A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force o...A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation function is Wiener process or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Furthermore, the limiting distribution of average cost of this portfolio is discussed with the expression of the limiting distribution under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation is an independent increment process.展开更多
Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries' response to the fiscal pressures associate...Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries' response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.展开更多
At present, the aging situation of China's population is becoming more and more serious. By the end of 2016, there were 231 million people over the age of 60 in China, accounting for 16.7% of the total population. Ab...At present, the aging situation of China's population is becoming more and more serious. By the end of 2016, there were 231 million people over the age of 60 in China, accounting for 16.7% of the total population. About 150 million people aged 65 and over make up 10.8 percent of the total population. China is expected to enter the peak period of population aging by 2035. Therefore, the government as a single pension service main body management pattern already can not adapt to our country entered the aging society, mobilize and fostering social organizations to participate in the pension services is to build perfect endowment service system, satisfy people pension service demand model of a kind of indispensable. In view of the development of social organizations has just started in our country, there exist many problems and difficulties, so this article USES the ISM method, for social organizations to participate in research and analyze influence factors of pension services, and then find out the social organization in the process of participation in pension service problems, put forward effective solutions.展开更多
A physically based numerical model to predict the microstructure evolution and yield strength of high Cu-to-Mg mass ratio Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys during the whole ageing process was developed.A thermodynamically-based prec...A physically based numerical model to predict the microstructure evolution and yield strength of high Cu-to-Mg mass ratio Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys during the whole ageing process was developed.A thermodynamically-based precipitation model,employing the classical nucleation and growth theories,was adapted to deal with the precipitation kinetics (evolution of radius and volume fraction of precipitates for Ω phase) of aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys.The model gives an estimation of the precipitation kinetics (evolution of radius and density of precipitates for both θ' and Ω phases) of the alloy.The strengthening model based on Orowan mechanism was deduced.The microstructural development and strength predictions of the model are generally in good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
The influence of thermomechanical aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2519A aluminum alloy was investigated by means of microhardness test,tensile test,optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electro...The influence of thermomechanical aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2519A aluminum alloy was investigated by means of microhardness test,tensile test,optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results show that 50% cold rolling deformation prior to aging is beneficial since it promotes a more homogeneous distribution of the precipitation phase and reduces the number of precipitation phase on the grain boundaries,and thus shrinks the total volume of precipitation-free zones at grain and sub-grain boundaries.As a result,the tensile properties of 2519A aluminum alloy have been significantly improved.展开更多
In this paper we investigate the possibility of pareto improving social security reforms within a framework of endogenous growth. Belan et al. proposed a transition from a pay-as-you-go(PAYG) pension system to a syste...In this paper we investigate the possibility of pareto improving social security reforms within a framework of endogenous growth. Belan et al. proposed a transition from a pay-as-you-go(PAYG) pension system to a system of saving-subsidization. We follow this approach and prove that a pareto improving conversion from the PAYG system to a fully funded system is possible and discuss the problem of implementing the transition to the fully funded system.展开更多
The interracial phenomena of the Sn-Pb solder droplet on and needle-like AuSn4 are formed at the interface after Au/Ni/Cu pad are investigated. A continuous AuSn2 the liquid state reaction (soldering). The interraci...The interracial phenomena of the Sn-Pb solder droplet on and needle-like AuSn4 are formed at the interface after Au/Ni/Cu pad are investigated. A continuous AuSn2 the liquid state reaction (soldering). The interracial reaction between the solder and Au layer continues during solid state aging with AuSn4 breaking off from the interface and felling into the solder. The kinetics of Au layer dissolution and diffusion into the solder during soldering and aging is analyzed to elucidate intermetallic formation mechanism at the solder/Au pad interface. The concentration of Au near the solder/pad interface is identified to increase and reach the solubility limit during the period of liquid state reaction. During solid state reaction, the thickening of Au-Sn compound is mainly controlled by element diffusion.展开更多
With the acceleration of the population aging in our country, the structure of the social family has gradually changed since the implementation of the family planning policy. The parents earliest birth in the only chi...With the acceleration of the population aging in our country, the structure of the social family has gradually changed since the implementation of the family planning policy. The parents earliest birth in the only child family, has now gradually entered the old stage. While the family lost their children for a variety of reasons, is facing a serious economic, spiritual and other pension problems now.This paper starts from the analysis of the present situation of the unaccompanied elderly in Shanghai, attempting to find a path to solve the problem, and then proposes to explore the establishment of unsettled old-age security related supporting measures and policies.展开更多
In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively De...In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues" adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the "two-child policy", completely replacing the "one-child policy" that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The "two-child comprehensive" can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China's social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China's pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the "comprehensive two-child" policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China's pension.展开更多
In the study of social problems, it is important to realize the organic combination of global view, local people standard,, which plays an important role in handing and understanding specific social problems undoubted...In the study of social problems, it is important to realize the organic combination of global view, local people standard,, which plays an important role in handing and understanding specific social problems undoubtedly. This article takes our country's public pension personal account as example ,analyzing how to realize the combination of all three in the whole research process of the individual account.展开更多
Since the 1970s, according to the international pension system reform trend for old-age social security system, no single institutional arrangement can ensure the functions of endowment security system to achieve the ...Since the 1970s, according to the international pension system reform trend for old-age social security system, no single institutional arrangement can ensure the functions of endowment security system to achieve the optimal.Therefore,how to based on the present situation of development, and to accurately, thus promote the resources integration, comprehensive build multi-level old-age security system, has important policy and practice significance.展开更多
This article discusses China' s current situation of the aging, and China' s aging characteristics, and proposes new pension measures for urban and rural old-age pension model combining with the development of China...This article discusses China' s current situation of the aging, and China' s aging characteristics, and proposes new pension measures for urban and rural old-age pension model combining with the development of China' s economic and social situation, besides, it analyzed the city' s common two kinds of pension patterns, proposed a new family patterns of rural old-age pension model, and finally brought a new model of community care.展开更多
This paper analyzes and explains the causes of the "empty account" of our country's basic pension personal account based on the specific economic conditions and social backgrounds of each period in China. Explained...This paper analyzes and explains the causes of the "empty account" of our country's basic pension personal account based on the specific economic conditions and social backgrounds of each period in China. Explained that the "empty account" phenomenon of pension insurance is not universally believed to be caused by "high accumulation and low consumption"economic development policies.The author puts forward two ideas for "filling up the air" in the individual pension account: 1. Ensure that the basic pension maintains its value.2. Accelerate the construction of individual pension accounts.展开更多
Using actuarial techniques, the study estimates the fired gap of pooling account and individual account respectively on on enterprise worker' s basic endowment insurance in Hebei province. And based on the estimation...Using actuarial techniques, the study estimates the fired gap of pooling account and individual account respectively on on enterprise worker' s basic endowment insurance in Hebei province. And based on the estimation, the study puts forward four policy suggestions: expand the coverage of the pension scheme; revised the number of months oft he annuities; increase the level of interest; improve financial support.展开更多
China's population aging trend is gradually exacerbated, the family size was miniaturized development, the number of rural elderly is large, and the rural economy is poor, a large number of young people working abroa...China's population aging trend is gradually exacerbated, the family size was miniaturized development, the number of rural elderly is large, and the rural economy is poor, a large number of young people working abroad, empty nest large number of elderly, and rural old-age concept is more backward, most of the elderly Would like to choose the body pension, resulting in pension problems. This paper analyzes the problem of rural pension by analyzing the structure model oflSM, and concludes that the rural pension is mainly backward from the concept of old-age pension, the urban-rural economic gap is large, the old legal system of old-age security is imperfect and the miniaturization of the family is the fundamental problem. And to improve the old-age security laws, improve the security system; to strengthen the mutual assistance to reduce the family miniaturization of the small and medium-sized rural areas to strengthen the rural economy, to reduce the urban and rural economic gap; to guide the rural elderly to change the concept of old age, to encourage them to accept other pension methods; Endowed with unfavorable advice. To meet the rural population aging requirements, and gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, to speed up the integration of urban and rural development process, promote social equity and social stability.展开更多
At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension "e...At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension "empty accounts" has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to achieve the basic pension national urban, it is an effective measure to deal with these problems. Manpower is a systematic project, implementation may face difficulties. Therefore, the need to coordinate all aspects of the relationship, select the appropriate time to reform, optimize the overall path, and improve related measures is to ensure the smooth implementation of integrated basis.展开更多
Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this p...Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this paper, the impact of pension income and expenditure patterns on the substitution rate is analyzed, and the factors that affect the level of substitution rate are analyzed, and the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.展开更多
Pension replacement rate in respect of almost everyone's retirement, about the sustainability of the whole pension system, stable relations of society as a whole. For the pension replacement rate study, researchers c...Pension replacement rate in respect of almost everyone's retirement, about the sustainability of the whole pension system, stable relations of society as a whole. For the pension replacement rate study, researchers conducted a more in-depth exploration, according to their different research needs to develop a different pension replacement rate concept. Based on previous studies scholars, for the relevant category of pension replacement rate to sort out, and for different categories of calculation method of the sort, in order to provide a reference for further study of the pension replacement rate.展开更多
文摘A dual random model of a portfolio of variable amount whole life annuity is set with the mth moment of the present value of benefits, and the respective expressions of the moments under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation function is Wiener process or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Furthermore, the limiting distribution of average cost of this portfolio is discussed with the expression of the limiting distribution under the assumption that the force of interest accumulation is an independent increment process.
文摘Increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers is a fundamental component of most OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries' response to the fiscal pressures associated with ageing populations. Both pension reform and employment policies are key elements to achieving such increases in participation and reversing the early retirement trends of recent decades. Econometric modeling results from a panel of 12 OECD countries indicate that labour market variables have a greater influence than social security pension value or the standard age of retirement on the labour force participation rates of males aged 55-64 years. Further results from modeling the potential asymmetric response of participation rates to unemployment rates indicate that a decrease in unemployment rates has a greater impact upon increasing the labour force participation rates of older workers compared to the effect of an increase on unemployment rates has on discouraging participation. We found mixed results for the asymmetric response of participation to an increase or decrease in pension value. Findings thus emphasize the importance of labour market oriented policies to reduce unemployment rates in the developed economies in coming years to address ageing population concerns.
文摘At present, the aging situation of China's population is becoming more and more serious. By the end of 2016, there were 231 million people over the age of 60 in China, accounting for 16.7% of the total population. About 150 million people aged 65 and over make up 10.8 percent of the total population. China is expected to enter the peak period of population aging by 2035. Therefore, the government as a single pension service main body management pattern already can not adapt to our country entered the aging society, mobilize and fostering social organizations to participate in the pension services is to build perfect endowment service system, satisfy people pension service demand model of a kind of indispensable. In view of the development of social organizations has just started in our country, there exist many problems and difficulties, so this article USES the ISM method, for social organizations to participate in research and analyze influence factors of pension services, and then find out the social organization in the process of participation in pension service problems, put forward effective solutions.
基金Project(2005CB623705-04) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(1810-752300020) supported by Central South University and Ministry of Education of China for the Domestic Exchange PhD student
文摘A physically based numerical model to predict the microstructure evolution and yield strength of high Cu-to-Mg mass ratio Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys during the whole ageing process was developed.A thermodynamically-based precipitation model,employing the classical nucleation and growth theories,was adapted to deal with the precipitation kinetics (evolution of radius and volume fraction of precipitates for Ω phase) of aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys.The model gives an estimation of the precipitation kinetics (evolution of radius and density of precipitates for both θ' and Ω phases) of the alloy.The strengthening model based on Orowan mechanism was deduced.The microstructural development and strength predictions of the model are generally in good agreement with the experimental data.
基金Project(2005CB623706) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The influence of thermomechanical aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of 2519A aluminum alloy was investigated by means of microhardness test,tensile test,optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The results show that 50% cold rolling deformation prior to aging is beneficial since it promotes a more homogeneous distribution of the precipitation phase and reduces the number of precipitation phase on the grain boundaries,and thus shrinks the total volume of precipitation-free zones at grain and sub-grain boundaries.As a result,the tensile properties of 2519A aluminum alloy have been significantly improved.
文摘In this paper we investigate the possibility of pareto improving social security reforms within a framework of endogenous growth. Belan et al. proposed a transition from a pay-as-you-go(PAYG) pension system to a system of saving-subsidization. We follow this approach and prove that a pareto improving conversion from the PAYG system to a fully funded system is possible and discuss the problem of implementing the transition to the fully funded system.
文摘The interracial phenomena of the Sn-Pb solder droplet on and needle-like AuSn4 are formed at the interface after Au/Ni/Cu pad are investigated. A continuous AuSn2 the liquid state reaction (soldering). The interracial reaction between the solder and Au layer continues during solid state aging with AuSn4 breaking off from the interface and felling into the solder. The kinetics of Au layer dissolution and diffusion into the solder during soldering and aging is analyzed to elucidate intermetallic formation mechanism at the solder/Au pad interface. The concentration of Au near the solder/pad interface is identified to increase and reach the solubility limit during the period of liquid state reaction. During solid state reaction, the thickening of Au-Sn compound is mainly controlled by element diffusion.
文摘With the acceleration of the population aging in our country, the structure of the social family has gradually changed since the implementation of the family planning policy. The parents earliest birth in the only child family, has now gradually entered the old stage. While the family lost their children for a variety of reasons, is facing a serious economic, spiritual and other pension problems now.This paper starts from the analysis of the present situation of the unaccompanied elderly in Shanghai, attempting to find a path to solve the problem, and then proposes to explore the establishment of unsettled old-age security related supporting measures and policies.
文摘In the face of the continuous decline in the birth rate and the aging of the peak of aging, following the implementation of the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of Some Major Issues" adopted by the Filth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee on November 15, 2013, the party is the only child. Female couples can have a policy of giving birth to two children. On October 29, 2015, China introduced the "two-child policy", completely replacing the "one-child policy" that has been implemented in China for more than 30 years. The "two-child comprehensive" can alleviate the unfavorable population trend that plagues China's social security system to a certain extent. Optimize the age structure of the population and increase the supply of labor. However, for a long time, the financial distress and management dilemma faced by China's pension payment still exist, and the loose population birth policy will have a great impact on reducing pension payment, and will gradually appear in the policy implementation. This article combines the "comprehensive two-child" policy, focusing on the role of the new population birth policy to alleviate the pressure on China's pension.
文摘In the study of social problems, it is important to realize the organic combination of global view, local people standard,, which plays an important role in handing and understanding specific social problems undoubtedly. This article takes our country's public pension personal account as example ,analyzing how to realize the combination of all three in the whole research process of the individual account.
文摘Since the 1970s, according to the international pension system reform trend for old-age social security system, no single institutional arrangement can ensure the functions of endowment security system to achieve the optimal.Therefore,how to based on the present situation of development, and to accurately, thus promote the resources integration, comprehensive build multi-level old-age security system, has important policy and practice significance.
文摘This article discusses China' s current situation of the aging, and China' s aging characteristics, and proposes new pension measures for urban and rural old-age pension model combining with the development of China' s economic and social situation, besides, it analyzed the city' s common two kinds of pension patterns, proposed a new family patterns of rural old-age pension model, and finally brought a new model of community care.
文摘This paper analyzes and explains the causes of the "empty account" of our country's basic pension personal account based on the specific economic conditions and social backgrounds of each period in China. Explained that the "empty account" phenomenon of pension insurance is not universally believed to be caused by "high accumulation and low consumption"economic development policies.The author puts forward two ideas for "filling up the air" in the individual pension account: 1. Ensure that the basic pension maintains its value.2. Accelerate the construction of individual pension accounts.
文摘Using actuarial techniques, the study estimates the fired gap of pooling account and individual account respectively on on enterprise worker' s basic endowment insurance in Hebei province. And based on the estimation, the study puts forward four policy suggestions: expand the coverage of the pension scheme; revised the number of months oft he annuities; increase the level of interest; improve financial support.
文摘China's population aging trend is gradually exacerbated, the family size was miniaturized development, the number of rural elderly is large, and the rural economy is poor, a large number of young people working abroad, empty nest large number of elderly, and rural old-age concept is more backward, most of the elderly Would like to choose the body pension, resulting in pension problems. This paper analyzes the problem of rural pension by analyzing the structure model oflSM, and concludes that the rural pension is mainly backward from the concept of old-age pension, the urban-rural economic gap is large, the old legal system of old-age security is imperfect and the miniaturization of the family is the fundamental problem. And to improve the old-age security laws, improve the security system; to strengthen the mutual assistance to reduce the family miniaturization of the small and medium-sized rural areas to strengthen the rural economy, to reduce the urban and rural economic gap; to guide the rural elderly to change the concept of old age, to encourage them to accept other pension methods; Endowed with unfavorable advice. To meet the rural population aging requirements, and gradually narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, to speed up the integration of urban and rural development process, promote social equity and social stability.
文摘At present, the overall low level of pensions, chaotic management, regardless of the central and local powers, capital depreciation of greater risk. Plus various regions of pension imbalances, leading to a pension "empty accounts" has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to achieve the basic pension national urban, it is an effective measure to deal with these problems. Manpower is a systematic project, implementation may face difficulties. Therefore, the need to coordinate all aspects of the relationship, select the appropriate time to reform, optimize the overall path, and improve related measures is to ensure the smooth implementation of integrated basis.
文摘Currently in China, to study the replacement rate of pension reform in public institutions and to find out the key problems, which is of practical significance for the reform of the pension insurance system. In this paper, the impact of pension income and expenditure patterns on the substitution rate is analyzed, and the factors that affect the level of substitution rate are analyzed, and the corresponding policy recommendations are put forward.
文摘Pension replacement rate in respect of almost everyone's retirement, about the sustainability of the whole pension system, stable relations of society as a whole. For the pension replacement rate study, researchers conducted a more in-depth exploration, according to their different research needs to develop a different pension replacement rate concept. Based on previous studies scholars, for the relevant category of pension replacement rate to sort out, and for different categories of calculation method of the sort, in order to provide a reference for further study of the pension replacement rate.