of strategic evaluation. Rough Set Theory is a powerful mathematical tool to handle vagueness and uncertainty of dynamic evaluation. By the application of Rough Set Theory, this paper computes the significance and weights of each evaluation criterion and helps to lay evaluation emphasis on the main and effective criteria. From the reduced decision table,evaluators can get decision rules Which direct them to give judgment or suggestion of strategy. The whole evaluation process is decided by data, so the results are certain and reasonable.

Complexity Decision Making and General Systems Theory： An Educational Perspective

The aim of this paper is to look at some important educational aspects of complexity decision making m a mummsc^pnnary manner from the perspective of General Systems Theory （GST）. First, the major issues involved in complexity management and decision making are summarized as they are viewed in literature, and a review of GST and Systems Thinking is given. The discussion in the paper is developed within the context of GST in general, but concentrated on decision making in the three trends of GST： Operations Research, Cybernetics, and Managerial Cybernetics. Here, the role of Cybernetics in complexity decision making is particularly emphasized. The discussion is then extended to the latest developments in complexity decision making in Science of Complexity and Soft Systems Thinking. The study also includes a framework which is expected to guide instructors who are planning to offer contemporary courses on decision making. The framework provides some clues for assessing the level of complexity for a given situation and selecting the appropriate methodology for solution development.

Composition control and temperature inferential control of dividing wall column based on model predictive control and PI strategies

The dividing wall column （DWC） is considered as a major breakthrough in distillation technology and has good prospect of industrialization. Model predictive control （MPC） is an advanced control strategy that has acquired extensive applications in various industries. In this study, MPC is applied to the process for separating ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol ternary mixture in a fully thermally coupled DWC. Both composition control and tem- perature inferent/al control are considered. The multiobjective genetic algor/thm function ＂gamult/obj＂ in Matlab is used for the weight tuning of MPC. Comparisons are made between the control performances of MPC and PI strategies. Simulation results show that although both MPC and PI schemes can stabilize the DWC in case of feed disturbances, MPC generally behaves better than the PI strategy for both composition control and tempera- ture inferential control, resulting in a more stable and superior performance with lower values of integral of squared error （ISE）.