Developmental Genetic Analysis of Brown Rice Weight Under Different Environmental Conditions in indica Rice

Analysis of genetic main effects and genotype x environment (GE) interaction effects for brown rice weight (BRW) at four different filling stages in indica lice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted for two-year experimental data by using developmental genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of seeds in cereal crops. It was indicated that the genetic main effects and their GE interaction effects of triploid endosperm, cytoplasmic and diploid maternal plant genes were important for BRW at different filling stages of rice, especially for endosperm or maternal additive main effects and their additive interaction effects. Because of the higher additive effects and additive interaction effects for BRW at different filling stages, the better improving effects for this trait could be expected by selection in rice breeding. The results of conditional genetic variance components showed that the new expression of quantitative genes in endosperm and maternal plant for BRW was mostly found at all different filling stages of rice. The gene expression, however, was most active at the early filling stages especially for the first (1-7 d) and the second filling stages (8-14 d after flowering). The phenomena that some genes were spasmodically expressible among filling stages of rice were detected for some genetic effects especially for net cytoplasmic main effects or its interaction effects and net dominance main effects. Predicted genetic effects at different filling stages of rice showed that some parents such as V20 and Zuo 5 were better than others for improving the BRW.

Effects of Storage Temperature on Pasting Properties of Brown Rice

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the effects of storage temperature on pasting properties of brown rice.[Method] Rapid viscosity analyzer was used to determine the viscosity of brown rice under different storage temperatures（30,25,20 and 15 ℃）.[Result] The peak viscosity value increased with storage time prolonging.The higher the storage temperature was,the more rapidly the increasing of peak viscosity value;different storage temperatures and storage time showed significant effects on peak viscosity value of brown rice;the difference on peak viscosity value of brown rice under different storage temperatures was significant.The hot viscosity value of brown rice stored under 30 and 25 ℃ gradually increased with the storage time prolonging;and storage time and storage temperature showed significant effects on hot viscosity value;there was extremely significant difference on hot viscosity value of brown rice under 30,25 and 20,15 ℃.The breakdown value showed a first increasing and then decreasing trend with the storage time prolonging;storage temperature and storage time had extremely significant effect on the breakdown value of brown rice;the breakdown value of brown rice among each storage temperature was extremely significant.The final viscosity of brown rice increased with storage time prolonging.The higher the temperature was,the higher the increasing rate of final viscosity;storage time and temperature showed extremely significant effect on the final viscosity of brown rice;the difference on final viscosity among different storage temperature treatments was extremely significant.The changes on setback value of brown rice under different storage temperature treatments were different with the storage time prolonging;and the storage temperature showed extremely significant effect on the setback value of brown rice.[Conclusion] The study had provided theoretical basis for the storage of brown rice.

Analysis of Heterosis, Combining Ability and Heritability of Cadmium Content in Brown Rice of Three-line Indica Hybrid Rice

Five cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） lines were used as parents in an incomplete diallet cross and six restorer lines of rice design （Nc II design）. Thirty hybrid combinations with the same growth period were selected as experimental ma- terials to investigate the heterosis, combined ability and heredity of Cd content in brown rice of indica hybrid rice. According to the results, Cd content in brown rice showed a significantly negative heterosis; the general combining ability and specific combination ability of Cd content in CMS and restorer lines both reached extremely significant level （P〈0.01）, indicating that both genetic improvement of parents and e- valuation of combinations are important to the breeding of hybrid combinations with low accumulation of Cd; the broad-sense heritabitity and narrow-sense heritability of Cd content were both relatively high with slight differences, which respectively reached 97.73% and 80.10%, indicating that Cd content in brown rice mainly de- pends on the additive action of genes; in addition, parent improvement showed bet- ter effect on the selection of early generation.

Three-Dimensional Cu-Ni Composite Superamphiphobic Surface via Electrodeposition and Fluorosilane Modification

A superamphiphobic(SAP)surface was fabricated by electrodepositing Cu-Ni micro-nano particles on aluminum substrate and modifying via 1 H,1 H,2 H,2 Hperfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane.Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphology and chemical composition.The results showed that the SAP surface had three-dimensional micro-nano structures and exhibited a maximum water contact angle of 160.0°,oil contact angle of 151.6°,a minimum water slide angle of 0°and oil slide angle of 9°.The mechanical strength and chemical stability of the SAP surface were tested further.The experimental results showed that the SAP surface presented excellent resistance to wear,prominent acid-resistance and alkali-resistance,self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.

Morphology observation for surface orange peel and fracture in tension sample of aluminum-alloy sheet and characterization of nano hardness

The tension property of aluminum-alloy sheet with different microstructures is measured, and the surface and tension fracture morphology of tension sample with and without orange peel are observed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Surface roughness and nano hardness of tension sample are measured. The results show that the average elongation of the samples with orange peel is lower than that without orange peel ; especially the r value of per- pendicular to the rolling direction is much lower than that without orange peel. The tension surface of the orange peel samples is very rough; various parameters of surface roughness are higher. Under the observation of SEM, a wider slid- ing band with a micro crack on the surface of orange peel sample can be found. The various parameters of surface rough- ness without orange peel sample are near to zero, the sliding band is narrow and without micro cracks. The dimple width in tensile fracture of orange peel sample is larger than that without orange peel sample, but shear lip is narrower. The nano hardness testing results show that samples with orange peel behave high elastic modulus, high hardness, and high maximum load, but low plastic deformation depth. These mentioned features can completely describe surface and frac- ture morphology of tension samt31es with oranze peel.

Parameters Effecting on Head Brown Rice Recovery and Energy Consumption of Rubber Roll and Stone Disk Dehusking

Application of improper methods on rice processing affects rice quality and head rice recovery. In Vietnam, paddy with different moisture contents （from 13% to 17%） is dehusked by both rubber roll and stone disk. Thus, objective of this research was to evaluate the technical and economic aspects of the two methods. Optimization was conducted with 20 experiments for input factors （moisture content） and output factors （head brown rice recovery, specific energy consumption）. Besides, other factors were also monitored, such as the gap between the two disks, speed of disk and roll, and pressure of rubber roll on paddy. Test results showed that the maximum value of head brown rice （77.4%） and the minimum value of specific energy consumption （0.66 kWh/ton） corresponding to moisture content of paddy of 13.7% for stone disk dehusker. At similar moisture content （13.7%）, head brown rice recovery and specific energy consumption were 77.2% and 1.04 kWh/ton for rubber roll dehusker, respectively. As the result, specific energy consumption of rubber roll dehusker was higher than that of stone disk dehusker, corresponding to the higher dehusking efficiency.

Heavy Metals in Brown Rice(Oryza sativa L.) and Soil After Long-Term Irrigation of Wastewater Discharged from Domestic Sewage Treatment Plants

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.

Constrained lattice density functional theory and its applications on vapor–liquid nucleations

Vapor-liquid phase transition occurs via a nucleation process, and depending on the role of foreign objects, nucleation can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. In this review, we focus on the recently developed constrained lattice density functional theory （CLDFT） and its applications on vapor-liquid nucleation. We also review the recent theoretical advance on the stability of nanobubbles. Based on CLDFT, a pinning and supersaturation mechanism has proposed to interpret the surprising stability of surface nanobubbles. The mechanism can interpret most characteristics of nanobubbles. More importantly, the mechanism suggests that the critical nucleus can be stabilized under the condition of contact line pinning. Thus, CLDFT studies provide an alternative way to measure the critical nucleus that is difficult to measure experimentally in the bulk solution, through stabilizing it with surface roughness or heterogeneities.

Surface properties of encapsulating hydrophobic nanoparticles regulate the main phase transition temperature of lipid bilayers： A simulation study

The main phase transition temperature of a lipid membrane, which is vital for its biomedical applications such as controllable drug release, can be regulated by encapsulating hydrophobic nanoparticles into the membrane. However, the exact relationship between surface properties of the encapsulating nanoparticles and the main phase transition temperature of a lipid membrane is far from clear. In the present work we performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to meet this end. The results show the surface roughness of nanoparticles and the density of surface-modifying molecules on the nanoparticles are responsible for the regulation. Increasing the surface roughness of the nanoparticles increases the main phase transition temperature of the lipid membrane, whereas it can be decreased in a nonlinear way via increasing the density of surface-modifying molecules on the nanoparticles. The results may provide insights for understanding recent experimental studies and promote the applications of nanoparticles in controllable drug release by regulating the main phase transition temperature of lipid vesicles.