必要性与奢侈性:新移民知识分子在美生存经验的文学再现——以哈金的《自由生活》为例

论文以美国华人文学作家哈金的《自由生活》为例,探讨新移民知识分子作为少数族裔在美国的生存经验和自我价值实现的过程。作为新移民知识分子在美生存经验的写照,哈金的《自由生活》通过武男的奋斗经历为挣扎于"必要性"和"奢侈性"之间的华人新移民知识分子提供了可资借鉴的道路——按照从"必要性"到"奢侈性"的奋斗路径,通过空间转移、自我放逐等手段实现"必要性"和"奢侈性"的统一,解决物质上的生存压力和精神上的存在危机。新移民知识分子在"必要性"和"奢侈性"之间的生存经验也有普遍性,对那些挣扎在谋求生存与自我实现之间的普通人也有启发意义。

“第三空间”在《自由生活》中的文化表征

爱德华·索亚在亨利·列斐伏尔空间理论的基础上,开创了“第三空间”认识论,提出用不同的方式来思考空间的意义。文章以空间理论为基础,研读美国华裔移民作家哈金反映移民生活的长篇小说《自由生活》,分析华裔移民因地理空间、语言空间和社会空间的变化而产生的身份认同危机,指出“第三空间”提供的开放性和混杂性特征,为构建华裔移民身份认同找到了新的途径。

《自由的生活》的后殖民主义解读

美国华裔作家哈金的长篇小说《自由的生活》自问世来受到了亚裔文学作品批评界广泛的关注。本文采用后殖民理论的视角,即爱德华·赛义德的"东方主义"(Orientalism)理论、斯皮瓦克的"属下"(subaltern)理论和霍米·巴巴的"杂糅性"(hybridity)和"模拟"(mimicry)理论分析《自由的生活》中作品人物在西方主流的美国社会中挣扎奋斗,寻求了解个体身份认同和差异文化融合的可行方式。

Two New Free-Living Marine Nematode Species of the Genus Anoplostoma(Anoplostomatidae) from the Mangrove Habitats of Xiamen Bay,East China Sea

Two new species of free-living marine nematode from mangrove habitats in Xiamen Bay are identified.Anoplostoma tumidum sp.nov.is characterized by relatively short outer labial setae(0.86–1.00 h.d.),long tail(c 7.2–8.9,c' 8.3–10.5),an instinct swollen distal portion of slender spicule(Sc 94–101 μm),and well developed copulatory bursae without bursal papillae.A.tumidum sp.nov.differs from all valid species of genus Anoplostoma in copulatory apparatus of males with a distinct swollen distal portion of spicule,and a relatively obvious constriction of head.A.paraviviparum sp.nov.is characterized by relatively long outer labial setae(1.11–1.22 h.d.),and tail(c 6.6–8.5,c' 8.6–10.2);elongated spicules with distinct knob-like proximal and pointed distal ends(Sc 46–69 μm);distinct strip-like gubernaculum(length with 11–15μm);well developed copulatory bursae with precloacal papillae and post-cloacal papillae;and a distinct constriction of head.A.paraviviparum sp.nov.is similar to A.viviparum Bastian,1865,but differs in the reproductive mode of female and the constriction of head.

Oncholaimus zhangi sp. nov. (Oncholaimidae, Nematoda) from the intertidal zone of the East China Sea

A new species of free-living marine nematode is described from intertidal sediment of the East China Sea.The new species belongs to the Oncholaimidae family.Oncholaimus zhangi sp.nov.is characterized by males having a large ventral swelling situated just posterior to the middle of the tail,no precloacal papilla,and a row of 6–7 ventral genital setae.The tails of both males and females are similar,being conico-cylindrical in shape.The new species is distinguished from other closely related species by the presence of a prominent ventral swelling at the tail of males and a similar tail shape in both sexes.About 110valid species in this genus have been recorded to date.

Nematode Community Structure and Diversity Pattern in Sandy Beaches of Qingdao,China

We investigated the diversity and structure of free-living marine nematode communities at three sandy beaches representing typical intertidal environments of a temperate zone in Qingdao,Shandong Province,China.Average nematode abundance ranged from 1006 to 2170 ind.10 cm-2,and a total of 34 nematode genera were recorded,of which only 8 were common in all the studied beaches.Pielou's evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were the lowest at the second beach where nematode abundance was the highest.The highest species diversity index coincided with the lowest nematode abundance at Shilaoren beach.Sediment median grain size,sorting coefficient,and chlorophyll-a content were essential for differentiation in nematode abundance and species diversity,whereas taxonomic diversity of nematode was homogeneous across the three beaches.In 0–20 cm sediment profile,nematode abundance declined abruptly with depth,whereas nematode diversity changed gently with obvious difference in 16–20 cm layer.Sediment granulometry and chlorophyll-a content were the two foremost factors which influenced the vertical distribution pattern of nematode generic diversity.Non-selective deposit feeders constituted the most dominant trophic group,followed by epistratum feeders.Bathylaimus(family:Tripyloididae) dominated at the second and Yangkou beach,while Theristus(family:Xyalidae) prevailed at Shilaoren beach.Omnivores and predators became important at Shilaoren beach because of the high proportion of Enoplolaimus.Even though,nematode community of the studied beaches did not differ significantly from each other.

Sulfated polysaccharides with antioxidant and anticoagulant activity from the sea cucumber Holothuria fuscogliva

Sea cucumber is a traditional nutritional food and medicinal resource with many bioactive components in China. Holothuriafuscogliva is a big sea cucumber with a rich of bioactive polysaccharides. To investigate the bioactivities of the polysaccharides from sea cucumber H. fuscogliva, we prepared the sulfated polysaccharides （HfP） from sea cucumber H. fuscogliva using a protease hydrolysis method. Antioxidant activities of HfP were investigated, including hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity. And, the anticoagulant activities of HfP were studied, including the activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）, prothrombin time （PT） and thrombin time （TT）. The average molecular weight was 1 867.1 Da, with a sulfate content of 20.7%. In addition, the molar ratio of monosaccharide composition of HfP was Man： Rha： Glc A： Glc： Gal： Xyl： Fuc=0.083 6： 0.437： 0.134： 0： 1.182： 0.748： 1. It had a strong antioxidant activity, the hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activity ECs0 of HfP was 3.74 and 0.037 mg/mL, respectively. It also showed a good anticoagulant activity in our study. The APTT of HfP was much higher than that of heparin sodium, and the PT and TT of HfP was close to that ofheparin sodium at a low concentration. Therefore, HfP shows a good antioxidant and anticoagulant activity and it may become a potential candidate of the natural antioxidant and anticoagulant and will have a good application future in health product or medicine industry.

Chemical constituents and antioxidant activities of waste liquid extract from Apostichopus japonicus Selenka processing

Apostichopus japonicus Selenka is an ideal tonic food that is used traditionally in many Asian countries, and it contains many bioactive substances, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer materials. To convert waste liquid generated during production into a useful resource, extract from waste liquid was isolated by column chromatography and studied by the pyrogallol autoxidation and 1,10-phenanthroline-Fe^2＋ oxidation methods. Results show that the extract scavenged about 91% of the superoxide anion radical at a concentration of 1.4 mg/mL and 24% of the hydroxyl radical at 3.3 mg/mL. Four compounds were isolated and identified from the extract： 2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-1,3-azine; 2,4-dihydroxy- 1,3-diazine; 3-O-β-D-quinovopranosyl-（1→2）-4-O-sodium sulfate-β-D-xylopranosyl]-holosta-9（11）-ene313,12β,17α-triol; and 24-ethyl-5α-cholesta-7-ene-3β-O-β-D-xylopyranoside. All of these compounds are known in A. japonicus, and were found in the waste liquid for the first time.

Biodiversity of Free-Living Marine Nematodes in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Biodiversity pattems of free-living marine nematodes were studied using specific, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity measures in the southern Yellow Sea, China. The results showed that the average of Shannon-Wiener diversity index （H＇） in the study area was 3.17. The higher values were distributed in the east part of Shandong coastal waters and north part of Jiangsu coastal waters, while the lower values were distributed in the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM）. The average of taxonomic diversity （A） was 62.09 in the study region. The higher values were distributed in the transitional areas between the coastal areas and the southem YSCWM, while the lower values were distributed near the north part of Jiangsu coastal waters and the YSCWM. Results of correlation analysis of species diversity and taxonomic diversity showed that some of the two kinds of diversity index were inde- pendent, which suggested that combining the two kinds of diversity indices can reflect the ecological characteristics better. A test for 95% probability funnels of average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness suggested that Station 8794 （in the YSCWM） was outside of the 95% probability funnels, which may be due to the environmental stress. Results of correlation analysis between marine nematodes biodiversity and environmental variables showed that the sediment characteristics （Mdo and Silt-clay fraction） and phaeophorbide a （Pha-a） were the most important factors to determine the biodiversity patterns of marine nematodes.

Sr-doping effects on La_2O_3 catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane

Density‐functional theory calculations were carried out to study the strontium(Sr)‐doping effect on methane activation over a lanthanum‐oxide(La2O3)catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane(OCM)using the cluster model.Eight Sr‐doped La2O3cluster models were built from pure La2O3clusters that were used previously to model the La2O3catalyst.These form two distinct categories,namely,those without a radical character(LaSrO2(OH),La2SrO4,La3SrO5(OH),and La5SrO8(OH))and those with a radical character(LaSrO3,La2SrO4(OH),La3SrO6,and La5SrO9).The potential‐energy surface for CH4activation to form a CH3radical at different Sr-O and La-O pair sites on these Sr‐doped La2O3clusters was calculated to study the Sr‐doping effect on the OCM catalytic activity.CH4physisorption and chemisorption energies,and activation barriers,and CH3desorption energies were predicted.Compared with the pure La2O3clusters,in general,the Sr‐doped La2O3clusters are thermodynamically and kinetically more reactive with CH4.For the Sr‐doped La2O3clusters without the radical character,the Sr-O pair site is more reactive with CH4than the La-O pair site,although a direct release of the CH3radical is also highly endothermic as in the case of the pure La2O3clusters.In contrast,for the Sr‐doped La2O3clusters with a radical character,the activation of CH4at the oxygen radical site and the release of the CH3radical are much easier.Thus,our calculations suggest that the Sr dopant prompts the OCM catalytic activity of the La2O3catalyst by providing a highly active oxygen‐radical site and by strengthening the basicity of the M-O pair site,which leads to lower CH4activation energies and lower CH3desorption energies.

Culture of Life and Culture of Death. Theological Reflection on Suicide and Euthanasia on Films

Movies have great power to shape the system of values in contemporary culture. In this paper, we deal with theological reflection of suicide and euthanasia and their presentation as free decisions of individuals shown in the movies Seven Pounds and The Sea Inside. Also, we shall present theological reflection on culture of life and culture of death aimed to find common ground for dialogue between two opposed points of view. In the first, introductory part, we will present two views of human freedom, and we will point out that just a theological speech about freedom includes the category of responsibility. On the other hand, what happens often is neglecting categories of resposibility and absolutisation or marginalization of free will. Then we will, as an introduction to the interpretation of films, present global statistics that justify global concerns when it comes to suicide and euthanasia. Next, we will show in central part the concept of quality of life, and we will interpret it through the two mentioned films. In the last section, We conclude, despite opposition between culture of life and death, to offer category of altruism as a starting point for dialogue between the two cultures.

Wifehood and Silent Separatist Policy in Alan Paton＇ s Cry, The Beloved Country

The paper presents abandonment, loneliness, and desolation, which defaced wifehood institution in South African polity. The disruption of family life and lack of opportunity for personal development turned women desolate and children delinquent. The problem is the non-liberal practices in South Africa in spite of the struggle of people like Alan Paton. The objective of this paper is to study the South African society as presented by Alan Paton in line with his Liberalist Theory in order to make freedom and development achievable. The main factual points are that racism still exists; most black homes are separated; most black women are not empowered; colour segregation hinder development. The methodology adopted is the interpretation discourse of Alan Paton＇s Cry My Beloved Country in line with South African society. The Silent Separatist Policy, Survival and Family; Societal Plague and Women; Apartheid： Implication for Development; and Way Forward are discussed. The outcome revealed the difficulty of transforming South Africa into a complete liberal society due to racism and the need to empower women. The conclusions are： Education should be made accessible to all; Women empowered and total freedom restored.

Blasphemy and Islamic Sophism in Selected Poems by Emily Dickinson

In spite the fact that Emily Elizabeth Dickinson lived during the 19th century Amherst among conservative community that gave less chance to female voice to gain a share in social and political life, she paved the way for the coming female thinkers to obtain more freedom of thought and expression. In other words, since she was convient that ＂Abdiction of Belief makes the Behaviour Small＂, she undercut social conventions and moved under gradual shift from Orthodox Trinitarianism into new thoughts of liberalism. However, in good deal of her work, she still pertains to religious conservatism in wider sense than Amhest Church had been dectated.

A Longitudinal Study of Job Satisfaction Among Flemish Professional Journalists

The focus of this paper is on the job satisfaction among the population of professional Flemish journalists by means of two surveys conducted in 2003 （N = 1,026） and 2008 （N = 682）. Both surveys focus on intrinsic and extrinsic variables linked to job satisfaction as well as on several predictors of job satisfaction such as type of contract, job function, age, and gender. The longitudinal perspective allows us to identify any evolutions or differences in satisfaction between 2003 and 2008. By taking into consideration previous mentioned predictors also the influence of external elements on job satisfaction can he researched. The 2003 and 2008 surveys suggest that the ＂average＂ Flemish professional journalist is fairly satisfied with the job content. However, we observe a slightly negative but non-significant shift occurring in 2008. The degree of job satisfaction seems to he related to the type of contract （freelance or employed on a permanent basis） and the job function. We noticed also a clear gender element in the discussion： Female journalists are not less satisfied but state to have more difficulties to combine the journalistic job with a private and family life.

自由的写作?——华裔美国作家哈金的悖论

哈金宣称自己在追求一种自由的写作。然而其写作语言的选择、人物形象的塑造、故事情节的编排，都体现出一种无奈。这种无务来自美国少数族裔作家必须讲述“真实故事”的困境。而哈金自己的言行也证明了自己迎合这种“真实性”要求所做的努力。

Enhanced Free Radical Scavenging and Inhibition of DPP-4 and ACE Activities by Compounds from Salmon Tissues Digested in Vitro with Gastrointestinal Proteases

Research on marine bioactive peptides has mainly focused on characterization of peptides in hydrolysates prepared with commercial industrial enzymes and the usefulness of such hydrolysates in health and functional foods. However, a relevant question is whether digestion of fish proteins with gastrointestinal proteases per se generates peptides that also can have health promoting properties and can reduce, e.g., diabetes 2, inflammation and hypertension either in relation to gastrointestinal digestion or as alternative to industrial proteases. The aim of the study was to investigate hydrolysates obtained from in vitro sequential digestion of salmon muscle and skin with gastrointestinal proteases including pepsin, pancreatic and pancreatic ＋ mucosal proteases for their ability to scavenge ABTS^＋ radicals and inhibit activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme （ACE） and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 （DPP-4）. Furthermore, it was the aim to study the inhibitory mechanism and stability towards ACE and DPP-4 activity. Analysis of〈 10 kDa hydrolysates showed that gastrointestinal proteases generated peptides with clear radical scavenging activity and DPP-4 and ACE inhibiting activity as well. Hydrolysates from pepsin digestion exhibited the lowest ECso values for radical scavenging activity and ACE inhibition, whereas ECso increased in hydrolysates after subsequent digestion with pancreatic and mucosal proteases. Interestingly, ECso values for the DPP-4 inhibition were hardly affected by sequential digestion. Inhibition modes for the muscle hydrolysates were both competitive and non-competitive, but prolonged incubation showed that the inhibitory properties were unstable and therefore they were probably digested as competitive substrates by gastrointestinal proteases.