决策制定过程中的“组织”与“理性”——读H·西蒙《管理行为》札记

管理过程就是决策制定过程；以往的经济学理论只注重决策结果合理性的研究，西蒙则特别关注决策制定过程的分析；“组织”是决策制定过程的客观环境．“理性”则是决策制·定过程的主观因素；西蒙借助于心理学、经济学和社会学的研究成果．对“组织”和“理性”进行了开创性研究，为管理科学的发展做出了重大贡献。

决策:解读组织管理行为的一种有效途径

组织管理理论的发展通常分为三个阶段：古典组织理论，即马克思·韦伯的官僚制组织模式、泰勒的科学管理和法约尔等提出的管理原则等；新古典组织理论，强调组织的微观分析并重视人的作用；现代组织理论，主要指二战后出现的系统学派的组织理论和权变理论。作为新古典组织理论的杰出代表，西蒙著的《管理行为》一书被誉为“半个世纪以来的经典著作”，1978年诺贝尔奖评审委员会称之“具有划时代的意义”。该书提出的理论已经渗透到管理学的不同分支，成为现代管理理论的基石之一，现代企业经济学的大部分研究也是基于西蒙的思想。《管理行为》（第4版）的重要价值主要体现在以下几个方面：1、从人类有目的的实践活动一一行为出发，提出管理的核心是决策，从逻辑学和心理学的角度对组织的管理行为进行了“解剖”；2、提出了“管理人”和“有限理性”等重要概念；3、提出了“满意解”或者“足够好的”行动方案。

我国组织传播研究的发展历程——20年来组织传播研究综述(1988-2007)

彼得·F·德鲁克曾评论说：“现在的年轻人必须了解组织，就如他们的先辈必须学习耕作一样”。什么是组织呢？诺贝尔奖得主赫伯特·西蒙在《管理行为》第三版导言中将组织定义为“一个人类群体当中的信息传播与相互关系的复杂模式。”西蒙的定义特别强调了“信息传播”对于组织的意义，从而揭开了组织传播研究的核心内涵。在美国，组织传播几乎涵盖了人际传播和群体传播的方方面面。它所探讨的课题包括组织的结构和概念、人际关系，交流、组织过程和组织文化等等。

基于无线传感器网络定位技术的图书馆智能管理创新

"互联网+"时代,信息技术的发展对图书馆的智能化管理工作提出了更高的要求。文章概述了无线传感器网络与定位技术,重点讨论了如何将WSN定位技术运用到图书智能管理,通过定位技术与大数据、云计算等信息技术的结合,推动图书馆智能系统建设和智能化发展。

理性的最终目标

阅读就要阅读经典，《管理行为》就是一部已被人们阅读并推崇50余年的经典著作。作者赫伯特·A·西蒙因其对现代企业经济学和管理研究的重要影响而获得了1978年诺贝尔经济学奖。这位大师的著作，有资格作为经典接受人们的阅读。

Type D personality negatively associated with self-care in Chinese heart failure patients

Background Little is known about the association between type D personality and self-care behaviors in heart failure （HF） patients. We examined the effect of type D personality on self-care behaviors and self-efficacy among Chinese HF patients. Methods A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample was conducted. All participants completed the questionnaires of the self-care of HF index （V6） and type D personality scale. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from medical records and patient interviews. The me- thods used for data analysis included descriptive analysis, independent-sample t-test, Z2 test, and multiple linear regression. Results A total of 127 HF patients were included and 61.4% of them were male. The average age for this study sample was 64.9± 12.34 years. The majority of the participants were in a New York Heart Association class III or IV （87%）, and the average length of living with HF was 38.24 ± 41.1 months. A total of 33.1% of the participants were identified as having type D personality. No significant differences were determined in the demographic and clinical variables between type D and non-type D patients, except for the mean age and the length of living with HF. Type D patients were younger and had a shorter time of living with HF than their non-type D counterparts. Multiple regression demonstrated significant associations between type D personality and self-care maintenance and self-efficacy after adjusting the demographic and clinical factors. However, type D personality was not significantly associated with self-care management behaviors. Conclusions Type D personality was negatively related to self-care maintenance and self-efficacy in Chinese HF patients. Future study is warranted to develop a tailored intervention to improve engagement in self-care behaviors in HF patients with type D personality.

A novel large animal model of recurrent migraine established by repeated administration of inflammatory soup into the dura mater of the rhesus monkey

Several animal models of migraine have been established, and those based on trigeminovascular system activation are widely accepted. How- ever, most of these models have been established on lower animals, such as rodents, and involve only a single administration of a noxious stimulus. In this study, an inflammatory soup （10 μL）, consisting of prostaglandin E2 （0.2 mM）, serotonin （2 mM）, bradykinin （2 raM） and histamine （2 raM）, was injected into the dura mater of conscious rhesus monkeys through an indwelling catheter. The infusion started on day 8 and was repeated every 3 days, for a total of six administrations, to induce neurogenic inflammation. We performed behavioral assessments and measured the expression of the oncogene c-fos, neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） and calcitonin gene related peptide （CGRP） ill the trigeminal system and in multiple brain regions involved in pain processing by immunohistochemical staining. Compared with monkeys in the control group, three of the four animals in the inflammatory soup group displayed decreased motor behaviors, and two showed increased ipsilateral nose and mouth secretions during the stimulus period. Higher expression levels of c-fos, nNOS and CGRP were found in various brain areas of experimental animals compared with controls, including the trigeminal nucleus caudalis, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons and other areas involved in pain perception. These results suggest that repeated inflammatory soup stimulation of the dura activates the trigeminovascular system and produces migraine-like pathological changes and abnormal behaviors in conscious rhesus monkeys.

A Trust Management Scheme Based on Behavior Feedback for Opportunistic Networks

In the harsh environment where n ode density is sparse, the slow-moving nodes cannot effectively utilize the encountering opportunities to realize the self-organized identity authentications, and do not have the chance to join the network routing. However, considering m ost of the communications in opportunistic networks are caused by forwarding operations, there is no need to establish the complete mutual authentications for each conversation. Accordingly, a novel trust management scheme is presented based on the information of behavior feedback, in order to complement the insufficiency of identity authentications. By utilizing the certificate chains based on social attributes, the mobile nodes build the local certificate graphs gradually to realize the web of "Identity Trust" relationship. Meanwhile, the successors generate Verified Feedback Packets for each positive behavior, and consequently the "Behavior Trust" relationship is formed for slow-moving nodes. Simulation result shows that, by implementing our trust scheme, the d elivery probability and trust reconstruction ratio can be effectively improved when there are large numbers of compromised nodes, and it means that our trust management scheme can efficiently explore and filter the trust nodes for secure forwarding in opportunistic networks.

Environmental management system and community＇s spillover behavior

The purpose of this study is to explore how business organizations could effectively promote positive environmental norms among a larger section of the community. This study hypothesized that the development of a feeling of high involvement among employees of organizations implementing the Environmental Management System （EMS） could result in the spillover phenomena of other environmentally responsible behavior in different domains such as, consumer preferences for environment-friendly products. The study also confirms the effects of environmental attitude （EA） and concrete knowledge （CK） as a mediator; acting not only as an axis to the spillover phenomenon but is also found to be the crucial factor in determining the strength of the whole spillover process.

Perianal Crohn's disease: Is there something new?

Perianal lesions are common in patients with Crohn's disease, and display aggressive behavior in some cases. An accurate diagnosis is necessary for the optimal management of perianal lesions. Treatment of perianal Crohn's disease includes medical and/or surgical options. Recent discoveries in the pathogenesis of this disease have led to advances in medical and surgical therapy with good results. Perianal lesions in Crohn's disease remain a challenging aspect for both gastroenterologists and surgeons and lead to a greatly impaired quality of life for all patients affected by this disease. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to obtain the best results.

Analyzing on the Characteristics of Several Typical Financial Behavior of Loss Listed Companies in China

In combination with socio-economic development of China＇s current status, this article analyzes the characteristics of several typical financial behavior of loss listed companies in China. Among them, the debt financing behavior have a high level, a single means, a short-term structured and other characteristics, the corporate governance behavior have a goal of collaborative, several forms, and a complex environment, the earnings management behavior have diverse motives, many types of means, bigger range and other features, the asset restructuring behavior have a passive subject, methods of differentiation, performance-oriented features such as myopia.

Italian Asset Managers＇ Behavior： Evidence on Overconfidence, Risk Taking and Gender

This paper offers new insights into the Italian mutual fund industry. Surveying Italian professionals, we do not only reveal typical gender differences but also detect divergence to their German counterparts. While disclosing Italian professionals＇ overly positive self-assessment in general, we find evidence for male overconfidence in particular--though without being accompanied by excessive control illusion of the own information level. Asset managers＇ risk taking reveals further differences： Italian female professionals do not only assess themselves as more risk averse than their male colleagues, they also prefer a more passive portfolio management compared to the level they are allowed to. Moreover, in a tournament scenario near the end of the investment period female asset managers do not try to become the ultimate top performer when they have outperformed their peer group so far. However, in case of underperformance, the risk of deviating from the benchmark makes especially female professionals willing to seize a chance of catching up. Overall, compared to their German counterparts, we find Italian asset managers to be slightly more risk averse. Matching bounded former results on Italian mutual funds, we discuss interdependencies as well as impact of our findings at the individual asset managers＇ level on trading activity, management style and performance.

Earnings Management Practices in Indian Companies： A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Corporate accounting frauds over the last two decades have caused massive erosion of investor wealth and shattered public confidence in regulators and capital markets. Deliberate manipulation of financial numbers by a company is rarely a one-off event; it is more a culture of widespread earnings management that permeates an organization and eventually leads to a full-blown accounting fraud. This paper looks at earnings management practices in Indian companies and examines the extent of earnings management prevalent across firms of varying market capitalization. The present study examines 130 listed Indian companies during the period of 2013-2015. The findings of this study provide a measure of the quality of financial reporting in India. Modified Jones model （1995） is used to estimate discretionary accruals （DA）, which is considered as a proxy for earnings management. The average DA is estimated at 5.6% of the total assets of the firms, which is comparable to the estimates in other parts of the world （about 1%-5% of total assets）. A sector-specific analysis reveals presence of higher earnings manipulation in the consumer durable and energy sectors. Large cap companies are found to show a lower level of eamings management as compared to the small-cap firms. The study also finds a dip in the magnitude of DA in 2015, which is the first year of application of the new Companies Act 2013. Subsequent years will reveal the true success of the new Act in enforcing a stricter regime of corporate governance and greater accountability of corporate boards and audit committees. International studies point towards a high degree of correlation between effective audit committees and lower levels of earnings management in companies. Further work in this field from an Indian context will help identify factors that have a constraining effect on earnings management, and ultimately help preserve the sanctity of reported financial numbers.

TSS （Tourism Support System） as a New Competitive Tourism Marketing Instrument

The recent trend in tourism marketing is focus on customer relationship management. Tourism industry today is one of the highest revenue generating industry and strategic approach for sustainable development of this industry hosts benefits not only for the tourism related stakeholders but also the community and economy on the whole. Oman is one of the most preferred destinations for the tourists especially after the declaration of Muscat, Arab tourism Capital for 2012. Thus to materialize this honor and position, the scientific study and analysis of tourist behavior will help to predict the future trend of tourism and will give direction for effort investment. This work presents a novel strategy to identify, analyze and highlights the main tourist behavioral factors that could increase tourists＇ loyalty to a specific destination or agency. The analytical TSS （tourism support system） will also classify customers into two categories--first category will be classified as ＂LT （loyal tourists）＂ and second category as ＂NLT （non-loyal tourists）＂. Dataset is collected from a tourism business organization. Twenty-four attributes and 545 instances were collected and were analyzed by algorithms like logistics, forest of random trees, naive Bayes, J48 and Id3. The explanatory variables were defined, and some transformations were done to identify the response variable. Entropy was used and adapted in order to find the response variable from the explanatory variables. The results obtained from this work confirm that the generated rules can be used for future prediction and tourism business can be improved and efforts can be directed in right place for the right consumer resulting in high return on investment.

Entrenched Board in New Public Firms： An Empirical Study of Chinese IPOs

This study empirically investigates the impact of managerial entrenchment on firm financial performance of Chinese firms initial public offerings （IPOs）. Using 142 firms listed in the Shenzhen Stock Exchange （SZSE）, which was collected from the Guotaian Research Service Center （GTA-RSC） databases, this study uses two proxies to measure firm performance and three proxies to measure managerial entrenchment. The two proxies for firm performance are Tobins＇ Q and return on assets （ROA）, and the three proxies for managerial entrenchment are entrenchment 1, entrenchment 2, and entrenchment 3. These three entrenchment proxies are derived from the principal component analysis （PCA）. Though previous studies of managerial entrenchment and firm performance variables suffer from endogeneity, with respect to the corporate governance it is unclear as to which variables are endogenous and which are exogenous. This study confirms that the data are linear and no endogeneity issue should be address in this study, but only heteroskedasticity, non-normality for Tobins＇ Q are a problem, therefore, the regression method employed for Tobins＇ Q is the generalised least square （GLS） and the ordinary least square （OLS） between estimators for ROA. The regression result for Tobins＇ Q reveals that managerial entrenchment is negatively impact on firm performance. The results are in contradiction to the stewardship theory for new firms whereas the managerial entrenchment for new firms is positive. Furthermore, only one entrenchment proxy yields a significant coefficient. In conclusion, the negative results of entrenchment proxies were caused by the different institutional structures and legal systems which are the Chinese corporations that are still largely owned and controlled by a state and hence the centralised state controlled was responsible for all managerial actions.

Research on Behavior of Governing Gene/Epigene Networks as a Problem of Cellular Automata Identification

The aim of this work is to investigate the general functional properties of the intracellular governing gene/epigene networks. A body of mathematics used in automata and graphs theories is adequate for revealing the general dynamic properties of governing gene and epigene networks and provides a methodic basis for efficient analytical algorithms. The obtained results permit to reveal the properties of the characteristic function （transitions and outputs） of the cellular automata as models for the intracellular governing gene/epigene networks.

Correlation between time management disposition and ability confidence of chinese nursing students： a meta-analysis

Objective： To evaluate the correlation between time management disposition and ability confidence of Nursing Students in China through the Pearson correlation coefficient. Methods： Electronic databases including the Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, the Web of Science, CBM, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI were searched from inception to October 2017 to collect literature on the correlation between time manage-ment disposition and ability confidence of Chinese nursing students. The studies were examined according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting data and evaluating the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was carried out using Stata 12.0 software. Results： A total of 7 articles with 1632 nursing students were included, and the quality of the literature was at medium level. Meta-analysis shown the total score of time management disposition of Chinese nursing students and its three dimensions were related to ability confidence. The summary correlation coefficient between time management disposition and ability confidence was 0.52 （0.43 to 0.59） ; There is a weak correlation between time value and ability confidence （r, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.39）; There was a moderate level of correlation between time control and ability confidence （r, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.54）; There was a moderate level of correlation between time efficacy and ability confidence （0.47, 0.41, 0.53）.And the relevance of nursing time management disposition and behavioral confidence varies with the nursing student＇s area, nursing student＇s diploma, measurement tools and sample size. Conclusion： The time man- agement disposition of Chinese nursing students is moderately related to ability confidence. When there are different in nursing students in the area, nursing diploma, measurement tools and sample size, the relevance is very different. The time management disposition of Chinese nursing students and their ability confidence are mutually reinforcing, and the time management disposition and their ability confidence should be further strengthened in the future.

Corporate Entrepreneurship in Pharma R＆D Organizational Transformations

This multiple-case study examined factors that could contribute to a richer understanding of top managers＇ perceptions on maintaining high-performance teams in Pharma R＆D. In addition, this multiple-case study investigated top managers＇ perceptions of building opportunity-based entrepreneurial culture in organizations during strategic change, considered as a critical factor for organizations during change, the results of which can be used to guide management in preventing destructive actions of business non-loyalty. Following, this multiple-case study examined the management of change within the corporate entrepreneurship literature as a means of helping organizations improve practical intelligence of defining growth goals and new enterprise growth management processes and procedures, including those relevant to change, the way they function, and formal and informal rules protecting adequacy of governance arrangements as well as the organizational culture. Participant responses to the interview question regarding capability to maintain high-performing teams resulted in themes regarding role of leadership in risk management approach, leadership development challenges, trust and commitment in inter-fLrm relationships, as being the top managers＇ perceptions and the attitudes in outsourcing R＆D industry sector since the enactment of the strategic change.

Evaluation of Self Management Behavior of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

CKD （chronic kidney disease） is a progressive disease. If it is left untreated, it can eventually result in end stage renal failure and necessitate dialysis or kidney transplantation. There is no cure for CKD; instead a great deal of self management over time is essential. The purpose is to evaluate self management behaviour of patients at different stages of CKD. A total of 300 CKD patients were recruited in this cross sectional study from March to July 2015 at nephrology clinic of a tertiary care setting using convenience sampling. Self management behaviour score was determined using in Partners in Health scale and was then compared at different stages of CKD. Demographic and clinical factors contributing to self management behaviour were determined. Results： There was a significant difference in age （p 〈 0.001）, gender （p 〈 0.001）, education level （p 〈 0.001）, marital status （p 〈 0.001）, duration of illness （p 〈 0.001） and number of co-morbidities （p 〈 0.001） among CKD stages. A significant difference in self management behaviour mean score was found among CKD stages （p 〈 0.001）. Post hoc analysis showed self management behaviour mean score for Stage Ⅰ （mean ± SD： 77.81 ± 9.41） was significantly higher than Stage Ⅳ （mean ± SD： 70.53 ± 13.91） and Stage Ⅴ （mean ± SD： 69.54 ± 12.31）. Self management behaviour mean score for Stage Ⅱ （mean ± SD： 78.46 ± 10.01） was significantly higher than Stage Ⅳ and Stage Ⅴ. Multiple linear regression revealed education level （p 〈 0.001） and number of co-morbidities （p = 0.01） as significant predictors of self management behaviour. It can be concluded that special attention should be focused on patients at late stage of CKD, especially those with diabetic nephropathy; low education level and multiple co-morbidities to improve self management behaviour.