宋代“牒试”制度论考

宋代士大夫普遍认为,"牒试"是天水一朝科举考试中最阴暗的角落,也是腐蚀读书人心智的罪魁祸首。该制度源自于"别头试",是指由转运司组织的对各地官员亲属、门客等的科举选拔考试,大体上相当于州军发解试。宋朝实行"牒试"制度的初衷是为了防范官员利用其手中的权力在地方科场中营私舞弊,但在实际操作过程中,"牒试"却逐渐演变成为政府对官员亲属的照顾和恩惠。因此,与其说"牒试"为防弊之策,倒不如说是官员特权的直接体现。就"牒试"制度而言,总体上还是比较严密的,按照规定,凡参加"牒试"者必须具备相应的资格,如须有关官员的担保,且必须是真正的官员亲属、门客,等等。然而,由于"牒试"录取比例远远高于普通举子参加的发解试,因而各地方官员为了给亲朋故旧谋取功名,往往假冒籍贯、亲属关系或门客,通过种种违法"经营",使那些本来不符合条件的举子具备了法定"牒试"资格。结果不仅加剧了两宋时期的冗官危机,导致严重的吏治腐败,而且扰乱了科场秩序,破坏了科举考试的严肃性和公正性,给宋代科场、官场乃至整个社会带来了难以估量的负面效应。

“实验”与“试验”在编辑工作中的规范使用

从"实"与"试"字义的演变、"实验"与"试验"词义的演变及"实验"与"试验"的区别3个方面入手,查阅相关资料,对"实验"与"试验"二词进行辨析,发现"实验"具有检验、复核的含义,而"试验"具有创新、探索和尝试的意义,故在编辑加工过程中应规范使用,从而使文字使用更贴近实际工作的意义。

“为”、“试”作动词前缀辨

《中国语文》 1 999年第 5期王云路 中古诗歌附加式双音词举例 一文中论及 "为 "、"试 "作动词前缀的问题。本文认为, 为 "置于动词之前或之后均为同义连用; 试 "置于动词之前应为语气副词。因此,不应将 为 "、 试"

Evaluation Test Research of DR Inspection System for Circumferential Welds in Long Distance Pipeline

Digital radiographic(DR)testing equipment has been widely promoted and applied in the inspection of circumferential welds in oil and gas pipelines.In order to establish a comprehensive quality control system for digital radiographic testing and fully evaluate the integrated system inspection ability of equipment,personnel,and processes,a scientific and standardized evaluation method to the system is very necessary.Here investigates the precedents of relevant non-destructive testing evaluation methods at home and abroad,considers the testing characteristics of DR equipment,develops a complete set of DR testing system evaluation procedures.It deeply studies the adaptability methods of program processes from defect production to slicing processing and data statistical calculation for digital radiographic testing evaluation.To check the repeatability and reliability of the detectable system,five process welds with 200 real metallographic defects were fabricated in the laboratory.From the detected results,the DR system has good repeatability in image quality,and the detectable defect size reaches 0.85 mm under achieving 90%detection probability at a confidence level of 95%,the error of detected defect length is±2 mm,and the error of detected defect localization is±5 mm.The qualitative and quantitative detection of defects are accurate and reliable.The test further confirmed the reliable detection ability of the DR detection system,and fully validated the scientific and practical evaluation method designed.The research on the evaluation test method can serve as an important link in the quality control system for the on-site application of digital ray equipment in long-distance pipelines.The designed program,test,and evaluation content can serve as an important basis for the formulation of relevant specifications or standards.

Research on Automatic Test System of Engine Blade Natural Frequency

Blades are one of the important components on aircraft engines.If they break due to vibration failure,the normal operation of the entire engine will be offected.Therefore,it is necessary to measure their natural frequency before installing them on the engine to avoid resonance.At present,most blade vibration testing systems require manual operation by operators,which has high requirements for operators and the testing process is also very cumbersome.Therefore,the testing efficiency is low and cannot meet the needs of efficient testing.To solve the current problems of low testing efficiency and high operational requirements,a high-precision and high-efficiency automatic test system is designed.The testing accuracy of this system can reach ±1%,and the testing efficiency is improved by 37% compared to manual testing.Firstly,the influence of compression force and vibration exciter position on natural frequency test is analyzed by amplitude-frequency curve,so as to calibrate servo cylinder and fourdimensional motion platform.Secondly,the sine wave signal is used as the excitation to sweep the blade linearly,and the natural frequency is determined by the amplitude peak in the frequency domain.Finally,the accuracy experiment and efficiency experiment are carried out on the developed test system,whose results verify its high efficiency and high precision.

Controlling Reactivity of Palladium Amides for Selective Carbonylation towards Urea and Oxamide Derivatives

Carbonylation reactions,crucial for carbonyl group incorporation,struggle with the inherent complexity of achieving selective mono-or double-carbonylation on single substrates,often due to competing reaction pathways.Herein,our study introduces a strategy employing palladium amides,harnessing their unique reactivity control,to direct the selective carbonylation of amines for the targeted synthesis of urea and oxamide derivatives.The palladium amide structure was elucidated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction.Controlled experiments and cyclic voltammetry studies further elucidate that the oxidation of palladium amide or its insertion into a carbonyl group diverges into distinct pathways.By employing sodium percarbonate as an eco-friendly oxidant and base,we have successfully constructed a switchable carbonylation system co-catalyzed by palladium and iodide under room temperature.The utilizing strategy in this study not only facilitates effective control over reaction selectivity but also mitigates the risk of explosions,a critical safety concern in traditional carbonylation methods.

Temperature effects on the failure of deep circular tunnel under true-triaxial compression

The failure characteristics of thermal treated surrounding rocks should be studied to evaluate the stability and safety of deep ground engineering under high-ground-temperature and high-ground-stress conditions.The failure process of the inner walls of fine-grained granite specimens at different temperatures(25–600℃)was analyzed using a true-triaxial test system.The failure process,peak intensity,overall morphology(characteristics after failure),rock fragment characteristics,and acoustic emission(AE)characteristics were analyzed.The results showed that for the aforementioned type of granite specimens,the trend of the failure stress conditions changed with respect to the critical temperature(200℃).When the temperature was less than 200℃,the initial failure stress increased,final failure stress increased,and failure severity decreased.When the temperature exceeded 200℃,the initial failure stress decreased,final failure stress decreased,and failure severity increased.When the temperature was 600℃,the initial and final failure stresses of the specimens decreased by 60.93%and 19.77%compared with those at 200℃,respectively.The numerical results obtained with the software RFPA3D-Thermal were used to analyze the effect of temperature on the specimen and reveal the mechanism of the failure process in the deep tunnel surrounding rock.

A coupled strain softening and hardening model for completely weathered granite in a fault zone

his study focused on exploring the specificity of mechanical behavior for completely weathered granite,as a special soil,by consolidated drained triaxial tests.The influences of dry density(1.60,1.70,1.80 and 1.90 g/cm^(3)),confining pressure(100,200,400 and 600 kPa),and moisture content(13.0%,that is,natural moisture content)were investigated in the present work.A newly developed Duncan-Chang model was established based on the experimental data and Duncan-Chang model.The influence of each parameter on the type of the proposed model curve was also evaluated.The experimental results revealed that with varying dry density and confining pressure,the deviatoric stress–strain curves have diversified characteristics including strain-softening,strain-stabilization and strain-hardening.Under high confining pressure condition,specimens with different densities all showed strain-hardening characteristic.Whereas at the low confining pressure levels,specimens with higher densities gradually transform into softening characteristics.Except for individual compression shear failure,the deformation modes of the specimens all showed swelling deformation,and all the damaged specimens maintained good integrity.Through comparing the experiment results,the strain-softening or strain-hardening behavior of CWG specimens could be predicted following the proposed model with high accuracy.Additionally,the proposed model can accurately characterize the key mechanical indicators,such as tangent modulus,peak value and residual strength,which is simple to implement and depends on fewer parameters.

Application of excavation compensation method for enhancing stability and efficiency in shallow large-span rock tunnels

Engineering shallow,large-span rock tunnels challenges deformation control and escalates construction costs.This study investigates the excavation compensation method(ECM)and its associated technologies to address these issues.Utilizing five key technologies,the ECM effectively modulates radial stress post-excavation,redistributes stress in the surrounding rock,and eliminates tensile stress at the excavation face.Pre-tensioning measures further enhance the rock’s residual strength,establishing a new stability equilibrium.Field tests corroborate the method’s effectiveness,demonstrating a crown settlement reduction of 3–8 mm,a nearly 50%decrease compared to conventional construction approaches.Additionally,material consumption and construction duration were reduced by approximately 30%–35%and 1.75 months per 100 m,respectively.Thus,the ECM represents a significant innovation in enhancing the stability and construction efficiency of large-span rock tunnels,marking a novel contribution to the engineering field.

3D Ice Shape Description Method Based on BLSOM Neural Network

When checking the ice shape calculation software,its accuracy is judged based on the proximity between the calculated ice shape and the typical test ice shape.Therefore,determining the typical test ice shape becomes the key task of the icing wind tunnel tests.In the icing wind tunnel test of the tail wing model of a large amphibious aircraft,in order to obtain accurate typical test ice shape,the Romer Absolute Scanner is used to obtain the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape on the tail wing model.Then,the batch-learning self-organizing map(BLSOM)neural network is used to obtain the 2D average ice shape along the model direction based on the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape,while its tolerance band is calculated using the probabilistic statistical method.The results show that the combination of 2D average ice shape and its tolerance band can represent the 3D characteristics of the test ice shape effectively,which can be used as the typical test ice shape for comparative analysis with the calculated ice shape.

Data-driven methods for predicting the representative temperature of bridge cable based on limited measured data

Cable-stayed bridges have been widely used in high-speed railway infrastructure.The accurate determination of cable’s representative temperatures is vital during the intricate processes of design,construction,and maintenance of cable-stayed bridges.However,the representative temperatures of stayed cables are not specified in the existing design codes.To address this issue,this study investigates the distribution of the cable temperature and determinates its representative temperature.First,an experimental investigation,spanning over a period of one year,was carried out near the bridge site to obtain the temperature data.According to the statistical analysis of the measured data,it reveals that the temperature distribution is generally uniform along the cable cross-section without significant temperature gradient.Then,based on the limited data,the Monte Carlo,the gradient boosted regression trees(GBRT),and univariate linear regression(ULR)methods are employed to predict the cable’s representative temperature throughout the service life.These methods effectively overcome the limitations of insufficient monitoring data and accurately predict the representative temperature of the cables.However,each method has its own advantages and limitations in terms of applicability and accuracy.A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of these methods is conducted,and practical recommendations are provided for their application.The proposed methods and representative temperatures provide a good basis for the operation and maintenance of in-service long-span cable-stayed bridges.

Scoring and Consequential Validity Evidence of Computer-and Paper-Based Writing Tests in Times of Change

Little is known about how the assessment modality,i.e.,computer-based(CB)and paper-based(PB)tests,affects language teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences and,therefore,the validity and fairness of classroom writing assessments.The present mixed-methods study used Shaw and Weir’s(2007)sociocognitive writing test validation framework to examine the scoring and consequential validity evidence of CB and PB writing tests in EFL classroom assessment in higher education.Original handwritten and word-processed texts of 38 EFL university students were transcribed to their opposite format and assessed by three language lecturers(N=456 texts,152 per teacher)to examine the scoring validity of CB and PB tests.The teachers’perceptions of text quality and preferences for assessment modality accounted for the consequential validity evidence of both tests.Findings revealed that the assessment modality impacted teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences.The teachers awarded higher scores to original and transcribed handwritten texts,particularly text organization and language use.The teachers’perceptions of text quality differed from their ratings,and physical,psychological,and experiential characteristics influenced their preferences for assessment modality.The results have implications for the validity and fairness of CB and PB writing tests and teachers’assessment practices.

离合词“考试”的演变过程

以北京大学语料库为文献来源,对"考试"的演变过程进行考察,发现现代汉语中用作离合词的"考试"并不是由动词"考"和动词"试"结合的动宾短语词汇化形成的,也不能说明其已经完成了去词汇化的发展过程。"考试"的演变是汉语一形多源共时分布现象的反映,其演化趋势取决于语言使用的频率和社会的选择。

“试”非词缀辨

有学者认为"试"可作动词前缀,并举了一些诗歌中的用例。通过对"试"的词义发展过程、"试"与动词组合的意义及组合紧密度并结合"试"在现代汉语中的性质三个方面的考察,发现"试"与动词的组合非常松散,很多组合在古文献中都有扩展形式,而且散文与韵文并用,只是由于韵文的简略造成了理解失误。

试密码

今天下午，爸爸妈妈去外面办事，好朋友冰冰来我家玩。我们想偷偷玩一会儿电脑。

从IELTS考试看我国英语测试系统改革趋势

IELTS考试因其具有科学性、公信度高、客观性强等特点 而被有关专家认为是目前国内外各种英语测试中最为可信和有效的、能够比较客观地考察出 考生的实际英语应用能力的测试体系。我国目前的英语测试大多仍注重考察学生的英语语言 知识，难以客观、公正地反映学生的语言能力。IELTS测试体系为我国英语测试系统的测试 模式、内容和评估标准的改革和完善、提高测试的可靠性和有效性等提供了宝贵的可鉴之资 。

《试差事宜》浅析——基于考试管理的视角

《试差事宜》系晚清重臣翁心存为指导其长子翁同书主持直省乡试所作。文章的主要内容是传授科场经验,提醒儿子:在恪守《钦定科场条例》的前提下,要适当顺应当地惯例,同其他人以礼相处,尤其是自己的同伴;更要在拟题、录取过程中避免出现差错,甚至要使用各种手段以规避磨勘等。这些科场经验不仅能够印证清代直省乡试制度,重现清代道咸之间直省乡试在《钦定科场条例》规定下的实际运作情形,还能够使人们从琐屑细碎的文字中窥见许多“他人不道、他书不载”的内容,如严密的科举制度下直省乡试考官的闱事办理、日常生活及独特心理等方面的具体情况。这些内容对研究科举时期的考试管理具有不可替代的价值。

《试井工程师助手》软件系列

由廊坊嘉业石油技术有限公司开发的《试井工程师助手》系列软件 ,是国内率先应用在测试 (试井 )工程施工作业方面的商品化软件。它是专为地层测试、试井施工所涉及的数据、文字、表格、曲线、图形、井下管柱组合图等内容 ,进行规范化、专业化处理及高效管理的软件系统。

四通阀焓差试验室的系统结构和软件设计

本文介绍了四通阀焓差试验室的结构与功能，着重讲述了可编程控制器（ＰＬＣ）在控制系统中的应用和计算机软件的设计。