Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments hav...Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments have benefited many patients,which promoted the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approval of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs.In this review,we provide a detailed introduction of five PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs,with indications and studies,as a valuable reference for doctors and medical investigators.Moreover,the characteristics of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies,including their universality and sustainability,are discussed in this review.Furthermore,we also discuss and predict the possibility of PD-L1 as an indication marker of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy for pan-cancer treatment,and the current status of combination therapies.展开更多
The paper presents to managers＇ and scholars＇ reasons for using models to determine the strategic importance of innovation and its potential value creation. The model of value based innovation （VBI） provides a cle...The paper presents to managers＇ and scholars＇ reasons for using models to determine the strategic importance of innovation and its potential value creation. The model of value based innovation （VBI） provides a clear definition of the adequate value curve to be pursued in any innovation action, from strategic definition to operational product conceptualization and production. The VBI model has been applied in strategic planning in over 100 SMEs throughout Portugal and USA by the authors and other consultant companies. The VBI model provides the practitioners and scholars with a pragmatic tool to determine innovation＇s value creation. Connecting this information with strategic thinking and planning will reduce risk and avoid failure. The theoretical model when converted into a technological application provides an immediate insight into the most adequate strategic innovation to be chosen by top management and operational product developers. The paper demonstrates the relation between innovation and value creation.展开更多
文摘Cancer immunotherapy has greatly advanced in recent years,and PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy has become a major pillar of immunotherapy.Successful clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies in cancer treatments have benefited many patients,which promoted the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approval of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs.In this review,we provide a detailed introduction of five PD-1/PD-L1 blocking drugs,with indications and studies,as a valuable reference for doctors and medical investigators.Moreover,the characteristics of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapies,including their universality and sustainability,are discussed in this review.Furthermore,we also discuss and predict the possibility of PD-L1 as an indication marker of PD-1/PD-L1 blocking therapy for pan-cancer treatment,and the current status of combination therapies.
文摘The paper presents to managers＇ and scholars＇ reasons for using models to determine the strategic importance of innovation and its potential value creation. The model of value based innovation （VBI） provides a clear definition of the adequate value curve to be pursued in any innovation action, from strategic definition to operational product conceptualization and production. The VBI model has been applied in strategic planning in over 100 SMEs throughout Portugal and USA by the authors and other consultant companies. The VBI model provides the practitioners and scholars with a pragmatic tool to determine innovation＇s value creation. Connecting this information with strategic thinking and planning will reduce risk and avoid failure. The theoretical model when converted into a technological application provides an immediate insight into the most adequate strategic innovation to be chosen by top management and operational product developers. The paper demonstrates the relation between innovation and value creation.
