试论茶山诗的创作倾向和艺术风格

曾几,号茶山居士,是北宋末南宋初杰出的爱国主义诗人,有诗集《茶山集》传世。他的诗歌创作的基本倾向是爱国忧民的,但惨烈的家国身世以及独特的诗学追求,使茶山的艺术风格呈现出一条不同于以往江西诗派诗人的艺术道路,其清峭、轻快、自然平和的艺术特色,开了江西诗派中兴的先声。

以《茶山新歌》为例谈当代歌曲的古典美

我国是茶的故乡,在2700多年的发展历史过程中,茶被赋予了精神上的内涵,并形成了具备完整体系的茶文化。茶歌,最早是我国茶区劳动人们在采茶、制茶过程中随口哼唱的小曲,在传唱的过程中不断完善,形成了固定的曲调和格式。作为传统茶文化中的重要组成部分,茶歌对我国音乐的发展也有着深厚的影响。回顾我国流行音乐的发展历程我们不难发现,当代歌曲和古典元素之美并不冲突,传统文化中的一些精髓,依然是支撑流行音乐前行的重要动力之一。

DNA Extraction and ISSR Primer Screening of Camellia chekiangoleosa

[Objective] The aim was to screen out simple methods of DNA extraction and effective ISSR primers suitable to all germplasm materials of Camellia chekiangoleosa.[Method] The modified CTAB method was used in the extraction of the genomic DNA,50 ISSR primers from other Camellia plants were used in the ISSR-PCR amplification for 20 germplasm materials from 10 populations in Fujian,Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Anhui Province.[Result] Pure DNA could be obtained rapidly by using the improved CTAB method,and the 20 selected effective primers had rich polymorphism,clear bands and good repeatability.337 DNA bands were obtained,of which 281 bands were polymorphic,accounting for 83.4% of the total amplified bands.And 16.85 bands could be amplified with a primer,averagely.[Conclusion] The selected 20 primers could be effectively applied to ISSR analysis of the germplasm resources of C.chekiangoleosa in Zhejiang.

Hazard Assessment on Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Soil from Tea Gardens of Wuzhishan

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate hazard assessment on heavy metal pollution in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan. [Method] The average content and accumulation status of heavy metals including Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd and Pb in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan was collected. Taking the highest global background value of heavy metals in sediments before modern industrialization and the first-class natural background value of Soil Environment Quality Standard in China as the reference value respectively,the accumulation or ecological hazard coefficient and the ecological hazard index of heavy metals in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan were assessed by potential ecological risk index. [Result] The pollution level with two kinds of background values as the reference value was similar,while Cd and Pb were main heavy metals which had potential impact on ecological environmental in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan. [Conclusion] The potential risk level of heavy metals in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan belongs to the slight-medium pollution level,and the heavy metal with potential risk is mainly Cd.

Molecular Composition and Evolution of the Chalcone Synthase (CHS) Gene Family in Five Species of Camellia (Theaceae)

The molecular composition and evolution of the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene family from five species in Camellia (Theaceae) are explored in this study. Sixteen CHS exon 2 from four Camellia species were amplified from total DNA by PCR method. Three sequences of the fifth species in Camellia and two sequences of Glycine max as the designated outgroups were obtained from GenBank. Our results indicated that CHS gene family in Camellia was differentiated to three subfamilies (A, B, C) during the evolutionary history with six groups (A1, A2, A3, BI, B2, C). Among them, only group A2 was possessed by all five species in this study. However, the other five groups were detected only in some species of the plants studied. All members of CHS gene family in this study had high sequence similarity, more than 90% among the members in the same subfamily and more than 78% among different subfamilies at nucleotide level., According to the estimated components of amino acids, the function of CHS genes in Camellia had been diverged. The nucleotide substitutions of the different groups were not identical. Based on phylogenetic analyse inferred from sequences of CHS genes and their deduced amino acid sequences, we concluded that the CHS genes with new function in this genus were evolved either by mutations on several important sites or by accumulation of the mutations after the gene duplication. A further analysis showed that the diversification of CHS genes in Camellia still occurred recently, and the evolutionary models were different to some extant among different species. So we assumed that the different evolutionary models resulted from the impacts of variable environmental elements after the events of speciation.

Fruit Anatomy of sect. Paracamellia with Reference to Their Significance of Germplasm Resources Exploitation

[Objective] To utilize the germplasm resources,new systematic evidence for the classification of sect.Paracamellia,genus Camellia is found in this article.[Method] Fruit anatomy of 10 species representing sect.Paracamellia was investigated.And the main component of sect.Paracamellia in the genus Camellia was studied by MVSP software.[Result] The exocarp was thin;mesocarp was broad,having a large number of stone cells;endocarp was lignified,and separated easily from seed.The principle components analysis suggested that the distance between species was far,showing far relation;the current study did not support the formation of Camellia grijsii（C.grijsii）and Camellia yuhsienensis（C.yuhsienensis）,Camellia shensiensis（C.shensiensis）should not be recognized as a variety of C.yuhsienensis.In addition,it also proved Ming＇s combining of Camellia confusa（C.confusa）and Camellia kissi（C.kissi）was unnatural.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the development and application of sect.Paracamellia in the genus Camellia.

Study on the Transferability of Camellia sinensis EST-SSRs in Theaceae Plant

[Objective] The research aimed to study the transferability of Camellia sinensis EST-SSRs in Theaceae plant.[Method] Seven pairs of EST-SSRs primers which derived from Camellia sinensis EST sequence were used to amplify the nineteen materials of Theaceae plant.[Result] Five pairs in the seven pairs of EST-SSRs primers could effectively amplify the nineteen tested varieties,and the transferability rate was 71.43%.The amplification rate of Camellia retiacalate FengShanCha,Camellia japouica CaiXia and Camellia retiacalate JuBan was the highest.The amplification rate of Camellia synaptica Sealy and Adinandra sagonica var.wallichiana（oc）Ming was the lowest.Moreover,four pairs in the five pairs of primers which could effectively amplify showed the rich polymorphism whose difference was obvious in the tested materials.[Conclusion] SSR primers which were developed from Camellia sinensis genome had the higher transferability in the different genus and species of Theaceae plant,could be used in the comparative genome research and analysis mark research of Theaceae plant.

Research on Species Diversity Characteristics of Chinese Endemic Plant Populus shanxiensis

[Objective] This study aimed at researching the species diversity of Populus shanxiensis community in Heichashan Mountain. [Method] Based on sampling methods, investigation in sampling spots was carried out according to the important indicator, the abundance index （N0）, Simpson index （λ）, Shannon-Weiner index （H＇） and homogeneity index （E1 and E5） were used for analysis. [Results] Species diversity index of Populus shanxiensis community was not only depended on the species compositions of communities, but also closely related to the important value of species. The order of abundance index and diversity index in each layer of Populus shanxiensis community was herb layershrub layertree layer, and the abundance index was positively related to the diversity index; while the variation trend of community homogeneity index was different from that of abundance index and diversity index, and the homogeneity had shown negative correlation with the dominance. [Conclusion] In this study, the growth status and conditions of Populus shanxiensis were further understood and researched, which had laid theoretical foundation for protecting the endangered species and provided basic information for the future studies of endangered species and related disciplines.

Development-Conservation Dilemma in the Nilgiri Mountains of South India

The Nilgiri Mountains of south India isconsidered unique by anthropologists, geologists,climatologists, botanists as well as tourists. It hasremained a subject of constant study and researchover the last two centuries. Man-nature balance had continued undisturbed in the Nilgiris for thousandsof years until the early 19th century when it became a British colony attracting, in due course, variousdevelopmental activities. Subsequently, the Nilgirisand its popular hill stations emerged as favouriteplaces for the British population in India for rest and recuperation, game and for raising commercial plantations. In the process, the traditional indigenous crops were replaced by 揈nglish?vegetables and the natural forests gave way to commercial plantations of coffee, tea and other exotic species of trees. After Independence in 1947, the government of India accelerated the developmental process on thesame lines as during the colonial period leading to arapid growth of urbanisation and commercialplantations. Increasing pressure on land foragriculture and monoculture plantations displaced an alarmingly high proportion of natural forests andgrasslands leading to an extensive loss of biodiversity and turning the Nilgiris into a biodiversity 揾otspot? as identified by World Wildlife Fund, India (1995).Mindless development since the 1970s further tilted the scale precariously, pushing the hills to the brink of an ecological disaster. Nilgiris entered an anxious era of landslides, which have become more frequent and disastrous in recent decades. The 揜eport on the study of Landslides of November 1993 in Nilgiris District?observed that 搊ccurrence of land-slides in Nilgiris, particularly at the onset and during the north-east monsoons, is a ubiquitous, recurring, annual phenomenon? The colonists simultaneously developed the Nilgiris as a tourist resort for the English population. When independence came, the English were replaced by the Indian princely classes, politicians, capitalists and bureaucrats. After the 1970s, tourism became a mass industry for various reasons. Tourist arrivals increased exponentially to cross a million a year since 2000. However, without a proper plan to promote it on desired lines, the lop-sided and haphazard growth of tourism brought more harm than good to the hills. Alongside, unrelenting commercialization and immigration explosion with no corresponding improvements in infrastructures and amenities have begun to strain the carrying capacity of the hills, leading to water famine, pollution, urban congestion and marginalisation of the indigenous people. The Nilgiris is at the cross roads in the 21st century. Its development appears to have reached its limits with the predominant plantation economy collapsing and its tourism industry stagnating. Any further shifts in land use or cropping pattern appear economically unsound and ecologically catastrophic. Promotion of tourism again may prove counter productive unless there is a radical change in the focus and objectives of the industry in consonance with the overall priorities of the district. The Nilgiris is desperately looking for the best international practices to balance the needs of development and conservation.

Determination of Trace Elements in Famous Teas from Huangshan Area by ICP-AES

With an Iris Intrepid II XSP ICP full spectrum ICP emission spectrometer,trace elements including Se,Fe,Mn,Cd,Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Pb and Zn in Huangshan teas were determined.The best analysis conditions were selected by experiments.The method is simple and rapid,and the precision and accuracy are all in line with the requirements.This method was used to analyze actual tea samples with satisfactory results.

Effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on yield of tea in different agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan

Field experiment was conducted on mature tea bushes of Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes from sea level i.e. at National Tea Research Institute Shinkiari (1000 m) and on farmer’s field in Konsh valley at village Battal (1500 m). Different levels of nitrogen with constant dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to observe the optimal dose of nutrients for highest yield under local edaphic conditions. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive years. The highest yield of fresh tea leaves were obtained by the application of 420 kg ha-1 N followed by the application of 360 kg ha-1 N at 1000 masl. The highest dose of nitrogen also reduced significantly the soil pH in the upper (0-15cm) layer depth during 1998 and 1999. During the year 2000, the reduction in soil pH was observed by the application of highest dose of nitrogen but was non-significant at 5% level. The lower soil depth (15-30 cm) showed the reduction in pH with the highest dose of nitrogen during the experimental year but was statistically non significant. At the higher altitude of 1500 masl the highest yield of fresh tea leaves was obtained by the application of 420 kg ha-1 during the experimental years but the increase was significant during the year 1999 and 2000. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen application at both the altitudes. The increasing amount of nitrogen decreased the soil pH at both the depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Unlike the lower altitude (1000 m) there was no any significant reduction in the soil pH during 1998 and 1999. A significant reduction in soil pH was found in the year 2000.

A New Advance on Camellia Breeding in Chine. Studies on Thirty Summer-blooming Hybrids from Crosses between Camellia azalea and Other Camellias

Thirty bloomed hybrids of C. azalea were selected to have been studied. Of them, 10 cross-combinations were included. The results showed that the hybrids were consistently tended to C. azalea on flower bud formation and development, blooming period, leaf trait and plant growth, but flower color, flower form and flower size of the hybrids, in a great degree, were dependent on the traits of another non-C, azalea＇s cross-parent. The hybrids all can bloom from summer to December and even to next spring. The hybrids＇ photographs illustrated in the paper show that their flowers are beautiful with different color, form and size. Also some of genetic laws of C. azalea＇s hybrids were discussed. These fire-new hybrids firstly fill the blank that no camellia flowers can be enjoyed in summer in the world.

Relationship between High-quality Tea and the Geological Background in Qionglai Mountains

[Objective] Many strata emerge in the high-quality tea producing area in Qionglai Mountains,which belongs to Mesozoic Cretaceous(K),Mingshan Fm(E1-2mn)and Dayi conglomerate Team(N)of Cenozoic Tertiary System as well as Quaternary System(Q).Analysis on the migrating features of soil heavy metal from each stratum to tea leaves showed that the enrichment ability of elements was Cu>Cd>Zn>Ni>Hg>As>Cr>Pb.By comparing the soil background values with the soil base values of Sichuan hilly area and Chengdu economic region,it could be concluded that Cd,Hg,Mo,Pb and Se were enriched,and other metal elements existed at a level close to that of the comparing areas.The pH was a little acidic,and high quality tea cultivation could be developed here at present.With the increase of human activities,the environment of study area tends to deteriorate.Therefore,land planning and use should be reasonable.The government should control the environment nearby and prevent pollution.

Tea Culture in the Land of Confucianism——Sightseeing in the Wuyl Mountains,Fujian province

Walking through the Wuyi Mountains,Fujian province in summer,you can smell the fragrant aroma of Shanshui Tea everywhere.Within the 70 square kilometers of the park,most people are drawn to a slogan stating there have been“A Thousand years of Confucianism,but 10,000 years of Shanshui Tea”,

Evaluation of Some Stem Taper Models for Camellia japonica in Mount Halla, Korea

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the four stem taper models on Camellia japonica in Jeju Island, Korea using fit statistics and lack-of-fit statistics. The five statistical criteria that were used in this study were standard error of estimate(SEE), mean bias( E), absolute mean difference(AMD), coefficient of determination(R2), and root mean square error(RMSE). Results showed that the Kozak model 02 stem taper had the best performance in all fit statistics(SEE: 3.4708, E : 0.0040 cm, AMD : 0.9060 cm, R2 : 0.9870, and RMSE : 1.2545). On the other hand, Max and Burkhart stem taper model had the poorest performance in each statistical criterion(SEE: 4.2121, E : 0.2520 cm, AMD : 1.1300 cm, R2 : 0.9805, and RMSE: 1.5317). For the lack-of-fit statistics, the Kozak model 02 also provided the best performance having the best AMD in most of the relative height classes for diameter outside bark prediction and in most of the DBH classes for total volume prediction while Max and Burkhart had the poorest performance. These stem taper equations could help forest managers to better estimate the diameter outside bark at any given height, merchantable stem volumes and total stem volumes of the standing trees of Camellia japonica in the forests of Jeju Island, Korea.

茶山

一望皆碧色，露滴顶尖芽。细雨洗尘土，轻云披薄纱。，林同山似画，茶女面如花。嫩叶时时长，香盈百姓家。

茶山走笔

青茶，谁伴你度过寂寞的岁月？ 阳光朦胧三月的诗意。茶，你在眺望什么？终年站在山头寻觅，哪里是你最后的归宿？

茶山故事

茶山上的脚印深深浅浅深是那越过去的沟浅是那踩上去的坎茶山上的故事苦苦甜甜苦是那情洒出的泪甜是那爱流出的泉哎——经风过雨的茶味也才是好地刻骨铭心的茶缘才永远山巍巍路漫漫牵手捧出艳阳天,

Aluminum-Enhanced Proton Release Associated with Plasma Membrane H^+-Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity and Excess Cation Uptake in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plant Roots

Cultivated tea(Camellia sinensis) plants acidify the rhizosphere, and Aluminum(Al) toxicity is recognized as a major limiting factor for plant growth in acidic soils. However, the mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere acidification associated with Al have not been fully elucidated. The present study examined the effect of Al on root-induced rhizosphere acidification, plasma membrane H^+-adenosine triphosphatase(H^+-ATPase) activity, and cation-anion balance in tea plant roots. The exudation of H^+from tea plant roots with or without Al treatment was visualized using an agar sheet with bromocresol purple. The H^+-ATPase activity of plasma membranes isolated from the roots was measured after hydrolysis using the two-phase partition system. The Al treatment strongly enhanced the exudation of H^+, and the acidification of tea plant roots by Al was closely associated with plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity. The root plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity increased with Al concentration. The Al content, amount of protons released, and H^+-ATPase activity were significantly higher in roots treated with Al than in those untreated. The results of the cation-anion balance in roots showed an excess of cations relative to anions, with the amount of excess cation uptake increasing with increasing Al concentrations. These suggest that Al-enhanced proton release is associated with plasma membrane H^+-ATPase activity and excess cation uptake. Findings of this study would provide insights into the contributing factors of soil acidification in tea plantations.

New observations on the effect of camellia oil on fatty liver disease in rats

Camellia oil has become an important plant oil in China in recent years,but its effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)have not been documented.In this study,the effects of camellia oil,soybean oil,and olive oil on NAFLD were evaluated by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of the plant oils,the serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed different oils,and by cytological and ultrastructural observation of the rats’hepatocytes.Analysis of fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)n-6/n-3 ratio was 33.33 in camellia oil,12.50 in olive oil,and 7.69 in soybean oil.Analyses of serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats showed that the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a camellia oil-fed group(COFG)were lower than those in an olive oil-fed group(OOFG)and higher than those in a soybean oil-fed group(SOFG).However,only the difference in total cholesterol between the COFG and SOFG was statistically significant.Cytological observation showed that the degree of lipid droplet(LD)accumulation in the hepatocytes in the COFG was lower than that in the OOFG,but higher than that in the SOFG.Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the size and number of the LDs in the hepatocytes of rats fed each of the three types of oil were related to the degree of damage to organelles,including the positions of nuclei and the integrity of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.The results revealed that the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD in rats was greater than that of soybean oil,but less than that of olive oil.Although the overall trend was that among the three oil diets,those with a lower n-6/n-3 ratio were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD,and the effect of camellia oil on NAFLD was not entirely related to the n-6/n-3 ratio and may have involved other factors.This provides new insights into the effect of oil diets on NAFLD.