Electrochemical behavior of Fe(Ⅲ)in Na_(2)SiO_(3)-SiO_(2)-Fe_(2)O_(3)molten salt

The high-temperature requirement for liquid iron smelting via molten oxide electrolysis presents significant challenges.This study investigates the electrochemical reduction of Fe(Ⅲ)in a novel low-temperature electrolyte,Na_(2)SiO_(3)-SiO_(2)-Fe_(2)O_(3),utilizing cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques.The results show that Fe(Ⅲ)reduction occurs in two steps:Fe(Ⅲ)+e^(−)→Fe(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅱ)+2e^(−)→Fe,and that the redox process of Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)at the tungsten electrode is an irreversible reaction controlled by diffusion.The diffusion coefficients of Fe(Ⅲ)in the molten Na_(2)SiO_(3)-SiO_(2)-Fe_(2)O_(3)in the temperature range of 1248–1278 K are between 1.86×10^(−6)cm^(2)/s and 1.58×10^(−4)cm^(2)/s.The diffusion activation energy of Fe(Ⅲ)in the molten salt is 1825.41 kJ/mol.As confirmed by XRD analysis,potentiostatic electrolysis at−0.857 V(vs.O_(2)/O_(complex)^(2-))for 6 h produces metallic iron on the cathode.

Research on the Mechanism of Multi-Sensor Fusion Configuration Based on the Optimal Principle of the Vehicle

In order to address the issue of sensor configuration redundancy in intelligent driving,this paper constructs a multi-objective optimization model that considers cost,coverage ability,and perception performance.And then,combining a specific set of parameters,the NSGA-II algorithm is used to solve the multi-objective model established in this paper,and a Pareto front containing 24 typical configuration schemes is extracted after considering empirical constraints.Finally,using the decision preference method proposed in this paper that combines subjective and objective factors,decision scores are calculated and ranked for various configuration schemes from both cost and performance preferences.The research results indicate that the multi-objective optimization model established in this paper can screen and optimize various configuration schemes from the optimal principle of the vehicle,and the optimized configuration schemes can be quantitatively ranked to obtain the decision results for the vehicle under different preference tendencies.

State Estimation Method for GNSS/INS/Visual Multi-sensor Fusion Based on Factor Graph Optimization for Unmanned System

With the development of unmanned driving technology,intelligent robots and drones,high-precision localization,navigation and state estimation technologies have also made great progress.Traditional global navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system(GNSS/INS)integrated navigation systems can provide high-precision navigation information continuously.However,when this system is applied to indoor or GNSS-denied environments,such as outdoor substations with strong electromagnetic interference and complex dense spaces,it is often unable to obtain high-precision GNSS positioning data.The positioning and orientation errors will diverge and accumulate rapidly,which cannot meet the high-precision localization requirements in large-scale and long-distance navigation scenarios.This paper proposes a method of high-precision state estimation with fusion of GNSS/INS/Vision using a nonlinear optimizer factor graph optimization as the basis for multi-source optimization.Through the collected experimental data and simulation results,this system shows good performance in the indoor environment and the environment with partial GNSS signal loss.

Extraction of vanadium from molten vanadium bearing slag by oxidation with pure oxygen in the presence of CaO

A novel process of vanadium extraction from vanadium slag in its molten state was conducted at the laboratory scale by oxidation with pure oxygen in the presence of CaO. The effect of mass ratio of CaO to V2O5 on the recovery of vanadium was studied. The sintered samples were leached by H2SO4 solution and characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM and EDS techniques. Compared with the roasting process, the energy saving effect of the proposed process was also discussed. The results showed that vanadium-rich phases were formed and vanadium mainly existed in the forms of CaV2O5 and Ca2V2O7. The formation mechanism of calcium vanadates in the molten vanadium bearing slag was explained. The XRD and XPS results implied that there was a limit to the oxidation reaction of V(IV) to V(V) under the high temperatures even though oxygen-supply was sufficient. An increase in the CaO content led to an increase in the formation of Ca2V2O7. About 90%of the vanadium recovery was obtained under optimal experiment conditions (mass ratio of CaO to V2O5 of 0.6, particle size 120 to 150μm, leaching temperature 90 °C, leaching time 2 h, H2SO4 concentration 20%, liquid to solid ratio 5:1 mL/g, stirring speed 500 r/min). The energy of 1.85×106 kJ could be saved in every 1000 kg of vanadium bearing slag using the proposed process from the theoretical calculation results. Recovery of vanadium from the molten vanadium bearing slag and utilisation of its heat energy are important not only for saving metal resources, but also for energy saving and emission reduction.

Catalytic performance of cobalt oxide-supported gold-palladium nanocatalysts for the removal of toluene and o-xylene

Using the molten salt and polyvinyl alcohol-protected reduction method,we fabricated Co3O4 octahedron-supported Au-Pd（x（AuPdy）/Co3O4;x =（0.18,0.47,and 0.96） wt%;y（Pd/Au molar ratio） =1.85-1.97） nanocatalysts.The molten salt-derived Co3O4 sample possessed well-defined octahedral morphology,with an edge length of 300 nm.The Au-Pd nanoparticles,with sizes of 2.7-3.2 nm,were uniformly dispersed on the surface of Co3O4.The 0.96（AuPd1.92）/Co3O4 sample showed the highest catalytic activity for toluene and o-xylene oxidation,and the temperature required for achieving 90%conversion of toluene and o-xylene was 180 and 187 ℃,respectively,at a space velocity of 40000 mL/（g·h）.The high catalytic performance of Co3O4 octahedron-supported Au-Pd nanocatalysts was associated with the interaction between Au-Pd nanoparticles and Co3O4 and high concentration of adsorbed oxygen species.

Driving fatigue fusion detection based on T-S fuzzy neural network evolved by subtractive clustering and particle swarm optimization

In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the driving fatigue detection based on a single feature, a new detection algorithm based on multiple features is proposed. Two direct driver＇s facial features reflecting fatigue and one indirect vehicle behavior feature indicating fatigue are considered. Meanwhile, T-S fuzzy neural network（TSFNN）is adopted to recognize the driving fatigue of drivers. For the structure identification of the TSFNN, subtractive clustering（SC） is used to confirm the fuzzy rules and their correlative parameters. Moreover, the particle swarm optimization （PSO）algorithm is improved to train the TSFNN. Simulation results and experiments on vehicles show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the convergence speed and the recognition accuracy of the TSFNN, as well as enhance the correct rate of driving fatigue detection.

Vapor pressure measurement of lead and lead chlorides in FeO_T-CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 system

Vapor pressure of lead and lead chlorides from FeOT？CaO？SiO2？Al2O3 slag system was measured by using Knudsen effusion method. The results suggest that the vapor pressures of lead and lead chlorides increase with increasing temperature. For the slag systems without chlorine, the logarithm of vapor pressure （lnp） shows highly linear dependency on the reciprocal of temperature （1/T）, and higher vapor pressure is observed in the condition where more metallic lead vapor is formed. In this case, the vapor pressure of lead increases with increasing slag basicity （w（CaO）/w（SiO2））, increasing FeO content andw（Fe2＋）/w（Fe3＋） ratio. For the case of slag system with chlorine addition, the total pressures of PbCl2 and PbCl increase with decreasing basicity and FeO content of slag.

Routes Choice of Urban Agriculture,Ecotourism and Cultural Innovation Industry Fusion

The fusion of urban agriculture, ecotourism and cultural innovation industry has been a necessary way for industry updating, value increase and income im- provement of farmers in suburbs. The methods available of the fusion are as fol- lows： corporation development and operation, led by government with an integrated plan; corporation management and development under guidance of market with sup- port from government; collective development under guidance of market and policies; individual development and operation with the model of ＂villagers participation de- pending on infrastructure provided by government＂. The four routes enjoy exclusive advantages and characters. Hence, different villages and towns should adopt the most suitable one according to local conditions for further development and management.

On the social-cultural changes of English and Chinese words from ＂jiayou＂

Word is the most active factor in the research of culture connotations and it is essential in understanding the culture of target language. This article not only attempts to analyze non-equivalence in semantic and cultural connotation of words between Chinese and English words from cross-cultural perspective, but also highlights the profound understanding of the relation of culture, and language is the best way to avoid cross-cultural barriers and obstacles. Finally, by elaborating the loan words between two different cultures, the paper maintains the cultural integration out of respect, appreciation and acceptance is the embodiment of human social and cultural development of human society and the vitality of the cultural changes.

Frictional ignition of Ti40 fireproof titanium alloys for aero-engine in oxygen-containing media

The effect of friction pressure p and oxygen concentration xo on the fireproof performance of Ti40 titanium alloy was studied by frictional ignition test, the U--Xo relationship quantitatively describing the fireproof performance of Ti40 was established and the fireproof mechanism of Ti40 was analyzed by SEM, XRD and EDS. The results show that the p--xo relationship of Ti40 obeys parabolic rule. The varying range of xo is about 25% while p varies within 0.1-0.25 MPa. When Xo is 〉70%, Ti40 is ignited immediately at room temperature and develops into continual and steady burning, and the duration of burning is more than 10 s. The fireproof performance of Ti40 is better than TC4 while xo of Ti40 is at least 40% higher than TC4. When Xo is low, the fireproof performance of Ti40 is more sensitive to p; when Xo increases, it is more sensitive to Xo. The forming of fused oxides of V205, TiO2 and Cr203 with strong inner interaction during friction is the basic reason of high fireproof performance of Ti40.

Affinity Chromatography Purification of Recombinant Human Interleukin-6 from Its Fusion Protein with GST

Recombinant E.coli JM109, containing pHZ1818 plasmid which included the fused gene encoding human interleukin 6(IL 6), expressed a fusion protein with glutathion S transferase(GST). The fusion protein existed both in the supernatant and inside the bacterial cell,but the insoluble protein had no biological activity and could not be refolded. The rotative speed of the shaker and the temperature of induction were optimized to maximize the expression of the soluble fusion protein. From the supernatant of the cell sonicates Glutathion Sephrose 4B affinity column chromatography was employed to isolate the fusion protein which could be purified to >80 0 0 in a single step. The yield of soluble GST IL 6 was about 10 mg per liter culture. The GST was site specifically cloven by 6 hours of treatment with thrombin and from the thrombin digest mixture IL 6 was purified by Q high performance ion exchange chromatography. From 1 liter of E.coli culture 2 mg refined IL 6 was obtained. The purified IL 6 had a purity of more than 95 0 0 and a biological activity of 1.02×10 8 IU/mg.

The formation of porphyry copper deposits

Copper is a moderately incompatible chalcophile element.Its behavior is strongly controlled by sulfides.The speciation of sulfur is controlled by oxygen fugacity.Therefore,porphyry Cu deposits are usually oxidized(with oxygen fugacities > AFMQ +2)(Mungall 2002;Sun et al.2015).The problem is that while most of the magmas at convergent margins are highly oxidized,porphyry Cu deposits are very rare,suggesting that high oxygen fugacity alone is not sufficient.Partial melting of mantle peridotite even at very high oxygen fugacities forms arc magmas with initial Cu contents too low to form porphyry Cu deposits directly(Lee et al.2012;Wilkinson 2013).Here we show that partial melting of subducted young oceanic slabs at high oxygen fugacity(>AFMQ +2) may form magmas with initial Cu contents up to >500 ppm,favorable for porphyry mineralization.Pre-enrichment of Cu through sulfide saturation and accumulation is not necessarily beneficial to porphyry Cu mineralization.In contrast,remelting of porphyritic hydrothermal sulfide associated with iron oxides may have major contributions to porphyry deposits.Thick overriding continental crust reduces the "leakage" of hydrothermal fluids,thereby promoting porphyry mineralization.Nevertheless,it is also more difficult for ore forming fluids to penetrate the thick continental crust to reach the depths of 2—4 km where porphyry deposits form.

Evaluation of the damage in fish spermatozoa cryopreservation

Cryodamages occur during sperm cryopreservation. Cryopreservation of fish sperm usually results in marked decrease in sperm quality, such as swelling or disruption of the plasma membrane, mi-tochondrial dysfunction, diminished sperm motility, impaired velocity, shorter motility period, denatura-tion, and release of some enzymes from spermatozoa. In this paper, damages in morphology, physiology, biochemistry and metabolism, and genetic integrity of fish semen after cryopreservation are discussed. New approaches in assessment of fish thawed sperm quality such as computer assisted sperm analysis, flow cytometic analysis combined with fluorescent probes and single cell gel electrophoresis are also briefly reviewed.

Thermal state of soils in the active layer and underlain permafrost at the kilometer post 304 site along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline

On-site monitoring is very important for understanding formation mechanisms of frost hazards frequently occurring in pipeline foundation soils and for designing and deploying according mitigative measures in permafrost regions.Significant thaw subsidence of ground surfaces along the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) from Mo'he to Daqing,Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China have been observed at some segments underlain by ice-rich warm(>1.0°C) permafrost since the official operation in January 2011.Recent monitoring results of the thermal states of foundation soils at the kilometer post(KP) 304 site along the CRCOP are presented in this paper.The results indicate that during the period from 2012 to 2014,shallow soils(at the depths from0.8 to 4.0 m from ground surface) has warmed by approximately 1.0°C in the lateral range of 1.2 to 2.1 maway from the pipeline axis,and deeper permafrost(such as at the depth of 15 m,or the depth of zero annual amplitude of ground temperatures) by 0.08°C per year 4 m away from the pipe axis,and 0.07°C per year 5 m away from the pipeline axis.The results indicate an all-season talik has developed around and along the CRCOP.The thaw bulb,with a faster lateral expansion(compared with the vertical growth),enlarges in summer and shrinks in winter.This research will provide important references and bases for evaluating thermal influences of warm pipeline on permafrost and for design,construction,operation and maintenance of pipelines in permafrost regions.

Theoretical calculation of equilibrium Mg isotope fractionation between silicate melt and its vapor

Isotope fractionation during the evaporation of silicate melt and condensation of vapor has been widely used to explain various isotope signals observed in lunar soils, cosmic spherules, calcium-aluminum-rich inclu- sions, and bulk compositions of planetary materials. During evaporation and condensation, the equilibrium isotope fractionation factor （α） between high-temperature silicate melt and vapor is a fundamental parameter that can con- strain the melt＇s isotopic compositions. However, equilib- rium a is difficult to calibrate experimentally. Here we used Mg as an example and calculated equilibrium Mg isotope fractionation in MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 melt-vapor systems based on first-principles molecular dynamics and the high- temperature approximation of the Bigeleisen-Mayer equation. We found that, at 2500 K, 625Mg values in the MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 melts were 0.141 ±0.004 and 0.143 ±0.003‰ more positive than in their respective vapors. The corresponding 626Mg values were 0.270 ± 0.008 and 0.274 ± 0.006‰ more positive than in vapors, respectively. The general α - T equations describing the equilibrium Mg α in MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4 melt-vapor systems were： αMg（l）-Mg（g） = 1 ＋ 5.264×10^5/T^2 （1/m - 1/m＇） and αmg（l）-Mg（g） = 1 ＋ 5.340×10^5/T^2 （1/m - 1/m＇）, respectively, Where m is the mass of light isotope, ^25Mg or ^26Mg. These results offer a necessary parameter for mechanistic under- standing of Mg isotope fractionation during evaporation and condensation that commonly occurs during the early stages of planetary formation and evolution.

Surface energy balance of Bayi Ice Cap in the middle of Qilian Mountains,China

Energy balance at the glacier surface is important for understanding the impacts of climate change on glaciers. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of the glacier surface energy fluxes along with their contributions to glacier melt on Bayi Ice Cap in Qilian Mountains by using a point-scale energy balance model. The half-hourly meteorological data from an automatic weather station(AWS) located on the glacier was used to drive the energy balance model. The model simulated results could accurately represent the mass-balance observations from the stake near the weather station during summer 2016. Our results showed the net radiation(86%) played an important role in the surface energy balance, and the contribution of the turbulent heat fluxes(14%) to the energy budget was relatively less important. A distinct behavior of energy balance, as compared to other continental glaciers in China(e.g., two adjacent glaciers Laohugou No. 12 Glacier and Qiyi Glacier), is the fact that a sustained period of positive turbulent latent flux exists on Bayi Ice Cap during August, causing faster melt rate in the month of August. Our study also presented the effect of frequent summer snowfall in slowing down surface melt by changing the surface albedo during the beginning of the melting season.

Change of Flood Patterns in China under the Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities

Based on the flood affected area （FA） data of the provinces in China from 1950 to 2005, the article discusses the change of the flood patterns in China, and investigates its relationship with climate change and human activities. The flood center shifted from North China and the Yangtze-Huaihe basin in the 1950s towards the south, north and west of China, and located in the south of the Yangtze River and South China after the 1990s. The FA in the western provinces was continuously on the rise since the 1950s. There are two characteristics for the future flood pattem in China. The pattern of ＂flood in the south and drought in the north＂ depends on the north-south shift of the maximum rainfall region in eastern China. The flood intensification to the west of Hu Huanyong＇s line mainly results from the increase of rainfall, extreme precipitation and the melting of glaciers under the background of human activity magnification.

The Variability of the Snow and Ice Melt in Alpine Rivers in Northwestern China

The study of snow and ice melt （SIM） is important in water-scarce arid regions for the assessment of water supply and quality. These studies involve unique difficulties, especially in the calibration of hydro-models because there is no direct way to continuously measure the SIM at hydrostations. The recursive digital filter （RDF） and the isotopic hydro-geochemical method （IHM） were coupled to separate the SIM from eight observed series of alpine streamflows in northwestern China. Validation of the calibrated methods suggested a good capture of the SIM characteristics with fair accuracy in both space and time. Applications of the coupled methods in the upper reaches of the Hei River Basin （HRB） suggested a double peak curve of the SIM fraction to streamflow for the multi-component recharged （MCR） rivers, while a single peak curve was suggested for the rainfall-dominant recharged （RDR） rivers. Given inter-annual statistics of the separation, both types of the alpine rivers have experienced an obvious decrease of SIM since 196os. In the past 10 years, the SIM in the two types of rivers has risen to the levels of the 1970s, but has remained lower than the level of the 1960s. The study provided a considerable evidence to quantify the alpine SIMbased on the separation of observed data series at gauge stations. Application of the coupled method could be helpful in the calibration and validation of SIM-related hydro-models in alpine regions.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of melt-conditioned high-pressure die-cast Mg-Al-Ca alloy

A new shape casting process,melt-conditioned high-pressure die-casting(MC-HPDC) was developed.In this process,liquid metal was conditioned under intensively forced convection provided by melt conditioning with advanced shear technology(MCAST) unit before being transferred to a conventional cold chamber high-pressure die-casting(HPDC) machine for shape casting. The effect of melt conditioning was investigated,which was carried out both above and below the liquidus of the alloy,on the microstructure and properties of a Mg-Al-Ca alloy(AZ91D+2%Ca(mass fraction) ,named as AZX912) .The results show that many coarse externally-solidified crystals(ESCs) can be observed in the centre of conventional HPDC samples,and hot tearing occurs at the inter-dendritic region because of the lack of feeding.With the melting conditioning,the MC-HPDC samples not only have considerably refined size of ESCs but also have significantly reduced cast defects,thus provide superior mechanical properties to conventional HPDC castings.The solidification behaviour of the alloy under different processing routes was also discussed.

Heating and melting mechanism of stainless steelmaking dust pellet in liquid slag

The heating and melting mechanisms of the pellets immersed in liquid slag were investigated, and the effect of the pellet heating and the melting conditions were studied. The results show that the dust component in the pellet is melted from the surface and no metallic elements are melted before the dust component, the time for the pellet completely melted is reduced as the iron powder content increases since the metallic iron has high thermal conductivity. These are four stages of heating and melting of pellet in liquid slag, they are the growth and melt of solid slag shell, penetration of liquid slag, dissolving of dust component and melting of reduced metals. The lifetime of the solid slag shell is in the range of 7-16 s and increasing the pre-heating temperature of the pellet and the slag temperature can shorten the slag shell lifetime. The time for the dust component in the pellet to be melted completely is in the range of 20-45 s and increasing the pre-heating temperature, especially in the range of 600-800 ℃, can obviously reduce the melting time. A higher slag temperature can also improve the pellet melting and the melting time is reduced by 10-15 s when the slag temperature is increased from 1 450 to 1 550 ℃. The pellet with higher content of iron powder is beneficial to the melting by improving the heat conductivity.