《淮南子·缪称训》征引子思《累德篇》考

郭沂先生在《〈淮南子.缪称训〉所见子思〈累德篇〉考》一文中指出,《淮南子.缪称训》除首尾两段为编者所加前言、后语外,其他部分是子思《累德篇》佚文。虽然《淮南子.缪称训》多处引用《子思子》,但其主体部分有很多语句明显是道家者语,不可能全部出自儒家书《子思子》。现有资料不能证明它的主体部分就是《累德篇》佚文。

《淮南子·缪称训》所见子思《累德篇》考

《淮南子·缪称训》除首尾两段为编者所加前言后语外 ,其他悉为子思书佚文。而种种迹象表明 ,这篇佚文正是《后汉书》李贤注所提到的《累德篇》。该佚篇与子思的其他著作血肉相连 ,与郭店简中子思弟子遗著也存在着极为密切的关系。

累了,想想父母

光阴荏荏，岁月流逝。看着大院中新兵那稚嫩的脸庞，听着他们撼天震地的口号声，蓦然觉得，又是一年新兵时，新的一年新兵强化训练又开始了，这不禁让我想起自己的新兵连生活。

不同氮水平下盐胁迫对大麦幼苗中某些氮化物积累的影响(简报)

在土培条件下,提高氮素供应水平和NaCl处理浓度后大麦幼苗地上部和根中的全氮,蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸总量增加;蛋白质氮占全氮的比值亦因NaCl处理浓度的增大而提高。在盐胁迫下,游离脯氨酸占氨基酸总量的百分比明显增加,而谷氨酸所占比例则下降。

“追累”动结式与完结短语理论

"追累"动结式的三种可能释义是动结式的句式意义、宾语性质和动与补之间关系的集中体现。"完结短语"理论通过跨语言考察动词情状后,认为汉语动结式的补语是动词的"完结"特征,是一种动词内部体,论元的受影响性与动词的完结性质紧密联系,而轻动词决定动结式的结构意义和动结式主语论元的语义角色。"追累"句中,轻动词为行使义"把"时,补语语义指向宾语;轻动词为致使义"使"时,句子做施受倒置解;补语语义指向主语的解释,宾语应为非受影响性论元。"完结短语"理论的分析简约,具有语言普遍性。

论王筠“分别文、累增字”的学术背景与研究意图

现代学者通常把王筠提出的“分别文、累增字”等同于“古今字”，而实际上这两个概念源自王筠对《说文》“重文”的研究。王筠发现《说文》存在“异部重文”，而有些“异部重文”是由“一字递增”产生的，这种“一字递增”的重文现象跟汉字的发展演变有关，所以他将“一字递增”分成“分别文”和“累增字”专门提出来讨论，细致分析其中各类情形，一方面揭示汉字孳乳造字的具体规律，同时梳理新造字与“本字删之间的种种关系。这些因发展而形成的具有历时性质的各种字际关系，虽然有的可以归属于“古今字”，但原本不是从“古今字”的角度立论，因而跟“古今字”并不重合。如果认为王筠讨论“分别文、累增字”目的在以新的名目取代“古今字”，那不符合王筠的研究初衷，难以体现“分别文、累增字”的真正学术价值。

王筠“分别文”、“累增字”及“重文递加字”浅议

《说文释例》论述了“分别文”、“累增字”的本质区别。既强调递增形符能使表义更精细、准确、直观，又批评了“随文生义”；既重视探求初文，又尊重使用递增字的语言实际。王筠此说较全面、深刻地认识了递增字。

累并快乐着

初夏的天像娃娃的脸,时晴时雨。刚才骄阳高照,转瞬就下起太阳雨;原本闷热难耐,一日却陡然降温……一年一度的小学毕业考试、中考、高考又如期而至。不知是多变的天气影响了毕业班老师紧绷的神经,还是毕业班老师敏感的心感知了善变的大自然,五月天,这一群人的心情随着忽冷忽热的天气起起伏伏。他们的心情故事,年复一年地上演着杏坛人生中最纷繁复杂、最刻骨铭心、最多姿多彩的经历--

累

天灰得像哭过。超市沉闷的空气粒子压抑得我好难受。酸酸的空气,滚烫的风。累积的无奈,我是真的难以释怀。累了。受够了所谓的安排。每天。压抑在这里。令人窒息的教室里,微微晃荡的风扇,散发出如蒸笼般的热气。

累并快乐的世博游

虽然世博园里人挤人，挤死人，并且炎热的天气还来个火上浇油，但这些问题在我面前都只能甘拜下风，因为它们丝毫阻挡不了让我大开眼界的欲望。

《史记》之“蓬累”即“蚹蠃”

“蓬累”一词最早出现在《史记·老子韩非列传》,但未曾见于《史记》同时代的其他文献中,因此,“蓬累”当存在其他书写形式。“蓬累”当为“蚹蠃”,即现在所说的蜗牛。首先,二者上古读音相近,存在为同一词的不同书写形式的可能;其次,“蚹蠃”藏身壳内爬行的特点,符合“蓬累而行”所要表达的“隐藏”之义;最后,在现代汉语方言中,“蜗牛”有一俗名为“蓬螺”。“不得其时则蓬累而行”,比喻君子不得其时,便如蜗牛藏身蠃壳而行,既“身隐”又“智隐”。

王筠字词关系思想探究

王筠认为,词的声、义寄托于汉字形体,解析汉字必须遵循字词关系规律。在对“六书”内涵阐释的基础上,王筠创立了“累增字”“分别文”概念,对汉字发展过程中新造字与原字进行沟通,从历时动态角度对同词异字和汉字分化的成因进行阐释,对汉字发展史的研究产生深远影响。王筠立足于整字与“六书”相对应的关系,但鉴于有大量字不能纳入“六书”,于是设置变例,又把假借扩展至构件层面,这些说明王筠把整字与构件混杂在一起,把汉字结构理论与具体字的结构模式相互混淆。

Differences of Uptake and Accumulation of Zinc in Four Species of Sedum

Four species of Sedum L. were grown in nutrient solution for the comparison of their Zn uptake and accumulation. S. alfredii Hance showed much greater tolerance to Zn than the other three species. Shoot and root yields of S. sarmentosum Bunge, S. bulbiferum Makino, and S. emarginatum Migo decreased with increasing Zn concentration in the solution, while shoot and root yields of S. alfredii increased when Zn concentration was ≤80 mg·L -1. At 80 mg·L -1 Zn, Zn concentration in shoots of S. alfredii reached 19.09 mg·g -1. S. alfredii was also more efficient in Zn translocation from roots to shoots, while Zn concentration in shoots was much higher than in roots. However, this was not the case for the other three species. The results showed that S. alfredii is a Zn hyperaccumulator and could be useful for the phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils.

Growth Response and Metal Accumulation of Sedum alfredii to Cd/Zn Complex-Polluted Ion Levels

Sedum alfredii Hance has been identified as a new Zn-hyperaccumulator native to China. In this study, responses and metal accumulation of S alfredii were examined under Zn/Cd complex polluted conditions. The results showed that optimal growth of S alfredii in terms of the maximum dry matter yield was observed at Zn/Cd complex level of 500/100 mumol/L. Plant cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) concentrations increased with increasing Cd or Zn supply. During the 20 d treatment, the highest Cd concentration in the leaves reached 12.1 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 50/400 mumol/L and that of Zn in the stems was 23.2 g/kg at Zn/Cd level of 1000/50 mumol/L. The distribution of Cd in different plant parts decreased in the order: leaf > stem greater than or equal to root, whereas that of Zn was: stem > leaf greater than or equal to root. The accumulation of Cd and Zn in the shoots and roots of S. alfredii increased with the increasing of Zn/Cd supply levels, peaked at Zn/Cd levels of 250/400 and 500/100 mumol/L, respectively. The highest Cd and Zn uptake by the shoots was approximately 5 and 11 mg/plant, and was over 20 and 10 times higher than those in the roots, respectively. Zn supply at levels less than or equal to 500 mumol/L increased plant Cd concentrations, whereas high Zn supply decreased root Cd but did not affect leaf Cd concentrations in S alfredii Low Cd supply increased Zn concentration in the leaves, but Cd supply higher than 50 mumol/L considerably reduced root Zn concentrations, especially at low Zn level. These results indicate that S. alfredii can tolerate high Zn/Cd complex levels and has an extraordinary ability to hyperaccumulate not only Zn but also Cd. It could provide a new valuable plant material for understanding the mechanisms responsible for co-hyperaccumulation of Zn and Cd as well as for phytoremediation of the Cd/Zn complex polluted soils.

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

Citric Acid Accumulation in an Alkali_tolerant Plant Puccinellia tenuiflora Under Alkaline Stress

The accumulation of citric acid and associated correlative strain indexes were investigated in the seedlings of Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scribn. et Merr. stressed with 0-175 mmol/L Na 2CO 3. The results showed that the citric acid accumulation is a specific physiological respond of this plant to alkali_stress. On the contrary, the citric acid content decreased slightly in this plant stressed with 0-400 mmol/L neutral salt NaCl. The accumulation of citric acid increased with increasing strength of alkali_stress, the citric acid content increased gently when the strength was lower than 100 mmol/L Na 2CO 3, but increased obviously when the strength was higher than 100 mmol/L Na 2CO 3. The citric acid rapidly accumulated at early alkali_stress, an obvious raise can be mensurated after 4 h. About 48 h after treatment, the amount of citric acid accumulated nearly reached the maximum. In various parts of P. tenuiflora seedlings alkali_stressed for 144 h, the order of citric acid content from high to low is: old leaf, mature leaf, old leaf sheath, young leaf sheath, young stem, old stem, and young leaf. In the mature leaf, the citric acid content gradually increased with increasing strength of alkali_stress, while the citric acid content increased sharply in old leaf and sheath just for strength higher than 125 mmol/L. There was little change of citric acid content in stem, but no change in young leaf. The results of the experiment showed that citric acid was outstanding among accumulated organic acid caused by alkali_stress. The contribution of other organic acids was negligible.

Research Advance on Absorption Law of Cadmium by Rice and Safety Control Technology of Cadmium in Rice Grain

Heavy metal pol ution, especial y cadmium pol ution, has threatened the safety production of rice. The research advance on law of absorption, distribution and accumulation of cadmium in rice and on recent safety control technology of cadmium in rice grain was summarized in this paper. We hoped to lay a foundation for the safety production of rice.

Effect of N Fertilization on Yield, N Absorption and Utilization of Two Species of Super High-Yielding Summer Maize

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of N fertilizer on yield, N absorption and utilization of different cultivars of super high-yielding summer maize, in order to provide reference for reasonable N fertilization in accordance with different cultivars. [Method] Field experiment was conducted to study on effects of different N fertilizers on yield, N absorption and use efficiency of Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20, in order to learn the effect differences at different N fertilizer levels. [Result] After N was applied, yields of the two summer maize increased significantly. Zhengdan 958 achieved the highest in yield and proceeds at 12 051.18 kg/hm2 and 1 722.40 yuan/hm2, respectively in low N level. In contrast, Xundan 20 achieved the highest at 13 166.00 kg/hm2 and 1 343.92 yuan/hm2 in the above two aspects in high N level. Compared with Zhengdan 958, Xundan 20 increased by 9.90%, 5.20% and 12.00% in N levels of 0, 240, and 450 kg/hm2, respectively. When N fertilizers were applied, protein yield of Xundan 20 was significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958, so that higher N fertilizers contributed higher protein yield for Xundan 20. In high N level, N efficiency, N-fertilizer utilization and partial productivity of Xundan 20 were significantly higher than that of Zhengdan 958. [Conclusion] Lower N-fertilizer was suitable for Zhengdan 958 and Xundan 20 would get a good harvest if more N-fertilizers were applied. The results provided references for reasonable N fertilization.

Effect of amendments on growth and metal uptake of giant reed(Arundo donax L.) grown on soil contaminated by arsenic,cadmium and lead

The effects of five amendments such as acetic acid（AA）, citric acid （CA）, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA）, sepiolite and phosphogypsum on growth and metal uptake of giant reed （Arundo donax L.） grown on soil contaminated by arsenic （As）, cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） were studied. The results showed that the shoot biomass of giant reed was enhanced by 24.8% and 15.0%, while superoxide mutase and catalase activities slightly varied when adding 5.0 mmol/kg CA and 2.5 mol/kg EDTA to soil as compared to the control, respectively. The concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in shoots were remarkably increased by the addition of 2.5 mmol/kg AA and CA, 5.0 mmol/kg EDTA, and 4.0 g/kg sepiolite as compared to the control. The accumulations of As and Cd were also significantly enhanced in the above condition, while the shoot Pb accumulation was noticeably enhanced by amending with 4.0 g/kg sepiolite and 8.0 g/kg phosphogysum, respectively. The results suggested that AA, CA and sepiolite could be used as optimum soil amendments for giant reed remediation system.

Investigation on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals from Organic Fertilizer in Soil and Plant

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the accumulation of heavy metals from organic fertilizer in soil and plant. MethodThree plots were chosen in Shanghai suburb to measure the heavy metal accumulation by monitoring their concentrations in soil and plant after organic fertilizer was applied. We also analyzed the correlations of the heavy metals in soil and plants. Single-factor pollution index and Nemerow’s synthetical pollution index were adopted to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in soils. Moreover, how many years before the heavy metal accumulation will exceed the environmental capability if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year was also estimated in the present study. ResultThe rules of heavy metals’ accumulation in soil changed with the various soil characters and pH. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd and As in the tested plants exceeded the limits. The average concentration of Cu in the tested soil shared positive correlation with that in the tested plants. The average concentration of Pb in the tested soil was negatively correlated with that in the tested plant while the other heavy metals didn’t show the rule like that. Organic fertilizer application caused no obvious pollution to the soils. Cu would exceed the standard environmental capacity within 15 years if 45 t/hm 2 organic fertilizer is applied every year, while for Hg, it will be 2 000 years. ConclusionWhen the excessive organic fertilizer is put into the land, the heavy metals from organic fertilizer would accumulate in soil and plant. With continued excessive fertilization, the heavy metals especially Cu would exceed the stan- dard environmental capacity. More attention should be paid to the inputting amount of the organic fertilizer.