从方位格■kha^(1)与科■u^(2)看西夏语空间范畴的认知——以《类林》为中心

空间概念是认知其他非空间概念的基础,西夏语空间范畴的表达主要借助在名词之后加上方位格的形式来实现。■kha^(1)格与■■u^(2)格在表达空间范畴认知时存在相似之处,即均可表达包含与被包含的静态拓扑关系及动态位移关系。同时也存在相异之处,主要表现为在表达拓扑空间关系时,袭kha?格倾向于表征边界较为模糊的、具有开放性、范围相对较为宽泛的真实或非真实平面或立体空间范畴,由此其所引申的时间范畴为某一无限度的时间段;■■u^(2)格则倾向于表征边界较为清晰的封闭式或半封闭式的真实立体空间范畴,其所表征的时间范畴为一个具体的时间段,隐喻为一个有界的空间范围。在表达动态位移空间关系时,■kha^(1)格的途径关系因其空间范畴的特性,只由移动动词来体现;而■■u^(2)格所表达的途径关系由移动动词与复合趋向动词共同来体现,当复合趋向动词表达途径关系时,倾向于由位移轨迹与终始点共同来体现。

敦煌本《类林》的作者及成书年代

敦煌本《类林》的作者是唐于立政,这在学界已经取得了共识。对于《类林》的作者于立政进行深入研究是《类林》研究的重要方面。本文主要通过于立政的父亲和两个儿子的碑铭,来探讨于立政的生卒年代和一生的任职情况,填补史书中关于于立政记载的疏漏,并更进一步探讨《类林》的写作时间问题。

西夏文《类林》音译补正

本文继《类林研究》等书之后,进一步指出西夏文本《类林》中的西夏文误译字,并尽可能分析其误因。

Changing Rules of Physical and Chemical Properties of Eucalyptus uraphylla spp. Forest at Different Ages in Southwest Yunnan Province

[Objective] The aim was to study on changing rules of physical and chemical properties of Eucalyptus uraphylla spp. forest at different ages in Southwest of Yunnan Province. [Method] In the research, field survey and laboratory analysis were adopted to study on physical and chemical properties of soils for the Eucalyptus uraphylla spp. at the first cutting ages in Lancang County. [Result] With the increasing of forest ages, for physical properties of soils, soil bulk density was increasing, and soil structure became poor; water contents in soils and capillary porosity were improving, but total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity were decreasing. For chemical properties, pH of soil dropped, but soil acidity improved; organic matter, total N, hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium all declined; exchangeable Ca and Mg were improving due to fertilization and Ca and Mg lower consumption. The results showed that plays important roles in water absorption of soils and vegetation growth were improved with age increase by Eucalyptus uraphylla spp. forest, but ventilation and fertility declined accordingly. [Conclusion] The research indicated that dry branches and fallen leaves should be preserved and nutrient cycling should be protected during introduction and management of Eucalyptus uraphylla spp. to guarantee the nutrients in dry branches and leaves are back to soils, providing theoretical references for management of forest plantation and environment protection.

Dynamics of Slope Runoff and Soil Erosion of Different Forest Types in Karst Depression

[Objective] The research was aimed to study the dynamics of slope runoff and soil erosion in different forest types in karst depression.[Method] Precipitation observation sites at the bottom of karst depression and runoff observation sites in different forest types were established to monitor regularly the main indices changes of runoff and soil erosion at fixed position in 4 years.[Result] The surface runoff of different forest types appeared singer peak from February to November,with lowest valley from June to July.The runoff coefficient appeared double peaks from February to May and from July to September.The changing coefficient of runoff appeared three peaks from March to April,from July to August and from September to November.The silt concentration appeared one peak from March to May and The erosion modulus appeared double peaks from March to May and from June to August.Runoff showed annually reduced trend with the growth of forests and the development of vegetation layer＇s structure.There was a positive correlation between the runoff and its silt concentration in different forest types.Precipitation and evaporation had notable positive correlation with the runoff,and similar correlation but not marked with silt concentration.The fitting analysis results of surface runoff and erosion modulus showed that rocky desertification intensified the unevenness of surface runoff and increased the surface runoff and erosion modulus.The penetrability of surface soil in new planted forest was lower than that in young forest,and that in surface soil of different forest types was higher than in bottom soil.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for the biological management technologies of water and soil conservation and the control of karst rocky desertification in karst regions.

《燕丹子》成书与二本分行考说

燕太子丹募使荆轲刺秦王的故事,自战国末以来即已广为流传。《燕丹子》成书当不晚于魏晋之际。《燕丹子》在后世流传中,出现了一卷本和三卷本两种版本,一卷本今已失传,今传本是三卷本,以《永乐大典》卷四九〇八所载为代表。一卷本与三卷本自隋唐以来即已分行,二本存在着较大差异,其最大的差异,即在于文末是否记述高渐离筑击秦始皇故事。能够证实的三卷本,一直都是终于戛然而止的荆轲骂言,而敦煌写本《类林》残卷、《太平御览》所引《燕丹子》则叙及高渐离筑击秦始皇故事,与三卷本明显不同。此外,二本还有一些文辞差异也值得注意。

Newly recorded species of the genus Isohypsibius (Tardigrada;Hypsibiidae) from China

This paper reports two newly recorded species, lsohypsibius lunulatus Iharos, 1966 and lsohypsibiusprosostomus Thulin, 1928, of the genus lsohypsibius （Tardigrada; Hypsibiidae） from China. The specimens of lsohysibius lunulatus were collected from Taibai Mt （34°18′N, 107°42′E） at 2,500 m a.s.1, and those oflsohypsibius prosostomus from Taibai Mt （34°10′N, 107°35′E） at 2,000 m above sea level. All specimens are deposited at the College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, China. A key to the Chinese species of lsohypsibius was also given.

Division of forest fuel type areas of Heilongjiang Province by using GIS

Eight factors, including forest coverage, fuel load, species composition, elevation, monthly mean temperature, monthly mean relative humidity, monthly mean wind velocity, and monthly mean precipitation of fire season, were considered and the methods of weight, the cumulative probability, ARC/INFO technique, and raster-to-vector conversion were adopted in division of forest fuel type area. Firstly, the electronic maps of forest distribution and administrative divisions were built, then overlaid and transformed to the real-world coordinates. Finally, the forest fuel type areas of Heilongjiang Province including 81 counties were divided into five grades, accounting for 16%, 17%, 17%, 11%, and 38% respectively. The grade Ⅰ fuel type areas with highest fire danger rating mainly distributed on Daxinganling Mountains, Xiaoxinganling Mountains, and Zhangguangcailing Mountains, the grade Ⅴ fuel type areas mainly centralized on Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain, and other Plains, and other forest fuel type areas (grades Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) were situated between plains and mountainous areas.

Discussions on taxonomy of genus Betula in northeast China

Many researches have been carried out on the taxonomy of Betula in northeast of China, but the classification of species and subdivision of species had some divergences at all times, which led to a disorder for developing and utilizing resources of Betula. In this paper, species and subdivision of Betula were classified not only according to the wax sample of Betula but also the comprehensive taxonomy of population characters, geographical distribution, and the habitat. Theconclusion supported the Fu Pei-yuns?(1995) viewpoint of the taxonomy of Betula in the northeast of China. But B. mandshurica (Regel) Nakai should be considered as one single species, the name of B. platyphyla Suk.var phellodendroidesTung should be the synonym of B. platyphyla var platyphyla, and B. ermanii Cham.var.yingkiliensis liou et Wang should be incorporated into B. ermanii Cham. B. ovalifolia Rupr should not be regarded as a variety of B. fruticosa Pall. but as one single species.

Mangrove Flora of the World

The species composition and characteristics of mangrove flora in the world were reviewed and discussed. The results suggested that the world's mangrove plants have 84 species (including 12 varieties) in 24 genera and 16 families. Of which, true mangrove plants have 70 species (including 12 varieties) in 16 genera and 11 families, and semi-mangrove plants 14 species in eight genera and five families. The Eastern Group has 74 species (including 12 varieties) in 18 genera and 14 families, characterized by the genera Aegiceras, Osbornia, Aegialitis, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Scyphiphora and Nypa etc. The Western Group has only 10 species in six genera and five families, characterized by the endemic one-species family, Pelliceraceae, and the genus Laguncularia. The mangrove flora of China is composed of 26 species (including one variety) in 15 genera and 12 families, four of which are endemic. Hainan is most rich in mangrove species, making up about 96.2% of the Chinese total; Guangdong ranks second, making up about 42.3%. It has been demonstrated that Rhizophora stylosa was mistaken for R. mucronata in Taiwan by previous authors.

Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Five Subtropical Forests in Lingao of Hainan

With 5 types of typical forests as research object, the physical and chemical properties of different types of forests were analyzed by sample plot investigation method. The results showed that： the soil total porosity was the highest in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest （46.168%）, but the lowest in the Encalyptus robusta forest （39.46%）. The soil capillary porosity was the highest in the Acacia mangium forest （22.57%）, but the lowest in the secondary forest （18.95%）. The soil water content was the highest in the C. equisetifolia forest, with a mean value of 27.85%, but the lowest in the secondary forest, with a mean value of 4.34%. The soil pH values were in the range of 4.81-6.59, the soils in the A. mangium forest, C. equisetifolia forest and E. robusta forest were strongly acidic （pH 4.5-5.5）, and the soils in the secondary forest and C. nucifera forest were weakly acidic. The soils had organic matter contents in the range of 0.34-28.68 g/kg, and showed an order of A. mangium forest〉C. equisetifolia forest〉E. robusta forest〉secondary forest〉C. nucifera forest, with a decreasing trend with the soil depth increasing. The soil total N contents were in the range of 0.10-1.63 g/kg, the A. mangium forest showed the highest soil total N contents, while the C. nucifera forest exhibited the lowest soil total N contents; the soil total P contents were in the range of 0.21-1.74 g/kg, and the E. robusta forest had the highest soil total P contents; and the soil total K contents were in the range of 0.16-2.15 g/kg, and the A. mangium forest exhibited the highest soil total K contents. The soil available P contents were in the range of 0.98-132.46 mg/kg; and the secondary forests had the highest soil available P contents; and the soil rapidly available K contents were in the range of 3.03-27.35 mg/kg, and the C. nucifera forest exhibited the highest soil rapidly available K contents. The soil ammonium N contents were in the range of 1.38-5.15 mg/kg, and the nitrate N contents were in the range were in the range of 0.56 -3.51 mg/kg. The A. mangium forest showed the highest soil nitrate N contents （with a mean value of 2.29 mg/kg） and ammonium N contents （with a mean value of 3.93 mg/kg）. For the same forest type, with the increase of soil depth, the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content also showed a decreasing trend.

Cluster Analysis of Morphologic Characteristic of Eight Geographical Populations of Rana Dybowskii

[ObJective] The research aimed to determine the geographic distribution map of system of Rana dybowskii. [Method] Four morphologic indices （body length, body weight, forelimb length, hindlimb length） of eight geographical populations of R.dybowskii which naturally distribute in Changhai Mountain and Xiaoxing＇an Mountain were measured. Measure results were variance analyzed and cluster analyzed. [Result] Variance analysis showed： the genetic branching among the Dongfanghong male population（ belongs to Wandashan） and Xiaoxing＇an Mountain male population and Changbai Mountain male population were significantly different （P〈0.05） ; the genetic branching between the Hebei female population （belongs to Xiaoxing＇an Mountain） and Changbai Mountain female population was significantly different （P〈0.05 ）. Cluster analysis showed ： male R.dybowskii can be divided into three groups ： the first group included Quanyang, Tianbei, Chaoyang and Ddkouqin, the second group included Tieli and Anshan, the third group included Dongfanghong; and the female R. dybowskii can be divided into three groups ： the first group included Quanyang and Chaoyang, the second group included Tianbei and Dakouqin, the third group included Hebei. [Condusion] The paper deduced that the Sanjiang Plain was the geographical origin center ofR. dybowskii which radiated to Changbai Mountain and Xiaoxing＇an Mountain along the adverse current of Songhua River basin, therefore, the current distribution pattern of R. dybowskii was formed.

Summer-autumn habitat use by Galliformes in a primary forest,southeastern Tibet

Habitat use by Galliformes in an ornithologically unexplored region,a forest area in southeastern Tibet,was investigated during the summer and autumn periods of 1995.A total of seven species were recorded,most of which preferred habitats on south-facing slopes and avoided those on north-facing slopes where conditions were relatively humid.A hybrid population of White (Crossoptilon crossoptilon) versus Tibetan Eared-pheasants (C.harmani) was predominant among the Galliforme community,followed by Blood Pheasants (Ithaginis cruentus) and Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi).A further investigation in 2001 showed that on account of little human activity in the distant primary forests,the birds suffered less of a threat from hunting and habitat disturbance.

Forest Community Structure and Species Diversity of Eight Forest Communities in Wenchang City

The research took different forest communities in Wenchang Satellite Launch Center as the research object and selected 8 forests to explore species diversity, evenness, and dominance of forests. The results showed that species diversity tended to be volatile upon forest communities; semi-mangrove species was the richest, as high as 2.38, followed by natural secondary forest and mixed forests. Plant evenness from high to low was as follows： herbaceous layer〉shrub layer〉tree layer. Natural secondary forest was higher in canopy density, and fewer in herbaceous plants; diversity and evenness were lower than shrub layer. Mangrove forests held lower dominance, and dominance showed insignificant differences among species.

Effects of Different Types of Chinese Fir Stands on Nu－trient Status of Soils

The effects of different types of Chinese fir stand, including those with various composition (pure andmixed), in various cropping systems (first and continuous cropping system) and at different ages, on thenutrient status of soils in the hilly regions of southern Anhui Province were studied by means of ecologicalsequential comparison on the basis of similar climate and soil type. The work was carried out in the XiaoxiForest Farm of Jingxian County and the Caijiaqiao Forest Farm of Jingde County, where the soil is parayellowsoil derived from phyllite and sandstone. The results revealed that with the increase of age, Chinese fir purestand could accumulate organic matter and nitrogen in the soil but it resulted in decreasing of soil PH and baseions (especially Ca￣(2+)) compared to its mixed stand with broad-leaf trees such as Chinese sassafra.s. In orderto improve the soil fertility, it would be better to mix Chinese fir with broad-leaf trees when afforestation.In the management of Chinese fir pure stand, base compounds and phosphates should be added to the soilfor maintaining soil fertility and raising forest productivity.

Structure and regeneration dynamics of three forest types at different succession stages of spruce – fir mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, northeastern China

Analyzing and understanding the structure and growth dynamics of forests at different stages is helpful to promote forest succession, restoration and management. Three spots representing three succession stages of spruce-fir mixed forest(SF: polar-birch secondary forest, MF: spruce-fir mixed forest and PF: spruce-fir near primary forest) were established. Structure, growth dynamics during two growth seasons for dominant tree species, regeneration were examined, and a univariate O-ring function statistic was used to analyze the spatial patterns of main regeneration tree species. Results showed that,(1) composition of tree species, periodic annual increment(PAI) of the diameter at breast height(DBH), basal area for overstory trees and of ground diameter(DGH) for saplings, were significantly different with the succession;(2) the current species composition and regeneration dynamics of SF suggested a development towards spruce-fir mixed forests. Pioneer species like Betula platyphyllaa will gradually disappear while climax species, such as Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Picea koraiensis and Tilia amurensis will dominate forest stands;(3) Despite the highest volume occurring in PF, and saplings in it grew better than in the others, this forest type is unstable because of its unsustainable structure of DBH class and insufficient regeneration; and(4) MF had the most reasonable distribution of DBH class for adult trees(DBH > 5.0 cm) and DGH class for saplings(H ≥30 cm and DBH ≤5 cm), as well as an optimal volume increment. Limiting canopy opening size can lessen the physiological stress and promote the growth and competitive status of regeneration. Management implications for increasing the gaps and thus creating better growth conditions for understory saplings and facilitating forest succession were discussed.

Effect of Simulated N Deposition on Soil Exchangeable Cations in Three Forest Types of Subtropical China

The effects of simulated nitrogen(N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control(0 kg N ha-1 year-1),low N(50 kg N ha-1 year-1),medium N(100 kg N ha-1 year-1)and high N(150 kg N ha-1 year-1),and only three treatments(i.e.,control,low N,medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests.Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement.The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests,and exhibited some significant negative symptoms,e.g.,soil acidification,Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil.The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations.Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China,depending on soil N status and land-use history.

Carbon Sequestration in Forest Vegetation of Beijing at Sublot Level

Based on forest inventory data (FID) at sublot level,we estimated the carbon sequestration in forest vegetation of Beijing,China in 2009.In this study,the carbon sequestration in forest vegetation at sublot level was calculated based on net biomass production (ΔB) which was estimated with biomass of each sublot and function relationships between ΔB and biomass.The biomass of forested land was calculated with biomass expansion factors (BEFs) method,while those of shrub land and other forest land types were estimated with biomass,coverage and height of referred shrubs and shrub coverage and height of each sublot.As one of special forested land types,the biomass of economic tree land was calculated with biomass per tree and tree number.The variation of carbon sequestration in forest vegetation with altitude,species and stand age was also investigated in this study.The results indicate that the carbon sequestration in forest vegetation in Beijing is 4.12 × 106 tC/yr,with the average rate of 3.94 tC/(ha·yr).About 56.91% of the total carbon sequestration in forest vegetation is supported by the forest in the plain with an altitude of < 60 m and the low mountainous areas with an altitude from 400 m to 800 m.The carbon sequestration rate in forest vegetation is the highest in the plain area with an altitude of < 60 m and decreased significantly in the transitional area from the low plain to the low mountainous area with an altitude ranging from 200 m to 400 m due to intensive human disturbance.The carbon sequestration of Populus spp.forest and Quercus spp.forest are relatively higher than those of other plant species,accounting for 25.33% of the total.The carbon sequestration in vegetation by the forest of < 40 years amounts to 45.38% of the total.The carbon sequestration rate in forest vegetation peaks at the stand age of 30–40 years.Therefore,it would be crucial for enhancing the capability of carbon sequestration in forest vegetation to protect the forest in Beijing,to limit human disturbance in the transitional area from the plain to the low mountain area,and to foster the newly established open forest.

Vegetation Geo-climatic Zonation in the Rocky Mountains, Northern Utah, USA

We developed a vegetation geo-climatic zonation incorporating the zonal concept, gradient and discriminant analysis in Wasatch Range, northern Utah, USA. Mountainous forest ecosystems were sampled and described by vegetation, physiographic features and soil properties. The Snowpack Telemetry and National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program weather station networks were used to approximate the climate of sample plots. We analysed vegetation and environmental data using clustering, ordination, classification, and ANOVA techniques to reveal environmental gradients affecting a broad vegetation pattern and discriminate these gradients. The specific objective was to assess and classify the response of the complex vegetation to those environmental factors operating at a coarse-scale climatic level. Ordination revealed the dominant role of regional, altitude-based climate in the area. Based on vegetation physiognomy, represented by five tree species, climatic data and taxonomic classification of zonal soils, we identified two vegetation geo-climatic zones:(1) a montane zone, with Rocky Mountain juniper and Douglas-fir; and(2) a subalpine zone, with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir as climatic climax species. Aspen was excluded from the zonation due to its great ecological amplitude. We found significant differences between the zones in regional climate and landformgeomorphology/soils. Regional climate was represented by elevation, precipitation, and air and soil temperatures; and geomorphology by soil types. This coarse-scale vegetation geo-climatic zonation provides a framework for a comprehensive ecosystem survey, which is missing in the central Rocky Mountains of the United States. The vegetation-geoclimatic zonation represents a conceptual improvement on earlier classifications. This framework explicitly accounts for the influence of the physical environment on the distribution of vegetation within a complex landscape typical of the central Rocky Mountains and in mountain ranges elsewhere.

Effect of canopy composition on soil CO_2 emission in a mixed sprucebeech forest at Solling,Central Germany

It was hypothesized that soil respiration can be affected by canopy composition. Hence, admixture of trees as a common forest management practice may cause significant change in the carbon cycling. This study was conducted in a mixed spruce-beech stand at Solling forest in central Germany to investigate the effect of canopy composition on soil respiration. The canopy cover was classified in four major canopy classes （pure beech, pure spruce, mixed and gap）, and the area under each canopy class was identified as a sub-plot. Soil respiration in each sub-plot （n=4） was measured monthly from Jun 2005 to July 2006. Results show significant difference in annual soil respiration between the beech （359g·m^-2·a^-1 C） and gap （211 g·m^-2·a^-1 C） sub-plots. The estimation of the total below-ground carbon allocation （TBCA） based on a model given by Raich and Nadelhoffer revealed considerably higher root CO2 production in the beech sub-plot （231 g·m^-2·a^-1 C） compare to the gap sub-plot （51 g·m^-2·a^-1 C ）. The contribution of the root respiration to the total soil respiration was higher in the soil under the beech canopy （59%） compared with the soil in the gap （29%）. The findings suggested that the condition under the beech canopy may cause more desirable micro-site for autotrophic respiration and consequently higher CO2 release into the atmosphere.