读《经济动物》

人性本善,合理的手段能使人性的光辉更加闪耀。人性本善还是本恶?人究竟是自私还是利他?《经济动物》一书从经济学的角度出发,提出了一个石破天惊的反常识观点——不恰当的激励手段不仅不会促进效率的提升,而且会造成出乎意料甚至事与愿违的结果。既然'无情'的生存竞争必然导致生命个体的'自利'特征,又如何能产生约束个体自利诉求,甚至牺牲自身利益而考虑其他个体利益的行为?

《经济动物学》MOOC课程设计探究——以合肥师范学院为例

慕课(MOOC)是大规模在线教学平台,具有开放、灵活、交互的特性。MOOC建设可以大大促进《经济动物学》课程的改革,使其适应教育信息化。该文探讨了基于MOOC平台的《经济动物学》课程的教学设计策略,对MOOC视频制作、互动和考核方式、推广策略进行了探究,以指导《经济动物学》MOOC课程建设,并为其他相关课程的MOOC教学设计提供借鉴。

《经济动物学报》的编排特点

主要阐述了《经济动物学报》栏目设置、编排特点以及所取得的成就和存在的不足,提出今后的努力方向。

Study on Agglomeration and Fluctuation Situation and Development Countermeasures of Economic Crop Production in Hunan Province

[Objective] This paper aimed to investigate the agglomeration and fluctuation situation of economic crop production in Hunan Province and to propose related development countermeasures. [Method] With agglomeration index and fluctuation index as main indicators, the agglomeration and fluctuation situation of the production of seven major economic crops in Hunan Province in recent decade was studied. [Result] The agglomeration index of sown area and yield of seven major economic crops in Hunan Province showed decreasing orders of ramie 〉 cotton 〉 tobacco 〉 rape〉 citrus 〉 tea 〉 vegetables, ramie 〉 cotton 〉 tobacco 〉 tea 〉 rape 〉 citrus 〉 vegetables, respectively; the fluctuation index of sown area and yield showed decreasing orders of ramie 〉 citrus 〉 vegetables 〉 cotton 〉 tea 〉 rape 〉 tobacco, citrus 〉 ramie 〉 tea 〉 cotton 〉 rape 〉 tobacco 〉 vegetables, respectively. In addition, stable regions, relatively stabte regions and fluctuation regions of sown area and yield in various main producing areas were identified, and corresponding development countermeasures were proposed. [Cenclusion] The key to accelerate the development of major economic crop production in Hunan Province is further improving the agglomeration level of vegetable, citrus, rape and tea production and focusing on maintaining the stability of citrus, ramie and cotton production in main producing areas.

Yeast Culture and Its Application in Feed

Yeast culture is a kind of green feed additive. It has been researched and applied widely in the feed industry. In this paper, the functions of yeast culture and its application in the actual production were discussed. It can be concluded that yeast culture has a great application prospect.

Comparative Utilization of Different Fibre Feedstuffs by Weaning/Growing Pigs in the Tropics

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel cake （PKC）, wheat offal （WO）, corn bran （CB）, rice bran （RB） and brewers＇ dried grain （BDG） were used at 25% in each of the five experimental diets that were formulated in this study. Twenty weaner pigs （12.75 ± 0.6 kg） were used for the growth study while 15 pigs （14.95 ± 0.57 kg） were used for the digestibility study. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results of the study showed that the performance of the experimental animals were significantly influenced （P 〈 0.05） by the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05） while there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the apparent digestibility of their dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract. The diet that contained WO had the best growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility. Results of economics of production also showed that diet with WO gave the best （P 〈 0.05） value in feed cost/＇kg gain and net profit/animal. It can be concluded from this study that although all the animals fed the different fibre feedstuffs performed satisfactorily on all the parameters monitored, but for optimum growth, apparent nutrients digestibility and economics of production. WO should be used as a fibre feedstuff in the diets of weaning/growing pigs in the tropics.

Endemic Marine Benthic Invertebrates on the Brazilian Reef Ecosystems

Knowledge of the biodiversity of Brazilian reef ecosystems has expanded in recent years with several new species. Brazil is considered an important province because it has the only true reefs in the South Atlantic. This study identified the endemism of benthic invertebrate species of the Brazilian reefs. The reef coast is approximately 600 km long and extends from the state of Rio Grande do Norte to south coast of the Bahia state, with many coral and sandstone reefs near the shoreline and in the offshore zone, where the platform top remains exposed during low tides; and also on the Abrolhos region has isolated columns and offshore banks. Four offshore sites within the EEZ （Exclusive Economic Zone） were also included in this review. This study was based on the invertebrate benthic diversity existing on the northeastern coast, represented by Porifera with 450 spp, Cnidaria Scleractinia 16 spp and Echinodermata 51 spp. Of these, 102 species are endemic to Brazilian reefs, including Porifera with 86 spp （18,44%）, Cnidaria Scleractinia 8 spp （50%）, and Echinodermata 8 spp （2.93%）. The results reflect the recent increase in taxonomic studies, and identify a large number of endemic species among the benthic invertebrate fauna of the Brazilian reefs.

Study on environmental logistics based on sustainable development: a case study of Shandong Province

Traditional logistics takes economic interest as the final goal. The frequency and changes of logistics activities have brought severe negative effects to the environment. At present, logistics industry has become the dominant industry in the third industries, and it is also the main driver for economic development. As more emphasis has been attached to the philosophy of sustainable development, low carbon emission and environmental protection, environmental logistics has become the trend of logistics management. In this paper, basic theories of logistics, development economics etc. are employed, the dialectical relationship between environmental logistics and sustainable development are analyzed through statistics, and proposals are put forward to develop environmental logistics.

Assets and tactics in a mating market： Economic models of negotiation offer insights into animal courtship dynamics on the lek

Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .

SPECIAL ISSUE： DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME IN A TRANSITIONAL ECONOMY Who is the predator, who the prey？ --an analysis of changes in the state of China＇s national income distribution

This paper investigates how national income distribution among the corporate, government, and household sectors has changed from 1992 to 2005 using the Flow of Funds Accounts adjusted after the National Economic Census 2004. We analyze the changes in institutional distribution of national income from the primary and secondary distribution of national income, with a focus on explaining the fall in the household sector＇s share of the national income pie since 1996. To analyze the primary distribution of national income among institutional sectors, we formulate the share of each sector in primary national income as the weighted average of the product of factor income share using each sector＇s proportion of the different types of factor income as weights. With this formula, we adjust factor income shares in the Flow of Funds Account, re-compute the distribution of disposable income by institutional sector from 1993 to 2005, and extrapolate the distribution to 2006 and 2007. Our findings are： the share of the household sector in national disposable income reached its peak in 1996, and declined by over twelve percentage points between 1996 and 2005, of which 10.71 and 2.01 percentage points were due to primary distribution and secondary distribution respectively. In contrast, the share of the corporate and government sectors in primary distribution increased by 7.49 and 3.21 percentage points respectively. In secondary distribution, the share of the government sector further increased by 3.17 percentage points, at the expense of the other two sectors. We also find that the decline in the share of labor income and property income in factor income distribution are the two main sources for the decline in the household share of primary distribution. In the period 2005-2007, the household share of national income fell further by over three percentage points, mostly resulting from the increase in the share of net production tax.