美国阿富汗战争小说《警戒》中的战争框架与可堪哀悼的生命

《警戒》以美国阿富汗战争为背景,书写战争中不同等级的生命,区分战争框架内外可堪哀悼的生命和一文不值的生命。战争框架控制和操纵人们的感知,划定“我们”与“他们”的范围,促使人们区别对待框架内外的生命。美军士兵珍视框架内同伴的生命,但视框架外的阿富汗人为生命不堪哀悼的“非人”。尽管美军士兵和阿富汗人保持不同的立场,但源于人性之善,他们都曾向对方表达善意。美军士兵试图抵制战争框架的收编,但战争的不确定性又让他们时刻保持警戒。作者罗伊—巴塔查里亚借助《警戒》一书反思战争,主张平等地审视生命,寻求打破框架的路径。

反类型片《警戒结束》的艺术特征

电影《警戒结束》是一部反类型片,不同于其他警匪电影,该片并没有令人拍案叫绝的警匪故事,也没有令人眼花缭乱的叙事线索,而是融入了纪录片的拍摄方式,用崭新的视角展现了美国街头巡警的工作和生活。《警戒结束》又是一部名副其实的主旋律电影,塑造了街头巡警平凡质朴的英雄形象之外,也将美国文化和主流意识融入其中。本文通过分析该片的暴力美学、平凡英雄人物以及"搬演"意识下的电影语言,进一步解读该片的创作方式和艺术特征。

《警戒结束》中纪实影像风格的艺术张力

艺术真实将艺术的提炼视角对准了真实生活,从真实生活中提炼出美的意象,通过美学思想的融入表现生活的真实。电影艺术不同于文学艺术,形象直观的影像相较于文字表述更加能够反映出生活的真实,一些电影甚至利用不加雕琢的镜头,还原生活最本真的面貌。《警戒结束》几乎全片采用DV摄影,在摇晃的镜头中捕捉生活中最真实的一面,这种纪实影像风格呈现出的艺术张力,使该片的人物刻画与主题建构更加具有人文关怀与现实主义色彩。

Effects of Group Size on Vigilance Behavior of Wintering Common Cranes Grus grus

From January to March 2005, the effects of group size on the vigilance behavior of wintering Common Cranes Grus grus were studied at Lashihai Lake, Yunnan Province, China. We used scan sampling to record the group sizes and the number of vigilant individuals in each group, and focal sampling to record the frequency and duration of individual vigilance behavior. Both the vigilance efforts of groups and individuals significantly decreased as group size increased, but when the group size exceeded 30 individuals, the decrease of group vigilance became not significant （P 〉 0. 05）, and the vigilance duration of adult cranes increased （P 〈 0.01 ）. The vigilance frequency of adults increased （P 〈 0.05） when the size exceeded 50 individuals. Presumably, the maximal group size allowing the lowest vigilance for juvenile cranes was larger than that for adults, and the flocks composed of 20 to 30 individuals represented the optimal group size of wintering Common Cranes by considering only the vigilance behavior. Further research should focus on the synthesized effects of various factors.

Suitable distance to observe Red-crowned Cranes:a note on the observer effect

In order to assess the effect of the observer distance on the behavior of Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis),we studied their time budgets with a gradient of observer distances in Yancheng,China from December 2008 to March 2009.Observer distance was classified into four levels,i.e.,＜ 200 m,200-300 m,300-400 m and ＞ 400 m.The results indicated that cranes increased their vigilance when the observer was less than 300 m away.A safe distance for the observer was often as far as or more than 300 m.Cranes increased scan frequency when observers were within 200 m,whereas they prolonged the duration of their scan when observers were between 200 m and 300 m away,indicating two distinct vigilant strategies,given the observer distance.We suggest an observer distance of at least 300 m,in order to minimize the observer effect.

腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的螺旋CT诊断价值

目的探讨腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)的螺旋CT表现及诊断价值。材料和方法回顾性分析20例经手术或活检病理证实的后腹膜恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的临床和CT检查资料。结果 20例中,肿瘤最大平均直径为10.5cm。肿瘤形态不规则伴明显分叶,坏死部分占肿瘤体积的大部分,病灶呈浸润性生长。5例肿瘤内可见钙化,3例肿瘤见出血灶,3例肿瘤有脂肪成分。增强扫描肿瘤强化较明显,所谓轨道样强化4例。重建后肿瘤定位准确18例。结论螺旋CT对腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)有一定的诊断价值。

A Storm Surge Intensity Classification Based on Extreme Water Level and Concomitant Wave Height

Storm surge is one of the predominant natural threats to coastal communities. Qingdao is located on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in China. The storm surge disaster in Qingdao depends on various influencing factors such as the intensity, duration, and route of the passing typhoon, and thus a comprehensive understanding of natural coastal hazards is essential. In order to make up the defects of merely using the warning water level, this paper presents two statistical distribution models(Poisson Bi- variable Gumbel Logistic Distribution and Poisson Bi-variable Log-normal Distribution) to classify the intensity of storm surge. We emphasize the joint return period of typhoon-induced water levels and wave heights measured in the coastal area of Qingdao since 1949. The present study establishes a new criterion to classify the intensity grade of catastrophic storms using the typhoon surge estimated by the two models. A case study demonstrates that the new criterion is well defined in terms of probability concept, is easy to implement, and fits well the calculation of storm surge intensity. The procedures with the proposed statistical models would be useful for the disaster mitigation in other coastal areas influenced by typhoons.

Vigilance behavior of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica:Effect of sex and position in the herd

The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages （a reduction in the risk of predation） and disadvantages （competition between members of the herd） of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions

Sport participation and vigilance in children:Influence of different sport expertise

Purpose： The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between different types of sport expertise （externally-paced vs. self-paced sports） and vigilance performance in children by evaluating the cardiovascular fitness level of the participants. Methods： Three groups of children （11.0 ± 0.2 years） differentiated in terms of their regular sport participation （football players, n = 20; track and field athletes, n = 20; non-athletic controls, n = 20） took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level. In another session, participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task （PVT） to evaluate their vigilance performance under 2 conditions of velocity demands （normal vs. speed）. Results： The results revealed that both groups of sport practitioners had higher cardiovascular fitness than non-athlete controls. In contrast, no significant differences in the performance PVT were found between track and field athletes and controls. Crucially, football players showed better performance in the PVT than track and field athletes and controls. These between-group differences were not modulated by the speed demands of the task. Conclusion： The major novel finding of this research points to a positive relationship between sport participation and vigilance performance during childhood. We discuss our results in terms of the different hypotheses put forward in the literature to explain the relationship between regular exercise and cognitive fimctioning： the ＂cardiovascular fitness＂ and the ＂cognitive component skills＂ hypotheses.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

Suspended sediment transport analysis in two Italian instrumented catchments

Suspended sediment transport in streams is an effective indicator of soil erosion at the watershed scale. This process was studied using the data obtained from two continuous monitoring stations installed in Italian watersheds, the Rio Cordon and Torrente CarapeUe. The catchments have substantially different climatic, morphological and land use characteristics. The Rio Cordon, a small Alpine watershed, has been monitored since 1986, while in the Torrente Carapelle, a medium-size Mediterranean watershed, the monitoring station has provided data since 2007. Several flood events with suspended sediment transport were isolated in the two catchments, excluding those determined by snowmelt in the Rio Cordon as this process does not affect the Carapelle watershed. Analysis of the events showed different behavior in terms of hysteresis loop trends between water discharge （m3 S-1） and suspended sediment concentration （g 1-1） values, as the Rio Cordon confirms clockwise relationships most frequently, while counter-clockwise trends represent the majority of cases for the Carapelle Torrent. The different behavior of the two watersheds was further analyzed by evaluating relationships between the main hydrological parameters related to suspended sediment transport. Runoff controls the total sediment budget in both catchments. In contrast, it was noted that the runoff process does not interfere in the magnitude of the suspended sediment transport in the Rio Cordon catchment, while variations due to the larger size of the catchment area characterize the events in the Carapelle watershed. Lastly, a flow peak threshold that determines the advance or delay of the hydrograph peak with respect to the sedigraph peak was established for the Carapelle Torrent, while it was not reported in the Rio Cordon.

A multi-objective model for cordon-based congestion pricing schemes with nonlinear distance tolls

Congestion pricing is an important component of urban intelligent transport system.The efficiency,equity and the environmental impacts associated with road pricing schemes are key issues that should be considered before such schemes are implemented.This paper focuses on the cordon-based pricing with distance tolls,where the tolls are determined by a nonlinear function of a vehicles' travel distance within a cordon,termed as toll charge function.The optimal tolls can give rise to:1) higher total social benefits,2) better levels of equity,and 3) reduced environmental impacts(e.g.,less emission).Firstly,a deterministic equilibrium(DUE) model with elastic demand is presented to evaluate any given toll charge function.The distance tolls are non-additive,thus a modified path-based gradient projection algorithm is developed to solve the DUE model.Then,to quantitatively measure the equity level of each toll charge function,the Gini coefficient is adopted to measure the equity level of the flows in the entire transport network based on equilibrium flows.The total emission level is used to reflect the impacts of distance tolls on the environment.With these two indexes/measurements for the efficiency,equity and environmental issues as well as the DUE model,a multi-objective bi-level programming model is then developed to determine optimal distance tolls.The multi-objective model is converted to a single level model using the goal programming.A genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to determine solutions.Finally,a numerical example is presented to verify the methodology.

Impact of an Active Pharmacovigilance Program in a Third-Level Clinic in Barranquilla, Colombia

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of APV （active pharmacovigilance） and PPV （passive pharmacovigilance） by detection of ADEs （adverse drug events）, through PIs （pharmaceutical interventions）. Authors have used observational pre-post intervention study. Dader methodology was used in 123 patients with data obtained from medical records and pharmaceutical interview. Detection of ADE was made by direct observation and laboratory tests, with statistical significance 0.05. In PPV, 47 ADEs were detected： nausea, vomiting, skin rash and skin redness. In APV, 100 ADEs are presented, similar to those described in the PPV, in which Dipyrone produced 26.2%. The causes of DRPs （drug related problems） were： probability of adverse events 36%, personal characteristics 30%, and dose regimen and/or inadequate duration 22%. Out of 127 PIs performed, 91.34% were accepted and resolved. The patient satisfaction rate was 82.7% for APV and doctor satisfaction 90.4% with high impact, surpassing the 80%. The impact of APV was 93.6% and 53% in PPV for PIs and ADEs. PIs were performed to the ADEs with a high percentage of accepted and solved ones. Evaluation of satisfaction of patients and doctors in APV had a high impact. The assessment of APV generated a high impact on compliance and PPV a low one.

从动荡走向平稳发展的乌干达新闻传播业

乌干达1897年就有了第一份油印期刊,但新闻传播业发展缓慢。独立后乌干达媒体在20世纪70-80年代经历了黑暗的独裁统治,直至1990年前后才逐渐走上平稳发展的道路。目前乌干达媒体的立法环境、政治环境与经济环境都需要进一步的改善。1986年以来的当权总统穆塞韦尼,形式上致力于实现民主,但他持续30年执政本身,亦是对乌干达民主的讽刺。乌干达的新闻自由潜在着很多不确定性。

Environment-dependent attack rates of cryptic and aposematic butterflies

Many organisms have evolved adaptive coloration that reduces their risk of predation. Cryptic colo- ration reduces the likelihood of detection/recognition by potential predators, while warning or aposematic coloration advertises unprofitability and thereby reduces the likelihood of attack. Although some studies show that aposematic coloration functions better at decreasing attack rate than crypsis, recent work has suggested and demonstrated that crypsis and aposematism are both successful strategies for avoiding predation. Furthermore, the visual environment （e.g., ambient lighting, background） affects the ability for predators to detect prey. We investigated these 2 related hypoth- eses using 2 well-known visually aposematic species of Heliconius butterflies, which occupy differ- ent habitats （open-canopy vs. closed-canopy）, and one palatable, cryptic, generalist species Junonia coenia. We tested if the differently colored butterflies differ in attack rates by placing plasti- cine models of each of the 3 species in 2 different tropical habitats where the butterflies naturally occur： disturbed, open-canopy habitat and forested, closed-canopy habitat. The cryptic model had fewer attacks than one of the aposematic models. Predation rates differed between the 2 habitats, with the open habitat having much higher predation. However, we did not find an interaction between species and habitat type, which is perplexing due to the different aposematic phenotypes naturally occurring in different habitats. Our findings suggest that during the Panamanian dry sea- son avian predation on perched butterflies is not a leading cause in habitat segregation between the 2 aposematic species and demonstrate that cryptically colored animals at rest may be better than aposematic prey at avoiding avian attacks in certain environments.

Do predator energy demands or previous exposure influence protection by aposematic coloration of prey？

Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator＇s diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion of aposematic and toxic ladybirds in its natural diet. Here, we present experi- ments testing the attack and eating rate of the tree sparrow toward the invasive aposematic harle- quin ladybird Harmonia axyridis. We wondered whether the sparrow＇s ability to prey on native ladybirds predisposes them to also prey on harlequin ladybirds. We compared the attack and eat- ing rates of tree sparrows of particular age and/or experience classes to test for any changes during ontogeny （hand-reared x young wild-caught xadult wild-caught） and with differing perceived lev- els of physiological stress （summer adult ~ winter adult）. Winter adult tree sparrows commonly at- tacked and ate the offered ladybirds with no evidence of disgust or metabolic difficulties after in- gestion. Naive and wild immature tree sparrows attacked the ladybirds but hesitated to eat them. Adult tree sparrows caught in the summer avoided attacking the ladybirds. These results suggest that tree sparrows are able to cope with chemicals ingested along with the ladybirds. This pre- adaptation enables them to include ladybirds in their diet; though they commonly do this only in times of shortage in insect availability （winter）. Young sparrows showed avoidance toward the chemical protection of the ladybirds.