老谢

随着自己逐渐长大,不知道什么时候,我开始渐渐的不再叫老谢“爸爸”了,而且从心中开始抵触“爸爸”这个名词,于是“老谢”便成为了我对父亲的称呼.上大学之前,我曾带朋友来家里玩过一次.在经历了两代人的鱼塘上,老谢赤裸着上身划着船做着自己的工作,午后的阳光照射在他的身上,形成了光与影的对比,让老谢棱角更加分明,只是隐约中,让我看到了老谢的变化,他更沉默了.

Effects of glutamine-containing total parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity and anabolic hormone response in rats undergoing gastrectomy

AIM: To investigate the effect of glutamine (Gln)-containing parenteral nutrition on phagocytic activity and to elucidate the possible roles of Gln in the secretion of anabolic hormones and nitrogen balance in rats undergoing a gastrectomy. METHODS: Rats with an internal jugular catheter were divided into 2 experimental groups and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The TPN solutions were isonitrogenous and identical in nutrient compositions except for differences in amino acid content. One group received conventional TPN (control), and in the other group, 25% of the total amino acid nitrogen was replaced with Gin. After receiving TPN for 3 d, one-third of the rats in each experimental group were sacrificed as the baseline group. The remaining rats underwent a partial gastrectomy and were killed 1 and 3 d, respectively, after surgery. Plasma, peritoneal lavage fluid (PLF), and urine samples were collected for further analysis. RESULTS: The Gln group had fewer nitrogen losses 1 and 2 d after surgery (d1, 16.6±242.5 vs-233.4±205.9 mg/d, d2, 31.8±238.8 vs-253.4±184.6 mg/d, P<0.05). There were no differences in plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels between the 2 groups before or after surgery. The phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages was higher in the Gln group than in the control group 1 d after surgery (A 1185±931 vs323±201, P<0.05). There were no differences in the phagocytic activities of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils between the 2 groups at the baseline or on the postoperative days. No significant differences in interleukin-1β or interleukin-6 concentrations in PLF were observed between the 2 groups. However, tumor necrosis factor-α level in PLF was significantly lower in the Gln group than in the control group on postoperative d 3. CONCLUSION: TPN supplemented with Gln can improve the nitrogen balance, and enhance macrophage phagocytic activity at the site of injury. However, Gin supplementation has no effect on phagocytic cell activity in the systemic circulation, GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 might not be responsible for attenuating nitrogen losses in rats with a partial gastrectomy.

Goji Berry （Lycium barbarum） Extract Improves Biometric, Plasmatic and Hepatic Parameters of Rats Fed a High-Carbohydrate Diet

GB （goji berry） has bioactive components capable of reversing the metabolic syndrome. This work investigated systemic, biometric and metabolic parameters of male rats fed with standard diet （group CD） or high-carbohydrate diet （group HC）. At 90 days of age the HC group was subdivided： one was given vehicle solution （HCD） and the other was given GB extract （HCDGB）, for 60 days. The vehicle was also given to the CD group. At 150 days of age, glucose tolerance test, tissue collection, plasmatic determinations, lipid content, in situ perfusion and oxidative stress of the liver were carried out. The GB supplementation improved the parameters of the metabolic syndrome caused by the HC diet, including decreased body weight gain, adiposity index, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, NAFLD, liver oxidative stress and gluconeogenesis. Together with the diminished insulin resistance, these results indicate the GB extract is an important adjuvant in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.

Responses of the Adult Rat Glucose Metabolism to Early Life Feeding, Caloric Restriction and Refeeding

Early life overfeeding in the rat can be experimentally induced by reducing litter size. This investigation assessed the consequences of this manipulation on glucose metabolism in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes in 150-day old rats. Additionally, after body growth, the effects of caloric restriction and refeeding were tested. Adult rats from control （G9） and reduced litters （G3L） did not differ in body and fat weights, glucose tolerance or insulin resistance （insulin-induced hypoglycemia）, or hepatocyte glucose release under basal or gluconeogenic conditions. Caloric restriction （G3R） reduced body and fat weights, decreased glucose decay after insulin injection and decreased hepatocyte gluconeogenic glucose release. Refeeding after caloric restriction reversed these parameters to those of the freely-fed groups （G9 and G3L）. Taken together, these results suggest that the liver glucose metabolism is not programmed by lactational overfeeding, but rather is responsive to the current nutritional condition of the animal.

Changes of Liver Glucose Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice Transgenic for Human Apolipoprotein ApoCIII

Mice overexpressing the human apolipoprotein apo CIII are a model of dyslipidemia. They become hypertxiglyceridemic, hypercholesterolemic and have high blood levels of free fatty acids. Blood glucose is normal, but as the liver integrates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, conditions of high inter-tissue circulation of energy substxates, such as fasting, may reveal hepatic alterations of glucose metabolism in these （CIII） mice. This hypothesis was explored by in situ liver perfusion in this investigation. The NTG （non-txansgenic） animals showed liver and muscle glycogen content changes compatible with the fed or fasted state. In contrast, glycogen in group CIII was much lower in the fed state. The liver glucose release in group CIII after overnight fasting and adrenaline-stimulated was lower than in group NTG. Total glucose production under gluconeogenic conditions was not different between groups NTG and CIII, but glucose production from alanine was decreased in group CIII. Therefore, dyslipidemia caused by overexpression of apoCIII in mice alters the liver glucose metabolism, particularly compromising glycogen synthesis and degradation. This profile might have adverse outcomes during metabolic challenges that are more severe than fasting.

Relationship of level of sex hormone and sex hormone receptor with development of metabolic syndrome in elderly men

Objective The sex hormone and the corresponding receptor may play some roles in the development of the metabolic syndrome （MS） in the elderly men. This study was designed to examine the relationship of level of the sex hormone and androgen receptor with MS in elderly men, thus to investigate the possible pathogenesis of MS. Methods This cross sectional study enrolled 587 elderly men, including 400 healthy controlls aged 62-92 years and 187 MS patients aged 60-87 years in Wan Shou Lu area of Beijing city. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate （DHAE-S）, total testosterone （TT）, sex hormone binding globulin （SHBG）, free testosterone （FT）, follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）,Estradiol （E2）,luteinizing hormone（LH） and androgen receptor （AR） in blood were tested. Statistical analyses included the comparison analysis of variables and independent variables, correlation analysis using multi-factor linear regression, and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results DHAE-S, TT, SHBG, FT and AR fluorescence intensity in healthy control group were higher than those in MS group, however, FSH and E2 levels were lower in healthy group. Age was negatively correlated with diastolic blood pressure （DBP） and FT, but positively correlated with systolic blood pressure （SBP） and E2. AR fluorescence intensity was negatively correlated with SBP and LH. The logistic regression equation showed the negative correlation between DHEA-S, SHBG and the development of MS. Conclusions There are low levels of DHEA-S, TT, SHBG, FT and AR in the elderly patients with MS. On the contrary, FSH and E2 concentration are higher. It can be suggested that low levels of DHEA-S and SHBG may be the potential risk factors of MS in elderly men.

Obesity, metabolic abnormalities, and mortality in older men

Background Older adults are prone to obesity and metabolic abnormalities and recommended to pursue a normal weight especially when obesity and metabolic abnormalities are co-existed. However, few studies have reported the possible differences in the effect of obesity on outcomes between older adults with metabolic abnormalities and those without metabolic abnormalities. Methods A total of 3485 older men were included from 2000 to 2014. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality were obtained during a mean follow-up of five years Metabolic abnormalities were defined as having established hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia and taking the disease-related medications. All participants were stratified by the presence or absence of metabolic abnormalities. Results In the non-metabolic abnormalities group, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths were lowest in overweight participants and highest in obese participants. In the metabolic abnormalities group, mortality was also lowest in overweight participants but highest in participants with normal weight. After adjustment for covariates, hazard ratios （95% CI） for all-cause death and cardiovascular death were 0.68 （0.51, 0.92） and 0.59 （0.37, 0.93）, respectively, in overweight participants with metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, obesity was not associated with mortality risk in both groups. These findings were unchanged in stratified analyses. Conclusions Overweight was negatively associated with mortality risk in older men with metabolic abnormalities but not in those without metabolic abnormalities. Obesity did not increase death risk regardless of metabolic abnormalities. These findings suggest that the recommendation of pursuing a normal weight may be wrong in overweight/obese older men, especially for those with metabolic abnormalities.

Mitochondrial redox metabolism in aging:Effect of exercise interventions

Mitochondrial redox metabolism has long been recognized as being central to the effects of aging and the development of age-related pathologies in the major oxidative organs. Consistent evidence has shown that exercise is able to retard the onset and impede the progression of aging by modifying mitochondrial oxidant--antioxidant homeostasis. Here we provide a broad overview of the research evidence showing the relationship between mitochondrial redox metabolism, aging and exercise. We address part aspects of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species （ROS） metabolism, from superoxide production to ROS detoxification, especially antioxidant enzymes and uncoupling protein. Furthermore, we describe mitochondrial remodeling response to aging and exercise, which is accompanied by bioenergetics and redox regulation. In addition, potential mechanisms for redox signaling involved in mitochondrial remodeling and redox metabolism regulation are also reviewed.

The Trace Element Content Observed in the Elderly People of Russia＇s North Regions

To investigate the status of mineral metabolism in people residing in huge regional centers of north-western and north-eastern parts of Russia by AES-IBP （atom-emission spectrometry with inductively bonded argon plasma）, the content of 25 elements in hair samples of surveyed people was examined. The results of the study carried out in Russia＇s north could testify to significant deformation found in the elderly people bodies＇ element profiles. The pronounced deficit in such essential elements as Ca, Cr, Mg can be considered the common north-related profile typical for the elderly people from European and Asian north. In addition, age-related formation of all the elements＇ deficit due to their risen spending at pathologies as well as the increased need in such elements as Zn, Se, Cr, Cu, Mn. The age-related excess of arsenic proved to be typical for Magadan residents. In Anadyr, the age-related excess of lead was found, in Petrozavodsk mercury, and in Arkhangelsk--boron and aluminium.

Identification of poliumoside metabolites in rat plasma, urine, bile, and intestinal bacteria with UPLC/Q-TOF-MS

Poliumoside is representative of phenylethanoid glycosides, which are widely found in many plants. Poliumoside is also regarded as the main active component of Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun(CK), though its oral bioavailability in rat is extremely low(0.69%) and its in vivo and in vitro metabolism has not yet been systematically investigated. In the present study, an ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) method was employed to identify the metabolites and investigate the metabolic pathways of poliumoside in rat after oral administration 1.5 g·kg–1 of poliumoside. As a result, a total of 34 metabolites(30 from urine, 17 from plasma, and 4 from bile) and 9 possible metabolic pathways(rearrangment, reduction, hydration, hydrolyzation, dehydration, methylation, hydroxylation, acetylation, and sulfation) were proposed in vivo. The main metabolite, acteoside, was quantified after incubated with rat intestinal bacteria in vitro. In conclusion, the present study systematically explored the metabolites of poliumoside in vivo and in vitro, proposing metabolic pathways that may be significant for further metabolic studies of poliumoside.

Jiangtang Xiaoke granule attenuates glucose metabolism disorder via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of type 2 diabetes mellitus mice

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Jiangtang Xiaoke(JTXK) granule on endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress in high fat diet(HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) KK-Ay mice.METHODS:KK-Ay mice were fed with HFD to induce the T2 DM model,while normal control C57 BL/6 J mice were given standard feed.Fasting blood glucose(FBG) in all mice was measured weekly and oral glucose tolerance tests(OGTTs) were performed at 4 and 10 weeks after start of treatment to determine glucose metabolism.Serum fasting insulin(FINS) and insulin sensitivity index(ISI) were measured to determine insulin sensitivity.m RNA expressions of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha(e IF2α),glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78),activating transcription factor 4(ATF4),and C/EBP homology protein(CHOP) were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the protein expressions of p-e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP were assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS:JTXK granule significantly reduced FBG and free fatty acid levels and improved OGTT at the120 min of the 10-week treatment in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.FINS and Hb Alc levels were reduced and insulin sensitivities were increased in KK-Ay diabetic mice,which were improved with the treatment of JTXK granule,especially at the 7 and 3.5 g/kg doses.JTXK granule at the 3.5 g/kg dose was most effective in reducing both gene and protein expressions of e IF2α,GRP78,and CHOP.CONCLUSION:ER stress response is increased in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.Treatment with JTXK granule attenuates glucose disorders,improves insulin sensitivity,and reduces serum FFA in T2 DM KK-Ay mice.The mechanisms may be attributed to regulation of the signaling ER stress pathway via decreasing e IF2α phosphorylation and suppressing e IF2α-ATF4-CHOP activation.