Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used t...Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used to set up a two dimensional nested hydrodynamic and sediment model for Yangpu waters in this paper, and this paper focuses on simulating the velocity and morphological change due to the construction of Haihua Islands after the verification of the model. The seabed deposition is small because of low suspended sediment concentration and less sand source near Yangpu waters. The bed level erodes in the south area of Xiaochan Reef and the Yangpu channel due to the velocity increase in the area.展开更多
Using the meteorological data and geographical information during January-March(1961-2010) accumulated by 18 stations of Hainan,a suitability zoning map for thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility(TGMS) rice was m...Using the meteorological data and geographical information during January-March(1961-2010) accumulated by 18 stations of Hainan,a suitability zoning map for thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility(TGMS) rice was made by GIS technology based on temperature indicators required by TGMS rice during fertility sensitive period and heading-flowering period,aiming to provide reasonable layout and scientific basis for sustainable development of TGMS rice in Hainan Island under the background of global warming.The results indicated that the suitable planting zones covered the south regions of Wuzhishan,Jianfengling and Diaoluoshan;subordinate suitable zones expanded northward to central parts of Wuzhishan,Dongfang,Changjiang,Qiongzhong and southern parts of Wanning;the other regions were unsuitable for breeding.展开更多
On the morphological characteristics, growth environment and quality, rarity, and wood characteristics and value of Huanghuali, this paper discusses the development ways of Hainan Huanghuali It is suggested that Halna...On the morphological characteristics, growth environment and quality, rarity, and wood characteristics and value of Huanghuali, this paper discusses the development ways of Hainan Huanghuali It is suggested that Halnan Huanghuali could be well grown by guiding farmers to make full use of wasteland, slopes, scattered land, roadside and other resources; the landscaping greenbelt of the courtyard area and the residential area could be planned with nature as a main consideration for planting Huanghuali; and landscaping-type Huanghuali planting could make full use of local environment and surrounding local resources, highlighting the personalized landscaping greenbelt, forming good transition between residential area and urban space and creating a natural kindly living environment for the residents, so as to play the best ecological, social and economic benefits.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to select suitable cultivars of cut roses with prominent comprehensive performance which is suitable for the commercial promotion in the tropical region of South Hainan Province,including ...[Objective] This study aimed to select suitable cultivars of cut roses with prominent comprehensive performance which is suitable for the commercial promotion in the tropical region of South Hainan Province,including Sanya and the low-altitude area.[Method] Introduction experiment and production test were designed to observe the agronomic and economic traits of cultivars in a rose resources nursery established in Sanya.[Result] Through observation in the resources garden,18 varieties were chosen to conduct the introduction experiment,of which 8 varieties were selected to accomplish the production test.The results of the production test showed that 'Vendela','Golden Emblem','Samantha' and 'Tineke' showed the best adaptability;the cut flower quality of 'Carola','Black Magic' and 'Golden Emblem' belonged to the first grade;the yield of 'Movie Star','Golden Emblem' and 'Black Magic' was more than one million per hm2;except 'Golden Emblem',the vase life of the other seven cultivars was more than 10 days;'Carola','My Choice' and 'Perfume White' had better disease-and insect-resistance;'Carola','Vendela','Rouge Meilland','Tineke','Golden Emblem','Samantha','Perfume White','Saiun','Asagumo' and 'Double Delight' were more resistant to blackspot,while 'Black Magic','Versilla','Alec's Red' and 'Movie Star' were less resistant to blackspot.[Conclusion] Cultivars of cut roses were able to grow and develop normally in the tropical coastal area of Hainan Province,including South Hainan and Sanya,where it was appropriate for the production of cut roses.However,it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of thrips and blackspot.'Black Magic','Carola','Vendela','Rouge Meilland','Golden Emblem','Tineke','Movie Star' and 'Samantha' showed best comprehensive performance,which were thus worthy of large-scale popularization in Hainan Province.展开更多
Symbiotic algae from two anemones, Radianthus macrodactylus and Stichodactyla mertensii, found in the South China Sea, were cultivated in ASP-8A medium in this study. Changes of superficial configuration of symbiotic ...Symbiotic algae from two anemones, Radianthus macrodactylus and Stichodactyla mertensii, found in the South China Sea, were cultivated in ASP-8A medium in this study. Changes of superficial configuration of symbiotic algae during the cultivation were studied by means of a microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A number of small cavities appeared on the sur- faces of symbiotic algae after they were cultivated for 10 h. The cavities enlarged and the cell contents were lost with extended culti- vation. Our data suggested that the presence of cavities on symbiotic algae surfaces may be one of the main reasons for failure to culture symbiotic algae in an artificial medium.展开更多
At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface,sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently,modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea ...At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface,sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently,modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model,to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area,for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006,Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory(KEO),and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without,and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes(especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently,the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally,results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik(that passed KEO quickly),which included the sea spray effect,were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi(that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.展开更多
Aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, recovered from two sites located on the west coast of Scotland, were compared to cultures obtained in a similar way from industrial, aquacultural and clean sites in the vicinity of Qin...Aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, recovered from two sites located on the west coast of Scotland, were compared to cultures obtained in a similar way from industrial, aquacultural and clean sites in the vicinity of Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China. Gram-negative bacterial cultures were examined by BIOLOG-GN, and the data analysed by the simple matching (S SM) and Jaccard coefficients (S J) and unweighted average linkage clustering using NTSys. The output revealed that 20% of the bacteria, namely, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aquaspirillum dispar, Pseudomonas spp. (two groups), Sphingobacterium sp., Vibrio sp., V. campbellii, V. mimicus and V. hollisae, were common between the two geographical locations. However, the study revealed shortcomings with the BIOLOG-GN system for the study of coastal Gram-negative bacteria.展开更多
Myosin subfragment-1 was prepared from the myofibrils of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The myosin subfrag- ment-1 was proved to have the activity of tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) responding to the hydrolysis of s...Myosin subfragment-1 was prepared from the myofibrils of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The myosin subfrag- ment-1 was proved to have the activity of tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) responding to the hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The optimum temperature and pH for the TPPase of myosin subfragment-1 were 30℃ and pH 5.0, and at pH 8.0 the TPPase also showed a high activity. Mg2+ was necessary to TPPase. The TPPase activity of myosin subfragment-1 was activated by Mg2+ under low concentrations, but was inhibited when the concentration was over 17 mmolL-1. The TPPase activity was also affected by KCl. The optimum concentration of KCl for TPPase was 0.3 molL-1 under the condition of 17 mmolL-1 Mg2+. The TPPase activity was significantly inhibited by EDTA-Na2. Reagents such as KBr, KI and KIO3 could inhibit the TPPase effectively. K2Cr2O7 as well as KMnO7 and KNO3 exhibited weak inhibiting effects. The TPPase converted STPP to pyrophosphate (PP) and orthophosphate (Pi) stoichiometrically with a KM of 3.2 mmolL-1.展开更多
The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-a...The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere.展开更多
The number concentrations in the radius range of 0.06 – 5 μm of aerosol particles and meteorological parameters were measured on board during a cruise in the South China Sea from August 25 to October 12, 2012. Effec...The number concentrations in the radius range of 0.06 – 5 μm of aerosol particles and meteorological parameters were measured on board during a cruise in the South China Sea from August 25 to October 12, 2012. Effective fluxes in the reference height of 10 m were estimated by steady state dry deposition method based on the observed data, and the influences of different air masses on flux were discussed in this paper. The number size distribution was characterized by a bimodal mode, with the average total number concentration of(1.50 ± 0.76)×10~3 cm^(-3). The two mode radii were 0.099 μm and 0.886 μm, both of which were within the scope of accumulation mode. A typical daily average size distribution was compared with that measured in the Bay of Bengal. In the whole radius range, the number concentrations were in agreement with each other; the modes were more distinct in this study than that abtained in the Bay of Bengal. The size distribution of the fluxes was fitted with the sum of log-normal and power-law distribution. The impact of different air masses was mainly on flux magnitude, rather than the shape of spectral distribution. A semiempirical source function that is applicable in the radius range of 0.06 μm展开更多
The study was undergone on the distribution of abundance of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the objective of evaluating of its abundance along the rocky shores of the coast and located sites with high density. A ...The study was undergone on the distribution of abundance of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the objective of evaluating of its abundance along the rocky shores of the coast and located sites with high density. A total of twelve sampling sites were selected along the gulf of Skikda. Each station was sampled using quadrats of 25 cm^2. In the present study, two environmental parameters were measured "in situ" in the water column at each sampling station (water surface temperature, pH). Biotic communities of the rocky shores are considered to be generally controlled by physical factors such as temperature and desiccation. Therefore, three measurements were made for each abiotic parameter during this survey and mean values were used for statistical analysis. Consequently, the data of abundance (expressed in frequency) of species were calculated based on the distributed individuals along the quadrat. P. rustica is distributed mainly in the East more than in the West particularly from SI to S5. The condition index calculated at 12 stations revealed important seasonal variations, with the maximum during summer season highlighting three stations (S2, S11 and S 12). This index is also very important in S3 and S4. The factors of pollution at these points had not affected the abundance and index condition.展开更多
A 12-month program of monitoring potentially toxic microalgae(that produce lipophilic shellfi sh toxins; LSTs) and their toxins in bivalves was conducted from April 2006 to March 2007 in the Nanji Islands, East China ...A 12-month program of monitoring potentially toxic microalgae(that produce lipophilic shellfi sh toxins; LSTs) and their toxins in bivalves was conducted from April 2006 to March 2007 in the Nanji Islands, East China Sea. Two Dinophysis species, D. caudata and D. acuminata, were identifi ed, and D. caudat a was found to be the dominant species. D. caudata was detected in water samples between April and June 2006, and between February and March 2007. It reached its highest abundances in May, with a mean abundance of 1.38×10 2 cells/L in surface water and 1.25×10 2 cells/L in bottom water(<10 m deep). The temporal distribution of D. caudata was associated with the occurrence of LSTs in bivalve samples, which mostly occurred at the same time as D. caudata blooms, between April and July 2006. All of the cultured bivalves sampled between April and June were contaminated with LSTs, with an average toxicity of 85 μg okadaic acid(OA) eq./100 g meat, which was four times higher than the Chinese regulatory limit(20 μg OA eq./100 g meat). Ten out of fi fteen wild samples(66.7%) collected during the same period were positive for LSTs, and contained an average LST toxicity of 45 μg OA eq./100 g meat(more than twice the regulatory value). Cultured Patinopecten yessoensis collected on 15 May 2006 had the highest toxicity, 320 μg OA eq./100 g meat, and relatively high toxicities(80 to 160 μg OA eq./100 g meat) were found in bivalves until the end of July.展开更多
In date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. male (pollen bearing) and female (fruit bearing) inflorescences are on separate palms. To ensure good fertilization and better yield, artificial pollination is carried out in da...In date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. male (pollen bearing) and female (fruit bearing) inflorescences are on separate palms. To ensure good fertilization and better yield, artificial pollination is carried out in date plantations, where pollen harvested from male flowers are used for artificial pollination which is usually done manually. Often, the availability of male flowers becomes scarce due to the high demand to take up pollination during the short period of time when the female flowers are receptive. We assessed the comparative efficiency of using pollen to manually pollinate female date palm flowers in the field using sponge pieces charged with harvested pollen as compared to the traditional practice of the farmers using male inflorescences. Results revealed that fruit set (%), fructification (%), yield per bunch (kg) besides fruit weight, length and breadth were statistically similar in the two pollination methods evaluated. The sponge method of manual pollination can therefore serve as a viable alternative to the traditional method of pollination with the possibility of using stored pollen especially where male palms are scarce and pollen is difficult to obtain.展开更多
Algae of the order Laminariales represent main seaweed resource of Russia, Most important commercial species formerly belonged to Laminaria Lamoroux. However, taxonomic revision of this genus and resurrection of Sacch...Algae of the order Laminariales represent main seaweed resource of Russia, Most important commercial species formerly belonged to Laminaria Lamoroux. However, taxonomic revision of this genus and resurrection of Saccharina Stackhouse based on genetic studies resulted in transfer of most Laminaria species to Saccharina. At the Russian Pacific coasts Saccharina now includes 10 species, while only three species for sure represent Laminaria: L. longipes Bory de Saint-Vincent, L. solidungula J. Agardh, L. yezoensis Miyabe, their placement within Laminaria is supported by genetic data. All examined Far Eastern species of Saccharina are noticed to possess haptera in the form of rhizoids, whereas members of Laminaria have disk-like holdfasts (L. solidungula, L. yezoensis), or creeping rhizomes (L. longipes). Three unstudied genetically endemics from the Sea of Okhotsk: L. appressirhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. inclinatorhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. multiplicata Petrov et Suchovejeva, are still left within Laminaria, but they have rhizoids, so most probably belong to Saccharina. This morphological criterion is inapplicable to Atlantic Laminaria since the type species L. digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux has rhizoids.展开更多
Zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical analyses and Hf isotope are undertaken for the monzogranite in Niubiziliang area with the aim of constraining its formation time,petrogenesis and the regional tectonic settin...Zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical analyses and Hf isotope are undertaken for the monzogranite in Niubiziliang area with the aim of constraining its formation time,petrogenesis and the regional tectonic setting. The zircons from monzogranite are euhedral-subhedral in shape,and display rhythm growth zoning,indicating a magmatic origin. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates the monzogranite formed most probably in the Late Devonian( 359. 0 ± 2. 6 Ma). The monzogranite has Si O2= 74. 69%--76. 11%,Al2O3=12. 07%--12. 81%,Na2 O + K2 O = 8. 24%--8. 70%,Na2 O / K2 O = 0. 60--0. 68,A / CNK > 1,which shows that it belongs to high-Si and high-K weakly peraluminous calc-alkaline series. The monzogranite is enriched in K,Rb,Th( LILEs) and La,Ce,Sm,Nd( LREEs); and depleted in Ba,U( HREEs) and Ta,Nb( HFSEs).Their zircon εHf( t) values range from 1. 21 to 3. 46,in response to their two-stage Hf model ages( TDM2) ranging from 1 034 Ma to 1 159 Ma,respectively,indicating that the primary magma was derived from the young crust in Meso-Neoproterozoic. Combined with the regional geological evolution background,it is considered that the Niubiziliang monzogranite formed the closure of North Qaidam ocean,which was the stretching stage product after the collision between Qaidam block and Qilian block.展开更多
Highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts that can be used for large-current-density electrolysis of alkaline seawater are highly desirable for carbon-neutral economies,but their facile and controllabl...Highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts that can be used for large-current-density electrolysis of alkaline seawater are highly desirable for carbon-neutral economies,but their facile and controllable synthesis remains a challenge.Here,self-assembled ultralow Ru,Ni-doped Fe_(2)O_(3) with a lily shaped morphology was synthesized on iron foam(RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF)via a facile one-step hydrothermal process,in which the intact lily shaped RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF was obtained by adjusting the ratio of Ru/Ni.Benefitting from the Ru/Ni chemical substitution,the as-synthesized RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF can act as free-standing dual-function electrodes that are applied to electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution(HER)and oxygen evolution reactions(OER)in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH,requiring an overpotential of 75.0 mV to drive 100 mA cm^(-2) for HER and 329.0 mV for OER.Moreover,the overall water splitting catalyzed by RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF only demands ultralow cell voltages of 1.66 and 1.73 V to drive 100 mA cm^(-2) in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH and 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH seawater electrolytes,respectively.The electrodes show remarkable long-term durability,maintaining current densities exceeding 100 mA cm^(-2) for more than 100 h and thus outperforming the two-electrode system composed of noble catalysts.This work provides an efficient,economical method to synthesize self-standing bifunctional electrodes for large-current-density alkaline seawater electrolysis,which is of significant importance for ecological protection and energy exploitation.展开更多
文摘Haihua Islands is a large artificial island in Danzhou, Hainan. The construction of Haihua Islands changes the hYdrodynamic environment of Yangpu waters, and further affects its morphological change. Delft3D is used to set up a two dimensional nested hydrodynamic and sediment model for Yangpu waters in this paper, and this paper focuses on simulating the velocity and morphological change due to the construction of Haihua Islands after the verification of the model. The seabed deposition is small because of low suspended sediment concentration and less sand source near Yangpu waters. The bed level erodes in the south area of Xiaochan Reef and the Yangpu channel due to the velocity increase in the area.
基金Supported by the Project of Meteorological Service Website Construction for HainanBreeding(Qiong Nong Ji Cai No.[2013]18 of Hainan Provincial Department of Agriculture)~~
文摘Using the meteorological data and geographical information during January-March(1961-2010) accumulated by 18 stations of Hainan,a suitability zoning map for thermo-sensitive genetic male sterility(TGMS) rice was made by GIS technology based on temperature indicators required by TGMS rice during fertility sensitive period and heading-flowering period,aiming to provide reasonable layout and scientific basis for sustainable development of TGMS rice in Hainan Island under the background of global warming.The results indicated that the suitable planting zones covered the south regions of Wuzhishan,Jianfengling and Diaoluoshan;subordinate suitable zones expanded northward to central parts of Wuzhishan,Dongfang,Changjiang,Qiongzhong and southern parts of Wanning;the other regions were unsuitable for breeding.
基金Supported by the Special Project for Application Technology Development and Demonstration of Hainan Province(ZDXM2014101)~~
文摘On the morphological characteristics, growth environment and quality, rarity, and wood characteristics and value of Huanghuali, this paper discusses the development ways of Hainan Huanghuali It is suggested that Halnan Huanghuali could be well grown by guiding farmers to make full use of wasteland, slopes, scattered land, roadside and other resources; the landscaping greenbelt of the courtyard area and the residential area could be planned with nature as a main consideration for planting Huanghuali; and landscaping-type Huanghuali planting could make full use of local environment and surrounding local resources, highlighting the personalized landscaping greenbelt, forming good transition between residential area and urban space and creating a natural kindly living environment for the residents, so as to play the best ecological, social and economic benefits.
基金Supported by the National Agricultural Sci-Tech Achievements Transformation Projects(2010GB2E200369)the National Spark Program Project(2011GA800004)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to select suitable cultivars of cut roses with prominent comprehensive performance which is suitable for the commercial promotion in the tropical region of South Hainan Province,including Sanya and the low-altitude area.[Method] Introduction experiment and production test were designed to observe the agronomic and economic traits of cultivars in a rose resources nursery established in Sanya.[Result] Through observation in the resources garden,18 varieties were chosen to conduct the introduction experiment,of which 8 varieties were selected to accomplish the production test.The results of the production test showed that 'Vendela','Golden Emblem','Samantha' and 'Tineke' showed the best adaptability;the cut flower quality of 'Carola','Black Magic' and 'Golden Emblem' belonged to the first grade;the yield of 'Movie Star','Golden Emblem' and 'Black Magic' was more than one million per hm2;except 'Golden Emblem',the vase life of the other seven cultivars was more than 10 days;'Carola','My Choice' and 'Perfume White' had better disease-and insect-resistance;'Carola','Vendela','Rouge Meilland','Tineke','Golden Emblem','Samantha','Perfume White','Saiun','Asagumo' and 'Double Delight' were more resistant to blackspot,while 'Black Magic','Versilla','Alec's Red' and 'Movie Star' were less resistant to blackspot.[Conclusion] Cultivars of cut roses were able to grow and develop normally in the tropical coastal area of Hainan Province,including South Hainan and Sanya,where it was appropriate for the production of cut roses.However,it is necessary to pay attention to the prevention and control of thrips and blackspot.'Black Magic','Carola','Vendela','Rouge Meilland','Golden Emblem','Tineke','Movie Star' and 'Samantha' showed best comprehensive performance,which were thus worthy of large-scale popularization in Hainan Province.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U0633006)Project for Supporting the National Development(No.2006BAD09A04)the 863 Project of China(Grant Nos.2006AA05Z112 and 2006AA10A413).
文摘Symbiotic algae from two anemones, Radianthus macrodactylus and Stichodactyla mertensii, found in the South China Sea, were cultivated in ASP-8A medium in this study. Changes of superficial configuration of symbiotic algae during the cultivation were studied by means of a microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A number of small cavities appeared on the sur- faces of symbiotic algae after they were cultivated for 10 h. The cavities enlarged and the cell contents were lost with extended culti- vation. Our data suggested that the presence of cavities on symbiotic algae surfaces may be one of the main reasons for failure to culture symbiotic algae in an artificial medium.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB430304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41030854,41106005,41176003,41206178,41376015,41376013,41306006)+1 种基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(No.2013AA09A505)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(No.20130531-8)
文摘At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface,sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently,modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model,to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area,for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006,Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory(KEO),and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without,and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes(especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently,the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally,results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik(that passed KEO quickly),which included the sea spray effect,were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi(that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.
文摘Aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria, recovered from two sites located on the west coast of Scotland, were compared to cultures obtained in a similar way from industrial, aquacultural and clean sites in the vicinity of Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China. Gram-negative bacterial cultures were examined by BIOLOG-GN, and the data analysed by the simple matching (S SM) and Jaccard coefficients (S J) and unweighted average linkage clustering using NTSys. The output revealed that 20% of the bacteria, namely, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aquaspirillum dispar, Pseudomonas spp. (two groups), Sphingobacterium sp., Vibrio sp., V. campbellii, V. mimicus and V. hollisae, were common between the two geographical locations. However, the study revealed shortcomings with the BIOLOG-GN system for the study of coastal Gram-negative bacteria.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671632)supported by the National High-tech Research and Development Project of China (No. 2006AA09Z444).
文摘Myosin subfragment-1 was prepared from the myofibrils of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The myosin subfrag- ment-1 was proved to have the activity of tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) responding to the hydrolysis of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The optimum temperature and pH for the TPPase of myosin subfragment-1 were 30℃ and pH 5.0, and at pH 8.0 the TPPase also showed a high activity. Mg2+ was necessary to TPPase. The TPPase activity of myosin subfragment-1 was activated by Mg2+ under low concentrations, but was inhibited when the concentration was over 17 mmolL-1. The TPPase activity was also affected by KCl. The optimum concentration of KCl for TPPase was 0.3 molL-1 under the condition of 17 mmolL-1 Mg2+. The TPPase activity was significantly inhibited by EDTA-Na2. Reagents such as KBr, KI and KIO3 could inhibit the TPPase effectively. K2Cr2O7 as well as KMnO7 and KNO3 exhibited weak inhibiting effects. The TPPase converted STPP to pyrophosphate (PP) and orthophosphate (Pi) stoichiometrically with a KM of 3.2 mmolL-1.
基金supported by the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean 201105018the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41106023
文摘The newly developed Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport(COAWST) Modeling System is applied to investigate typhoon-ocean interactions in this study. The COAWST modeling system represents the state-of-the-art numerical simulation technique comprising several coupled models to study coastal and environmental processes. The modeling system is applied to simulate Typhoon Muifa(2011), which strengthened from a tropical storm to a super typhoon in the Northwestern Pacific, to explore the heat fluxes exchanged among the processes simulated using the atmosphere model WRF, ocean model ROMS and wave model SWAN. These three models adopted the same horizontal grid. Three numerical experiments with different coupling configurations are performed in order to investigate the impact of typhoon-ocean interaction on the intensity and ocean response to typhoon. The simulated typhoon tracks and intensities agree with observations. Comparisons of the simulated variables with available atmospheric and oceanic observations show the good performance of using the coupled modeling system for simulating the ocean and atmosphere processes during a typhoon event. The fully coupled simulation that includes a ocean model identifies a decreased SST as a result of the typhoon-forced entrainment. Typhoon intensity and wind speed are reduced due to the decrease of the sea surface temperature when using a coupled ocean model. The experiments with ocean coupled to atmosphere also results in decreased sea surface heat flux and air temperature. The heat flux decreases by about 29% compared to the WRF only case. The reduction of the energy induced by SST decreases, resulting in weakening of the typhoon. Coupling of the waves to the atmosphere and ocean model induces a slight increase of SST in the typhoon center area with the ocean-atmosphere interaction increased as a result of wave feedback to atmosphere.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant NO.41276009
文摘The number concentrations in the radius range of 0.06 – 5 μm of aerosol particles and meteorological parameters were measured on board during a cruise in the South China Sea from August 25 to October 12, 2012. Effective fluxes in the reference height of 10 m were estimated by steady state dry deposition method based on the observed data, and the influences of different air masses on flux were discussed in this paper. The number size distribution was characterized by a bimodal mode, with the average total number concentration of(1.50 ± 0.76)×10~3 cm^(-3). The two mode radii were 0.099 μm and 0.886 μm, both of which were within the scope of accumulation mode. A typical daily average size distribution was compared with that measured in the Bay of Bengal. In the whole radius range, the number concentrations were in agreement with each other; the modes were more distinct in this study than that abtained in the Bay of Bengal. The size distribution of the fluxes was fitted with the sum of log-normal and power-law distribution. The impact of different air masses was mainly on flux magnitude, rather than the shape of spectral distribution. A semiempirical source function that is applicable in the radius range of 0.06 μm
文摘The study was undergone on the distribution of abundance of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the objective of evaluating of its abundance along the rocky shores of the coast and located sites with high density. A total of twelve sampling sites were selected along the gulf of Skikda. Each station was sampled using quadrats of 25 cm^2. In the present study, two environmental parameters were measured "in situ" in the water column at each sampling station (water surface temperature, pH). Biotic communities of the rocky shores are considered to be generally controlled by physical factors such as temperature and desiccation. Therefore, three measurements were made for each abiotic parameter during this survey and mean values were used for statistical analysis. Consequently, the data of abundance (expressed in frequency) of species were calculated based on the distributed individuals along the quadrat. P. rustica is distributed mainly in the East more than in the West particularly from SI to S5. The condition index calculated at 12 stations revealed important seasonal variations, with the maximum during summer season highlighting three stations (S2, S11 and S 12). This index is also very important in S3 and S4. The factors of pollution at these points had not affected the abundance and index condition.
基金Supported by the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project of China(No.201305010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41106090)+5 种基金the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.LMB111003)the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Universities(No.21612401)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.S2011040003113)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB956503)the Special Project for Science and Technology of Environmental Protection of Zhejiang Province(No.2011A31)the Wenzhou Science and Technology Plan Program(No.S2006A007)
文摘A 12-month program of monitoring potentially toxic microalgae(that produce lipophilic shellfi sh toxins; LSTs) and their toxins in bivalves was conducted from April 2006 to March 2007 in the Nanji Islands, East China Sea. Two Dinophysis species, D. caudata and D. acuminata, were identifi ed, and D. caudat a was found to be the dominant species. D. caudata was detected in water samples between April and June 2006, and between February and March 2007. It reached its highest abundances in May, with a mean abundance of 1.38×10 2 cells/L in surface water and 1.25×10 2 cells/L in bottom water(<10 m deep). The temporal distribution of D. caudata was associated with the occurrence of LSTs in bivalve samples, which mostly occurred at the same time as D. caudata blooms, between April and July 2006. All of the cultured bivalves sampled between April and June were contaminated with LSTs, with an average toxicity of 85 μg okadaic acid(OA) eq./100 g meat, which was four times higher than the Chinese regulatory limit(20 μg OA eq./100 g meat). Ten out of fi fteen wild samples(66.7%) collected during the same period were positive for LSTs, and contained an average LST toxicity of 45 μg OA eq./100 g meat(more than twice the regulatory value). Cultured Patinopecten yessoensis collected on 15 May 2006 had the highest toxicity, 320 μg OA eq./100 g meat, and relatively high toxicities(80 to 160 μg OA eq./100 g meat) were found in bivalves until the end of July.
文摘In date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. male (pollen bearing) and female (fruit bearing) inflorescences are on separate palms. To ensure good fertilization and better yield, artificial pollination is carried out in date plantations, where pollen harvested from male flowers are used for artificial pollination which is usually done manually. Often, the availability of male flowers becomes scarce due to the high demand to take up pollination during the short period of time when the female flowers are receptive. We assessed the comparative efficiency of using pollen to manually pollinate female date palm flowers in the field using sponge pieces charged with harvested pollen as compared to the traditional practice of the farmers using male inflorescences. Results revealed that fruit set (%), fructification (%), yield per bunch (kg) besides fruit weight, length and breadth were statistically similar in the two pollination methods evaluated. The sponge method of manual pollination can therefore serve as a viable alternative to the traditional method of pollination with the possibility of using stored pollen especially where male palms are scarce and pollen is difficult to obtain.
文摘Algae of the order Laminariales represent main seaweed resource of Russia, Most important commercial species formerly belonged to Laminaria Lamoroux. However, taxonomic revision of this genus and resurrection of Saccharina Stackhouse based on genetic studies resulted in transfer of most Laminaria species to Saccharina. At the Russian Pacific coasts Saccharina now includes 10 species, while only three species for sure represent Laminaria: L. longipes Bory de Saint-Vincent, L. solidungula J. Agardh, L. yezoensis Miyabe, their placement within Laminaria is supported by genetic data. All examined Far Eastern species of Saccharina are noticed to possess haptera in the form of rhizoids, whereas members of Laminaria have disk-like holdfasts (L. solidungula, L. yezoensis), or creeping rhizomes (L. longipes). Three unstudied genetically endemics from the Sea of Okhotsk: L. appressirhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. inclinatorhiza Petrov et Vozzhinskaya, L. multiplicata Petrov et Suchovejeva, are still left within Laminaria, but they have rhizoids, so most probably belong to Saccharina. This morphological criterion is inapplicable to Atlantic Laminaria since the type species L. digitata (Hudson) Lamouroux has rhizoids.
文摘Zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical analyses and Hf isotope are undertaken for the monzogranite in Niubiziliang area with the aim of constraining its formation time,petrogenesis and the regional tectonic setting. The zircons from monzogranite are euhedral-subhedral in shape,and display rhythm growth zoning,indicating a magmatic origin. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates the monzogranite formed most probably in the Late Devonian( 359. 0 ± 2. 6 Ma). The monzogranite has Si O2= 74. 69%--76. 11%,Al2O3=12. 07%--12. 81%,Na2 O + K2 O = 8. 24%--8. 70%,Na2 O / K2 O = 0. 60--0. 68,A / CNK > 1,which shows that it belongs to high-Si and high-K weakly peraluminous calc-alkaline series. The monzogranite is enriched in K,Rb,Th( LILEs) and La,Ce,Sm,Nd( LREEs); and depleted in Ba,U( HREEs) and Ta,Nb( HFSEs).Their zircon εHf( t) values range from 1. 21 to 3. 46,in response to their two-stage Hf model ages( TDM2) ranging from 1 034 Ma to 1 159 Ma,respectively,indicating that the primary magma was derived from the young crust in Meso-Neoproterozoic. Combined with the regional geological evolution background,it is considered that the Niubiziliang monzogranite formed the closure of North Qaidam ocean,which was the stretching stage product after the collision between Qaidam block and Qilian block.
文摘Highly efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts that can be used for large-current-density electrolysis of alkaline seawater are highly desirable for carbon-neutral economies,but their facile and controllable synthesis remains a challenge.Here,self-assembled ultralow Ru,Ni-doped Fe_(2)O_(3) with a lily shaped morphology was synthesized on iron foam(RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF)via a facile one-step hydrothermal process,in which the intact lily shaped RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF was obtained by adjusting the ratio of Ru/Ni.Benefitting from the Ru/Ni chemical substitution,the as-synthesized RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF can act as free-standing dual-function electrodes that are applied to electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution(HER)and oxygen evolution reactions(OER)in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH,requiring an overpotential of 75.0 mV to drive 100 mA cm^(-2) for HER and 329.0 mV for OER.Moreover,the overall water splitting catalyzed by RuNi-Fe_(2)O_(3)/IF only demands ultralow cell voltages of 1.66 and 1.73 V to drive 100 mA cm^(-2) in 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH and 1.0 mol L^(-1) KOH seawater electrolytes,respectively.The electrodes show remarkable long-term durability,maintaining current densities exceeding 100 mA cm^(-2) for more than 100 h and thus outperforming the two-electrode system composed of noble catalysts.This work provides an efficient,economical method to synthesize self-standing bifunctional electrodes for large-current-density alkaline seawater electrolysis,which is of significant importance for ecological protection and energy exploitation.