后现代主义的精神标本——吴玄小说论

吴玄是一个作品数量并不多但个性极为鲜明的作家。在早期的《玄白》、《西地》等中篇里，他曾试图彰显一种富有深度的文化精神，探究人物内心深处无法剥离的文化质色，以及它们对于人类生存方式的强力规约。但是，随着时光的流失，尤其是上个世纪九十年代以来解构主义的泛滥，吴玄开始越来越怀疑任何“意义”建构的价值，并进而向虚无和无聊的生存境况发出诚挚的邀请，

Application of Prediction Techniques in Carbonate Karst Reservoir in Tarim Basin

Carbonate karst reservoir is the emphases of Tarim＇s carbonate exploration. However, it is buried at a large depth, which results in Weak seismic reflection signal and low S/N ratio. In addition, the karst reservoir contains great heterogeneity, so reservoir prediction is very difficult. Through many years of research and exploration, we have established a suite of comprehensive evaluation technology for carbonate karst reservoir using geophysical characteristics and a geological concept model, including a technique for reconstructing the paleogeomorphology of buried hills based on a sequence framework, seismic description of the karst reservoir, and strain variant analysis for fracture estimation. The evaluation technology has been successfully applied in the Tabei and Tazhong areas, and commercial production of oil and gas has been achieved. We show the application of this technology in the Lunguxi area in North Tarim in this paper.

Eco-environment Evolution and Its Sustainable Development Strategies in Western China

Natural condition in Western China is relatively poor and regional economy level is low. The ecological environment has been seriously damaged by population growth and over-exploitation of natural resources. It is very important for coordinating the regional development and safeguarding ecological security to discuss the eco-environment evolution trend and its sustainable development strategies in Western China. Based on analyzing documents and relative research,the changes of main ecological and environmental problems in the western region,such as degradation of forest and grassland ecosystems,shrinkage of wetland,desertification,water and soil erosion,etc. were synthetically discussed. Then,according to the development trend,some countermeasures for eco-environment protection and rehabilitation and sustainable development were proposed.

Impact of Dry Warming on Economic and Characteristic Crop and Coping Technology in Northwest of China

Based on the state of characteristics of dry warming of modern climate changing,the response of growth,output and quality of main economic crops such as cotton,flax and winter rape and characteristic crop such as vinifera and apple were discussed.The coping technology for climate changing and measurements for serving the agricultural were provided.

Epidemiological Investigation of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae in Western Shandong

[ Objective ] The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic status of porcine pleuropneumonia in western Shandong and establish the PCR method of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae （APP）. [ Method] The epidemic status of APP in lesion tissues of 186 death pigs and 545 health pigs without clinical symptoms was analyzed by PCR method. [ Result] APP positive rate in 186 samples accounted for 43.0% （80/186）, while that in 545 porcine serums accounted for 9.4% （51/545）. [ Conclusion] This PCR method can be used as one of the important means for APP clinical diagnosis.

Several Fossil Woods from Mesozoic of Western Liaoning Province, Northeast, China

The author described some new species and genera of the fossil woods from Mesozoic of Western Liaoning besides Xenoxylon latiporosum (Cramer) Gothan, X. hopeiense Chang, X. liaoningense Duan et Wang, X. yixianense Zhang et Shang, Protopiceoxylon yizhouense Duan et Cui. They are Protopiceoxylon chaoyangense Duan sp. nov., Araucarioxylon batuense Duan sp. nov., Taxoxylon liaoxiense Duan sp. nov. and an old species Araucarioxylon sidugawaense Shimakura.

The Comparison of Contents of Malondialdehyde and Proline in the Area of Karst Area in Northweastern Guangxi Province

[Objective] To select excellent pioneer species of better ecological and economical comprehensive benefits from the common rock hill plants in Karst area in northwestern Guangxi Province.[Method] Determine the contents of malondialdehyde and proline in leaves of 65 strains of plants by thiobarbituric acid method and sultosalicylic acid method,analyze the relevance of the contents of malondialdehyde and proline by mathematics statistics and analyze the 65 kinds of rock hill plants by clustering [Result] The contents of malondialdehyde and proline are 0.005 2-0.038 1 μmol/g.There are comparably significant differences in the contents of malondialdehyde in different plants;The determination of proline contents in plant＇s leaves are 4.347-374.956 μg/ml.There are also significant differences in proline of different leaves of rock hill plants.The contents of malondialdehyde and proline can be used as a reference point in selecting pioneer plants in Karst area.But when we select the pioneer plants,not only the biological characters of the species themselves should be taken into consideration,but also the differences of Karst area environment,ecological and biological benefits and the reasonable distribution of species.[Conclusion] Pistacia chinensis,Zenia insignis,Acacia confusa,Itoa orientalis and Sophora japonica can be used as the first choices of excellent pioneer plants in Karst area in northwestern area which comparably consists with the real situation of afforestation of rock hills and recovery of plants in Guangxi.

Research on the extension of Tamarix shrubs resulted from devel-opment projects in arid area

Tamarix plant is widely distributed in the arid areas of China for its great tolerance of draught, salt and alkali and attracts more attention by its strong capacity in windbreak and sand-fixations. “Tamarix dunes” constitute special desert bio-landscape in arid area. During last several decades,Tamarix shrubs declined and “Tamarix dunes” were also severely destroyed due to the land exploitation and serious deforestation, etc. From the 1980s until now, the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs caused by developmental projects such as building highway, railway was studied in the western dry area of China, including western section of Hexi Corridor of Gansu, railroads and highways around the two greatest basin in Xinjiang and interior regions in Gurbantonggut desert, through on-the-spot survey along the transportation lines and setting up sampling plots along the roads. It was found that large quantities ofTamarix plants grow in the catchment area of low-lying lands that were formed by bulldozer operation during road building period. The extension ofTamarix shrubs caused by engineering was similar to that of the other section of the area to some extent, but went beyond the original distribution. This extension is beneficial to the ecological restoration and re-vegetation of western region of China and plays an important role in control of the sandstorms and improvement of ecological environments. As a result, it is necessary to make a further study on the extending phenomenon ofTamarix shrubs and to seek approach to promote wider extension ofTamarix shrubs in suitable habitats. Key words Arid area - Tamarix - Development engineering - Vegetation extension CLC number S718.541 Document code A Article ID 1007-662X(2004)01-0045-04 Foundation Item: This study is supported by key projects of National Natural Science Foundation (39730100), National Foundation (30070640) and part of Project 973(G19990435).Biography: Huang Pei-You (1936-), Male, Professor in College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai

Effect of Different Land Use Patterns on Physical Properties of Soil Water in Yellow River Wetland in Shaanxi Province

[Objective] This study was to reveal the effect of different land use patterns on physical characteristics of soil water in the Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province.[Method]Taking Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province as experimental plot,we compared the physical properties of the soil water under different land use patterns and studied the physical properties and the change law of soil water during the wetland degeneration process.[Result]Under different land use patterns,soil bulk density rose with the increase of soil depth.During the degeneration process of from river wetland to reclaimed wetland（paddy field）,finally to abandoned land owing to salinization,the mean soil bulk density reduced correspondingly from 1.474 to 1.522 g/cm3,finally to 1.593 g/cm3 when abandoned.Accompanying wetland degeneration,soil became compact increasingly,and the indicators of soil porosity（total porosity,capillary porosity,non-capillary porosity）were also reduced with the change of land use patterns,in which,capillary porosity and total porosity reached the extremely significant level with the change of land use patterns,and non-capillary porosity reached significant level.The changes of soil porosity condition accelerated the deterioration of wetland.Under different land use patterns,the maximum soil moisture capacity,capillary moisture capacity and minimum moisture capacity all showed a similar change law.Compared with wetland,the maximum soil moisture capacity of reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 5.7% and 22.3%,capillary moisture capacity by 0.2% and 19.4%,minimum moisture capacity by 2.7% and 15.9%.Of the three land use patterns,wetland displayed both higher water holding capacity and water drainage capacity over reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land.By comparison with wetland,the reclaimed land（paddy field）and salinized land respectively decreased by 12.4% and 15.2% in total water holding capacity,and by 2.7% and 15.9% in total water drainage capacity.[Conclusion]To conserve the water resource in Yellow River wetland,regulate the hydrological cycle and enhance drought and water logging resistances,it should be noted that reasonable countermeasures be taken to exploit the state-owned forest land and paddy field around the wetland and the related resources.

Assessment of Climate for Agricultural Suitability and Optimal Allocation of Agricultural Production in the Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi Province

Based on spatial climatic data of agriculture and the experiment data, the models of agro-ecological assessment of climate for agricultural suitability in this study were developed using the fuzzy mathematical method. Three coefficients, in- cluding the resource coefficient （Cr）, the efficiency coefficient （Ce）, and the utility co- efficient （K）, were used in the models, which were calculated based on temperature, moisture, and sunshine duration data of Guanzhong region, Shaanxi Province. The results indicated that resource coefficient was higher in west of the region than that in east, and higher in south （especially in the Central Shaanxi Plain） than that in the Weibei plateau. The value of Cr changed from 6.5 to 9.2 from north to plain area. Spatial change of efficiency coefficient was obvious, lower in the northeast than in the central plain, and the value of Ce changed from 2.3 to 6.5 from the northeast to the central plain. As for utility coefficient, it was lower in northeastern part of the Weibei plateau and in southern mountain areas than that in the central plain, showing significant latitudinal zonality. Furthermore, the value of K increased from 0.35 to 0.78 from northeast to the central plain, and decreased from 0.78 to 0.53 from the central plain to southern mountain areas. These indicated that climate resource in the central plain region was more abundant and potential, compared with other regions. GuanZhong region was classified into three larger agricultural zones and three small independent zones, according to agro-ecological assessment. Light, heat and water resources should be made use of in an efficient way in spatial allo- cation of agricultural production. For example, water facilities should also be im- proved in Weibei plateau region where highly-qualified fruit should be enhanced and fruit processing industrial chain should be shaped. Large-scale production area of wheat should be increased in central irrigation region and more vegetable bases should be developed around large and medium-scale cities. Thanks for outstanding water conservation function, the three-dimensional agriculture including medicine and other sideline production should be developed in Qinling Mountains and the special- ized commercial agriculture should be accelerated in independent small zones, ac- cording to local conditions. In the research, different crop varieties were developed in corresponding regions as per current eco-climatic conditions.

本土叙事与全球化景观

吴玄是新近崛起的小说家。他出生于六十年代中期,当批评无能为力或捉襟见肘的时代,他就理所当然地被归于六十年代这个不知所云的群体里。对六十年代以后出生的作家,批评界的反映是十分怪异的:一方面,他们因提供了新的小说经验,为批评家对文学的阐释提供了新的话语空间。

Canonical Correlation Analysis of Agronomic Characters of Brassica juncea in Western China

[Objective] The study aimed at exploring the relationship among the agronomic characters of B. juncea in western China, in order to provide scientific basis for the breeding of B. juncea in western China. [Method] 39 B. juncea materials from western China were used for the canonical correlation analysis, and canonical correlations between each pair of the four ecological character （containing 18 variables） were verified, including yield characters （5 variables）, caulis characters （6 variables）, branch characters （3 variables） and pod characters （3 variables）. [Result] Yield per plant of B. juncea in western China suffered a tremendous influence from effective pod number per plant while was not significantly affected by the total pod number per plant, seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight; the most important character related with the yield character of B. juncea in western China was caulis character, followed by the branch character and pod character; yield characters, caulis characters, branch characters and pod characters of B. juncea in western China were closely correlated. [Conclusion] In order to improve the yield characters of B. juncea in western China, caulis characters should be focused on, followed by branch characters and pod characters; rapeseed varieties with high performance in total pod number per plant and effective pod number per plant should be chosen through the perspectives of effective branch number, plant height, pod number of main inflorescence, fruit stalk number of main inflorescence and other traits, while rapeseed varieties with high performance in seed number per pod and 1 000-seed weight should be chosen through the perspectives of beak length and other traits.

Analysis on Ecological Risk in Northwest China

Based on scenario analysis method, assuming different economic develop- ment policies, and AHP method, the ecological indicators and risk prediction models were established. The trends of ecological risk in the northwest region were ana- lyzed. The results showed that： in the northwest, the potential ecological risks of the population economy, water resources, and land resources and natural disasters still existed. However, the environment and respond to ecological risks were decreasing. Therefore, a regional balanced development measures had been taken to curb the western trend of ecological deterioration. So that socio-economic development, re- sources, environment, and economy were expected to a virtuous cycle, and the eco- logical risks would be reduced. This study provides the basis for land and water use planning and environmental protection of government decision-making and management.

Forecasting Public Green Area Per Capita in Xi’an City Based on GM (1, 1)

[Objective] To establish the comprehensive evaluation index system of public green area per capita as a quantitative mean of measuring ecological city and livable city. [Method]The GM (1, 1) forecasting model was set up according to statistics of public green area per capita in Xi’an City during 1996 and 2005, on this basis, the development trend of green area per capita in Xi’an City until 2015 were analyzed in case of no any changing factors or conditions. [Result]Grey forecasting model was established as, (t = 0, 1, …, n); model parameters as a = - 0.031 71, u = 4.139 17. After residual error test and posterior-variance-test, the precision of this model is proved fairly good. [Conclusions]According to this model, public green area per capita in Xi’an City will achieve 7.66 m2 by 2015, which is still far away from the livable city index (16 m2 per capita) and should be paid more attention by the local government, the construction of urban green areas should be further enhanced, more vegetations should be cultivated so as to improve the urban green coverage ratio.

Study on Extracting Information about Settlements Distribution in Western Jilin Province Based on Decision Tree Model

With western Jilin Province as the study region, spectral characteristics and texture features of remote sensing images were taken as the classification basis to construct a Decision Tree Model and extract information about settlements in western Jilin Province, and the manually-extracted information about settlements in western Jilin Province was evaluated by confusion matrix. The results showed that Decision Tree Model was convenient for extracting settlements information by integrating spectral and texture features, and the accuracy of such a method was higher than that of the traditional Maximum Liklihood Method, in addition, calculation methods of extracting settlements information by this mean were concluded.

从地理角度分析项羽失败的战略原因

项羽作为国君和统帅,在确定战略方针时未能考虑地理因素的重要影响,以致出现了一系列决策失误。例如选择资源匮乏、无险可守的"梁楚九郡"做根据地,建都彭城,而没有占据形势完固、物产丰饶的关中,结果其后方屡次被汉军攻破摧毁。他将主攻方向放在狭窄的豫西通道,无法展开兵力,发挥擅长野战的优势,致使刘邦得以集中人马成功地对其实施阻击。项羽对关东的韩、赵、魏、燕、齐等地区未予足够关注,没能实行有效的控制并征发那里的人力、资源来补充自己。尤其是对号称"东秦"的齐地举措失当,导致上述各地被刘邦轻易占领和利用,使楚汉双方的实力对比发生了逆转,造成了项羽的最后失败。

Assessment of degraded mattoral land using remote sensing im-agery in Guadalteba Area,Spain

Natural land cover information is important for analysing and understanding of the current terrestrial situation, especially in the study area that is facing the environmental deteriorating increasingly. The study combined the remote sensing Aster data and ground truth to improve 2001 land cover map of Guadalteba area in Spain, and increased the accuracy from 47% to 70%. The general land cover map produced about the Guadalteba study area outlines the distribution of the vegetation type and the current natural land cover in the area. Based on this improved general land cover map, the natural cover map gave an indication of the present location of nature and agriculture areas. The shrub land degradation map identified location of various shrub/matorral areas and different levels of degradation. The further analysis and discussion were done. The output maps indicated that much of the natural cover mostly dominated by formations of shrubs has been changed to agriculture and other land uses. It is observed that shrubland covers a small percentage, approximately 9% of the study area, due to land degradation in most parts caused by human interfere. Keywords Accuracy assessment - Aster - Land cover map - Matorral degradation map - Remote Sensing CLC number S757.3 Document code A Foundation item: This paper was partly sponsored by NFP (Netherlands Feliowship Program) and National Strategic Project “Environmentally Sound Forest Management Techniques and Models in Natural Forest in Northeast China” (2001BA510B0702) respectively.Biography: XING Yan-qiu (1970-), female, Lecturer, in College of Engi neering and technology Northeast Forestry University. Harbin 150040. P. R. ChinaResponsible editor: Song Funan

Current Situation and Development Countermeasures on Grassland Resource in Farming-pasturing Ecotone in West Jilin Province

Upon the current degradation situation of grassland in west Jilin Province,I analyzed the effects of natural factors and human activities on the degradation of grassland,and further purposefully put forward countermeasures on the remediation and development of grassland.As a conclusion,scientifically utilizing and protecting the grassland resources could suppress grassland degradation,promoting the sustainable development of regional economy.

Ecological Suitability Evaluation on Agricultural Land in Western Jilin Province Based on Fuzzy Mathematics

[Objective] This study was to evaluate the ecological suitability of agricultural land in western Jilin Province, with the aim to provide basis for the effective application of agricultural resources and the structural adjustment of land use. [Method] The evaluation index system was constructed based on fuzzy mathematic method according to the principles of systematic, dominant, effectiveness and feasibility; based on law of tolerance, reasonable evaluation criteria were determined according to the ecological amplitude of crops; based on GIS processing, the initial data completed the mathematical operation by using the VBA program in Excel. [Result] The area of agricultural land grade I was 5 512 km2, grade II of 25 985 km2, grade Ill of 7 907 km2, and area of land not suitable for agriculture was 6 312 km2. According to the evaluation results, the key areas for land use adjustment were Zhenlai County, Da＇an County, Tongyu County and western Changling County. The directions of land use adjustment included improving irrigation and drainage conditions, governing land salinization and conversion of cropland to forest and grassland. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the effective application of agricultural resources and ecological environment construction in western Jilin Province.

Survey of the use by birds of various karst wetlands in southwestern Guangxi, southern China

The limestone area located in southwestern Guangxi in the south of China is part of a global biodiversity hotspot. As an important habitat of this limestone region, karst wetlands provide birds with necessary water conditions for their survival and reproduction. From 2007 to 2012, bird surveys were conducted in natural wetlands(pools, streams, springs and seasonal flows) in 14 nature reserves and 18 reservoirs in the limestone area of southwestern Guangxi. A total of 365 bird species were recorded in field investigations, including 103 water-dependent birds mainly seen in wetlands. Among these 103 birds, 10 species are globally threatened and 5 species have been placed under national key protection. The birds were selective in their use of the various types of karst wetlands. The number of bird species was the highest in pools and springs, with 304 and 266 respectively, followed by streams with 131 species. Reservoirs are the main wintering habitat for the large Natatores and in the rainy season the importance of seasonal flows is paramount. Seasonal changes in the utilization of karst wetlands by birds were obvious; the number of bird species in the dry season was much higher than during the rainy season. Bird migration and seasonal flows are the main reasons for seasonal variation in the number of water-dependent birds. These natural karst wetlands ensure the drinking water supply for more than 80% of the water-independent birds in the dry season. These karst wetlands are the wintering ground and stopover area for 58 species of migrant birds. At present, threats to the birds in the karst wetlands consist of illegal hunting, habitat changes and eucalyptus plantations. Karst wetlands are important for protecting biodiversity. More attention ought to be directed to these wetlands and protection efforts enhanced.