Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） Agreement have concluded, but the TPP still must be ratified by each of the 12 member countries. China is the world＇s second largest economy and yet it has not j...Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） Agreement have concluded, but the TPP still must be ratified by each of the 12 member countries. China is the world＇s second largest economy and yet it has not joined the TPP. This has provoked much debate in China as to the best strategic approach to the TPP This paper analyzes China＇s possible strategy for the TPP agreement. We make three key points. First, the security of market access should be China＇s main concern in any free-trade agreement negotiations, regrettably, it is not included in TPP. The second point is that the present TPP agreement is somewhat diminished from its ambitious original claims. We suggest four strategies for China. The first is to promote the development of China＇s remaining regional and bilateral free trade agreements （FTAs）. The second is to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the United States. The third is to promote deep domestic reforms via enlarged TPP coverage. The last is negotiating entrance to the entering do not worsen. TPP as soon as possible so that terms of展开更多
By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade ar...By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade area among the following member-states： Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Monte Negro and Serbia.l The free trade area was supposed to be fully functional by the end of 2010 and should provide trade liberalization by elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, as well as trade facilitation by simplification of rules of origin and transit procedures. It should also provide mutual recognition of national sanitary, phytosanitary and technical standards. The free trade area should also enable free trade of services, full protection of intellectual rights, fair rules of public procurement procedures and liberalization of capital investment. The beginning of the creation of the free trade area of the Western Balkan countries created a positive effect upon the increment of the trade exchange of goods among its member-states. However, the weak individual economic capacity of each of them immediately caused a decrement in the exports of goods towards trading partners out of CEFTA-2006. Positive effects realized in the beginning of the creation of the free-trade area were very soon annulated by the influence of the economic crises in 2008. At present, the region experiences a slight, but very slow recovery.展开更多
CEE （Central Eastern European） region comprises a group of countries at a relatively similar stage of economic development and with the common objective of becoming member of EU. The size of the market has pushed CE...CEE （Central Eastern European） region comprises a group of countries at a relatively similar stage of economic development and with the common objective of becoming member of EU. The size of the market has pushed CEE countries to find ways towards a larger market. Joint forces, into free trade agreements, have contributed to their economic growth and European Integration. How did it happened, and what are the consequences of free trade agreements, under the example of Albania, it has been studied and analyzed, through data collections from different sources like the WB, IMF, National Banks, business round table discussions, etc.. Among all the free trade agreements CEFTA has shown to be the most effective. Central European Free Trade Agreement, CEFTA, since 2006, has been a tool to businesses making the rules and regulations governing trade in the European Region. It has contributed to make trade simpler and increasingly harmonized all procedures with those of the EU and the WTO （World Trade Organization）. As a conclusion, CEFTA experience has shown to have improved considerably business ability of developing European economies, to trade with the EU countries and the world. CEFTA has created an attractive market for investments while before the market in the Region was fragmented and unattractive to important investments, has promoted growth, and contributed to job creation. Albania is a recent success of it.展开更多
The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： f...The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： face, FTAs （face threatening acts）, and politeness strategies. According to the authors, ＂face＂ refers to the public self-image of a person. Negative face shows the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. Positive face shows the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. It plays a leading role in the study of speech acts Brown and Levinson introduced five super strategies for politeness in relation to FTAs： bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and don＇t do the FTAs. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory and strategies展开更多
Redressive strategy plays an important role in talk show. This paper attempts to analyze the application of PP （Politeness Principle） and its redressive strategies in Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show from the pragmatic pe...Redressive strategy plays an important role in talk show. This paper attempts to analyze the application of PP （Politeness Principle） and its redressive strategies in Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show from the pragmatic perspective This paper employs two theories, the PP and its redressive strategies （especially redressive strategies）. The analytical data for the present study are collected from Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show. In order to understand the PP and its redressive strategies better, this paper will analyze and investigate Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show from different perspectives by means of qualitative approach. The purpose of this study is the application of these two theories in the daily talk, and the analysis of how they do FTAs （Face-Threatening Acts）. The success of Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show lies in her super language skill and her ability of dealing with some problems. In her talk show Oprah often adopts redressive strategy to save the guest＇s face and keep a congenial atmosphere. The author hopes that this study can help the audience better enjoy and understand talk show program, and maintain the stable and harmonious relationship in real human interaction. The analytical work in the present paper is just a tiny part of politeness, and it is hoped that further studies can be conducted to make more contributions to politeness展开更多
Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan r...Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas （FTAs） begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers＇ pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.展开更多
In this paper the authors inquire why, after more than 25 years of domestic agricultural reforms in Mexico and 15 years of trade liberalization of maize under the North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA）, the dom...In this paper the authors inquire why, after more than 25 years of domestic agricultural reforms in Mexico and 15 years of trade liberalization of maize under the North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA）, the domestic production of maize, a non-competitive crop and the major staple in Mexico, has increased. The authors present new empirical evidence showing that, as expected, maize prices in Mexico dropped until 2006 and have experienced a process of convergence with USA prices, and maize imports from the USA have increased. However, despite lower prices, maize production in Mexico has trended upward since 1992, two years before the beginning of NAFTA＇s implementation. Based on the heterogeneity of maize production in Mexico, three possible explanations are proposed to explain this unexpected outcome： government supports to big commercial farmers in the agriculturally rich North of Mexico; the persistence of maize production by subsistence farmers; and to a lesser degree, increasing yields on some irrigated maize farms. We finish the paper by drawing lessons from the experience of Mexico for other Less Developed Countries.展开更多
文摘Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） Agreement have concluded, but the TPP still must be ratified by each of the 12 member countries. China is the world＇s second largest economy and yet it has not joined the TPP. This has provoked much debate in China as to the best strategic approach to the TPP This paper analyzes China＇s possible strategy for the TPP agreement. We make three key points. First, the security of market access should be China＇s main concern in any free-trade agreement negotiations, regrettably, it is not included in TPP. The second point is that the present TPP agreement is somewhat diminished from its ambitious original claims. We suggest four strategies for China. The first is to promote the development of China＇s remaining regional and bilateral free trade agreements （FTAs）. The second is to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the United States. The third is to promote deep domestic reforms via enlarged TPP coverage. The last is negotiating entrance to the entering do not worsen. TPP as soon as possible so that terms of
文摘By integrating 32 bilateral free trade agreements, CEFTA-2006 became the first multilateral free trade agreement of the Western Balkan countries. Signed at the end of 2006, it was supposed to establish a free trade area among the following member-states： Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Moldova, Monte Negro and Serbia.l The free trade area was supposed to be fully functional by the end of 2010 and should provide trade liberalization by elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, as well as trade facilitation by simplification of rules of origin and transit procedures. It should also provide mutual recognition of national sanitary, phytosanitary and technical standards. The free trade area should also enable free trade of services, full protection of intellectual rights, fair rules of public procurement procedures and liberalization of capital investment. The beginning of the creation of the free trade area of the Western Balkan countries created a positive effect upon the increment of the trade exchange of goods among its member-states. However, the weak individual economic capacity of each of them immediately caused a decrement in the exports of goods towards trading partners out of CEFTA-2006. Positive effects realized in the beginning of the creation of the free-trade area were very soon annulated by the influence of the economic crises in 2008. At present, the region experiences a slight, but very slow recovery.
文摘CEE （Central Eastern European） region comprises a group of countries at a relatively similar stage of economic development and with the common objective of becoming member of EU. The size of the market has pushed CEE countries to find ways towards a larger market. Joint forces, into free trade agreements, have contributed to their economic growth and European Integration. How did it happened, and what are the consequences of free trade agreements, under the example of Albania, it has been studied and analyzed, through data collections from different sources like the WB, IMF, National Banks, business round table discussions, etc.. Among all the free trade agreements CEFTA has shown to be the most effective. Central European Free Trade Agreement, CEFTA, since 2006, has been a tool to businesses making the rules and regulations governing trade in the European Region. It has contributed to make trade simpler and increasingly harmonized all procedures with those of the EU and the WTO （World Trade Organization）. As a conclusion, CEFTA experience has shown to have improved considerably business ability of developing European economies, to trade with the EU countries and the world. CEFTA has created an attractive market for investments while before the market in the Region was fragmented and unattractive to important investments, has promoted growth, and contributed to job creation. Albania is a recent success of it.
文摘The theory of politeness and face-saving proposed by Brown and Levinson （1978, 1987） has been up to now the most influential politeness model. Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory contains three basic notions： face, FTAs （face threatening acts）, and politeness strategies. According to the authors, ＂face＂ refers to the public self-image of a person. Negative face shows the need to be independent, to have freedom of action, and not to be imposed on by others. Positive face shows the need to be accepted, even liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his or her wants are shared by others. It plays a leading role in the study of speech acts Brown and Levinson introduced five super strategies for politeness in relation to FTAs： bald on-record, positive politeness, negative politeness, off-record, and don＇t do the FTAs. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on Brown and Levinson＇s politeness theory and strategies
文摘Redressive strategy plays an important role in talk show. This paper attempts to analyze the application of PP （Politeness Principle） and its redressive strategies in Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show from the pragmatic perspective This paper employs two theories, the PP and its redressive strategies （especially redressive strategies）. The analytical data for the present study are collected from Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show. In order to understand the PP and its redressive strategies better, this paper will analyze and investigate Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show from different perspectives by means of qualitative approach. The purpose of this study is the application of these two theories in the daily talk, and the analysis of how they do FTAs （Face-Threatening Acts）. The success of Oprah Winfrey＇s Talk Show lies in her super language skill and her ability of dealing with some problems. In her talk show Oprah often adopts redressive strategy to save the guest＇s face and keep a congenial atmosphere. The author hopes that this study can help the audience better enjoy and understand talk show program, and maintain the stable and harmonious relationship in real human interaction. The analytical work in the present paper is just a tiny part of politeness, and it is hoped that further studies can be conducted to make more contributions to politeness
文摘Different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, especially the developed and developing countries and also the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and Japan representatives, were observed during the Doha Round of trade negotiations under the WTO. The problems of agriculture protection in the developed countries, for example in the EU and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming serious obstacles during the negotiations. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral free trade areas （FTAs） begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative to others. The main aim of the article is the presentation of some new aspects of the international business theory in the context of international economy. The article presents the mercantilist tendencies in the international trade policy, the theory of public choice in the foreign trade policy, protectionist pressures in different political systems, the level of protectionist pressures, food producers＇ pressure, and conflicts between the tendencies to sustainable international trade liberalization and environmental protection.
文摘In this paper the authors inquire why, after more than 25 years of domestic agricultural reforms in Mexico and 15 years of trade liberalization of maize under the North American Free Trade Agreement （NAFTA）, the domestic production of maize, a non-competitive crop and the major staple in Mexico, has increased. The authors present new empirical evidence showing that, as expected, maize prices in Mexico dropped until 2006 and have experienced a process of convergence with USA prices, and maize imports from the USA have increased. However, despite lower prices, maize production in Mexico has trended upward since 1992, two years before the beginning of NAFTA＇s implementation. Based on the heterogeneity of maize production in Mexico, three possible explanations are proposed to explain this unexpected outcome： government supports to big commercial farmers in the agriculturally rich North of Mexico; the persistence of maize production by subsistence farmers; and to a lesser degree, increasing yields on some irrigated maize farms. We finish the paper by drawing lessons from the experience of Mexico for other Less Developed Countries.
