迷迭香

为了某些如今已逝的东西。

迷迭香酸通过诱导凋亡及抑制NF-κB信号通路发挥抗肝癌作用的机制研究

目的:探讨迷迭香酸对小鼠肝癌H22移植瘤生长的抑制作用及分子机制。方法:建立雄性昆明种小鼠肝癌H22皮下移植瘤模型,荷瘤小鼠随机分为如下4组(n=10):阴性对照组、迷迭香酸钠25,50mg/kg组、阿霉素组(ADM,5mg/kg),连续给药10天(ip)。测量实体瘤体积,计算药物抑瘤率;进行外周血白细胞分类计数;采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)法测定肿瘤组织中NF-κB的mRNA表达水平,免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测肿瘤组织中Caspase-3、bcl-2、Bax及NF-κB p65、NF-κB p50、p-IκB-α蛋白表达水平。结果:迷迭香酸钠25、50mg/kg剂量组肿瘤生长变缓,抑瘤率分别为45.67%,52.82%。外周血白细胞及淋巴细胞数目较对照组明显上升。迷迭香酸钠25,50mg/kg组小鼠体重与对照组无明显差异。迷迭香酸钠50mg/kg组肿瘤组织发生明显细胞凋亡,Bax,Caspsase-3蛋白表达显著升高,bcl-2表达显著降低,同时NF-κB的mRNA表达及p-IκB-α蛋白表达显著减少,NF-κB信号通路受到抑制。结论:迷迭香酸钠能通过诱导凋亡、抑制NF-κB通路活性而在H22荷瘤小鼠体内发挥显著的抗肝癌作用,迷迭香酸钠具有良好抗肝癌活性,展现出低毒优点,有望成为抗肝癌新药。

迷迭香脂溶性提取物对MCAO型大鼠脑缺血的保护作用

目的:研究两种迷迭香脂溶性提取物对MCAO型大鼠脑缺血的影响。方法:采用大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,观察与比较迷迭香的乙酸乙酯提取物和三氯甲烷提取物对MCAO型大鼠脑缺血的保护作用。结果:以20、40、80 mg/kg的剂量连续灌胃5天,乙酸乙酯提取物20 mg/kg组和三氯甲烷提取物80 mg/kg组能明显改善模型大鼠的神经功能障碍;乙酸乙酯提取物20 mg/kg组和三氯甲烷提取物40、80 mg/kg组能明显减轻模型大鼠的脑梗塞范围,对脑系数有降低趋势;乙酸乙酯提取物三个剂量组和三氯甲烷提取物80 mg/kg组能明显降低模型大鼠ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,三氯甲烷提取物80 mg/kg组还能明显降低模型大鼠FIB的含量,乙酸乙酯提取物的20、40 mg/kg剂量组和三氯甲烷提取物三个剂量组均能不同程度降低造模大鼠LDH的释放,其中以三氯甲烷提取物80 mg/kg组作用较为明显。结论:迷迭香脂溶性提取物对MCAO型大鼠脑缺血有显著保护作用。

迷迭香酸对小鼠移植性S180肉瘤的抑制作用

目的:研究迷迭香酸钠对小鼠移植性S180肉瘤的抑制作用,初步探讨其可能机制。方法:建立S180实体瘤动物模型,实验设立5组,即生理盐水对照组,迷迭香酸钠25、50、100mg/kg各剂量组、阿霉素组,腹腔注射给药10天,观察小鼠及肿瘤的生长情况,绘制小鼠体重生长曲线,计算抑瘤率及脾脏系数、胸腺系数,ELISA法检测血清中的细胞因子含量,蛋白质印迹法检测迷迭香酸钠50mg/kg组肿瘤组织中Bcl-2、Bax的表达等指标。结果:与阴性对照组相比,迷迭香酸钠能改善荷瘤小鼠的体重、精神状态等一般情况;阿霉素组和迷迭香酸钠组小鼠肿瘤体积与阴性对照组相比都有明显减小;阿霉素组抑瘤率为60%,迷迭香酸钠各剂量组抑瘤率分别33.55%、48.89%、42.22%。迷迭香酸钠的小鼠脾脏系数、胸腺系数及血清TNF-α、TNF-β、IFN-γ水平增高,迷迭香酸钠50mg/kg肿瘤组织中Bax的表达较对照组出现明显上调,Bcl-2的表达则明显下调。结论:迷迭香酸钠具有明显的抗肿瘤作用,其机制可能与提高机体免疫功能有关,同时通过调节Bcl-2和Bax来诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

肿节风总黄酮及迷迭香酸、落新妇苷对大鼠骨髓巨核细胞增殖的影响

目的:探讨肿节风总黄酮部位及其成分迷迭香酸、落新妇苷对大鼠骨髓巨核细胞增殖及血小板生成素(TPO)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的影响。方法:采用兔抗大鼠血小板相关抗体(稀释倍数为128倍)建立大鼠骨髓巨核细胞增殖障碍模型,研究肿节风总黄酮部位500、250、125、62.5μg/ml,迷迭香酸500、250、125、62.5μg/ml及落新妇苷500、250、125、62.5μg/ml对大鼠骨髓巨核细胞增殖及培养上清液中TPO及TGF-β1含量的影响。结果:(1)肿节风总黄酮部位500、250、125μg/ml,迷迭香酸250、125μg/ml及落新妇苷500、250μg/ml均可显著促进大鼠骨髓巨核细胞的增殖;(2)肿节风总黄酮部位500、250、125、62.5μg/ml,迷迭香酸500、250μg/ml及落新妇苷500、250、62.5μg/ml均可显著降低培养体系中TPO的含量;肿节风总黄酮部位250、125、62.5μg/ml及落新妇苷500、125μg/ml均可显著增加培养体系中TGF-β1的含量,迷迭香酸对培养体系中TGF-β1的含量无明显影响。结论:肿节风总黄酮部位、迷迭香酸及落新妇苷均可以促进大鼠骨髓巨核细胞的增殖,迷迭香酸及落新妇苷是肿节风总黄酮部位促骨髓巨核细胞增殖的物质基础。

Effects of Different Matrix Formulations and NAA Concentrations on Rosemary Cuttings

[Objective] The effects of different matrix formulations and NAA concentra-tions on the growth of roots and survival rate of rosemary cuttings were investigat-ed. [Method] The randomized block design was adopted. There were 9 formulations of matrix and 4 concentrations of NAA in the test. The survey and determination data was analyzed by Excel. [Result] For rosemary cuttings, the roots of Treatment 7 （turfy soil∶perlite=3∶2） had the best growth with the highest survival rate of nearly 100%. The roots of rosemary cuttings had the best growth for 150 mg/L of NAA with the highest survival rate of 88.9%. [Conclusion] For rosemary cuttings, the op-timal matrix formulation was turfy soil∶perlite=3∶2, and the optimal NAA concentration was 150 mg/L.

Anti-inflammation Activities of Essential Oil and Anti-microbial Activities Of Ethanol Extraction from China's Rosemary

Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.

Evaluation of Essential Oils from Rosemary, Orange, Lavandula and False Yellowhead on Hatching and Motility of Root-Knot Nematode

Essential oils （EOs） from Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis （Lamiaceae）, Orange, Citrus sinensis （Rutaceae）, Lavandula, Lavandula angustifolia （Lamiaceae）, False Yellowhead, Dittrichia viscosa （Asteraceae） and their major components were evaluated against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogynejavanica. Second stage juveniles＇ （J2） paralysis and egg hatch inhibition were studied, while pulverized plant parts were tested for nematodes biological cycle arrest. All EOs paralyzed J2 and M. incognita were found more sensitive than M javanica with the EC50/4 days calculated at 250, 3,650 and 4,260 12g/mL for 1）. viscosa, L. angustifolia and R. officinalis, respectively. Similarly, all EOs inhibited nematodes egg hatch and D. viscosa exhibited the highest inhibition on egg hatch （100% inhibition at 5 μg/mL）. A significant influence of constituent terpenes （limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, L-borneol, caryophyllene oxide, β-eudesmol） dose and exposure time was indicated on egg hatch inhibition （56% to 100% at 500 μg/mL and 1,000 μg/mL）, while only β-eudesmol achieved paralysis of J2 and specifically against M. incognita （EC50/1d = 50μg/mL）. Interestingly, the most active botanical species arresting Meloidogyne spp. biological cycle in soil was C. sinensis （EC50 = 2 mg/g） and the most sensitive nematode species was M. javanica. The larvicidal and egg hatch inhibition activity holds promise towards the optimization of artificial terpene mixtures as novel and effective natural nematicides. Complex interactions of primary compounds and subsequent decomposition derivates compose efficacy profile of soil amendments.

Effect of Three Different Growth Media on Yield and Oil Constituents of Rosemary （Rosmarinus officinalis L.） under Protected Agriculture Conditions

Medicinal plants provide an important source of cure since ancient time. Poor soil resources, scarce and saline water and the harsh environment limited the production of plants in the Arabian Gulf countries. This study aimed to investigate the production potential of rosemary （Rosmarinus officinalis L.） grown on different growth media under greenhouse conditions. Three growth media agricultural soil, compost and hydroponic system were used, whereas tuff （inert volcanic material） was used as substrate. The result indicated that the high salinity of the agricultural soil limited growth and oil yield in rosemary. Shoot height increased in 11 weeks, by 62%, 65% and 114% in plants grown in agricultural soil, hydroponic system and compost, respectively. Na content in plants grown in agricultural soil was significantly higher than in plants grown in the other treatment. Essential oil yield in plants grown in compost exceeded those in agricultural soil by 114%. Essential oil content （0.66%-1.5% w/w） and chemical constituents concentrations did not change significantly with growth media. The main constituents, more or less, are comparable to essential oils constituents reported from other countries. In comparison, better yields are obtained for individual components of the oils of plants grown under our green house conditions. This study demonstrated the great potential of commercial production of rosemary in the greenhouse without compromising the oil quality and oil yield.

The Effect of Processing Variables on Antioxidative Capacity of Mangosteen Peel （Garcinia mangostana L.） Extract

Mangosteen peel （Garcinia mangostana L.） is well known as an excellent source of antioxidative compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable processing condition for ethanolic extraction of mangosteen peel. The experimental factors included raw material prepared as fresh and dried forms, material-to-solvent ratio varying at 1：3, 1：4, 1：5, 1：6, 1：9 and 1：12, and contacting time at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 16 hours. Antioxidative capacity of all extracts were evaluated and compared according to DPPH radical scarvenging assay, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity （TEAC assay） and total phenolic compounds. It was found that the extract from dried mangosteen peel had significantly stronger antioxidative capacity than that from fresh mangosteen peel （P 〈 0.05）. The suitable ethanolic extraction was found at the material-to-solvent ratio of 1：6 and 12 hours of contacting time. Mangosteen peel extracts prepared from fresh peel, dried peel, boiled and dried peel were also tested for oxidative rancidity reduction in lard at accelerated temperature of 60 ~C. The antioxidative rancidity was measured by acid value, totox value and thiobarbituric acid test. Commercial rosemary extract and BHT were compared at the equivalent concentration of 1,000 mg/kg. The results showed that the extract from dried mangosteen peel provided antioxidative capacity slightly stronger than fresh mangosteen peel extract, similar to rosemary extract but still poorer than BHT.

A Lyophilized Water Extract of Melissa officinalis L. as an Effective Natural Antioxidant during the Storage of Dry Fermented Sausages High in a-Linolenic Acid and DHA

A pre-emulsified mixture of linseed and algae oils （15/10） and stabilized with 686 ppm of a lyophilized water extract of Melissa officinalis, was successfully applied in dry fermented sausages to increase the ω-3 PUFA content. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stability of this modified formulation during the storage and to compare it to that of a traditional formulation. Traditional and modified products were stored during 90 days at 4 °C in aerobic conditions. Fatty acid profiles, TBARS and volatile compounds derived from oxidation were analyzed at 0, 30 and 90 days of storage. The fatty acid profiles did not significantly change along the storage period. The stabilizing effect of the natural antioxidants ofM. officinalis could contribute to detect no losses of to-3 PUFA in Modified （30 days： 2.13 g/100 g of product, 90 days： 2.33 g/100 g of product）, whereas in Control products a slightly significant reduction was detected （30 days： 0.34 g/100 g of product, 90 days： 0.29 g/! 00 g of product）. After 90 days, the increases of TBARS and hexanal content were much higher in Control than in Modified （Control： 1.41 mg MDA/kg ＆ 17,915 ng dodecane/kg of dry matter; Modified： 0.48 mg MDA/kg ＆ 2,496 ng dodecane/kg of dry matter）. In conclusion, the lyophilized water extract of M. officinalis protected high ωo-3 PUFA of dry fermented sausages from oxidation along the storage time, guaranteeing the nutritional improvements achieved with the modified formulation.

Malacological Diversity on Some Lamiaceae in the Region of Tlemcen （Northwest Algeria）

The region of Tlemcen is located in the northwestern part of Algeria. Its arid climate leads to the degradation of vegetation in open formation, where can be found the doum, the diss and broom. Other aromatic species such as rosemary, thyme, lavender and horehound are considered as well. The four previous aromatic species belong to the family Labiatae for their morphological and botanical characters. The authors propose to design an approach to identify the diversity of malacofauna found on these different Lamiaceae. These are certainly a nutritional source for this malacological fauna. So, a survey was performed in various stations. The malacological richness is estimated to be 19 for thyme, 18 for rosemary, 16 for lavender, and finally 7 for horehound. It includes four families, namely Milacidae, Sphincterochilidae, Helicidae and Subulinidae. Milacidae are present only in horehound and lavender stations. On the other hand, the Sphincterochilidae, namely Sphincterochila candidissima, is absent on horehound. Rumina decollata is the only species in the family Subulinidae. As for the family Helicidae, it is the richest and includes two specific subfamilies： Helicinae and Helicellinae. The first subfamily consists of 11 species of thyme, 10 species of rosemary and lavender. The second subfamily includes 6 species of thyme and rosemary and 3 of lavender, respectively. In addition, the author tries to look for the malacological species specific to each of these plants and those who are common to them as well. Finally, the vertical distribution of gastropods is given.

The Effect of N-Fertilization on Rosmarinus Officinalis L. （An Upright Variety） Yield in Central Greece

The effect of three different N-fertilization levels （NI： 625, N2：385 and N3：770 kg hal; where in case of N1 was used the 3-6-10＋3MGO＋30% OM and in cases of N2-N3 the 26-0-0 fertilizers） on fresh and dry weight of the perennial Rosmarinus officinalis （upright cultivar） was investigated during the 2nd year after establishment at the Experimental Farm of the Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly in Greece （TEI; Larissa plain） in 2015. It is well documented that the crop reaches its potential yield on the third year of cultivation and continues producing biomass for as long as eight years. Complete weather data （air temperature, radiation, air humidity, precipitation） were recorded hourly in an automatic meteorological station, which was installed to the experimental farm of TEI. Upon harvest （November 3rd 2015）, the crop reached a maximum fresh yield of 11.67 tons per hectare and dry yield of 4.3, respectively. The average fresh weight was 8.2, 8.4 and 8.9 t hal and the dry weight were 2.6, 3.1 and 3.2 t ha-1 for the N1, N2 and N3 levels, respectively. Furthermore the higher moisture content was observed in the case of N1 level （68%）. Therefore, the above data show that rosemary cultivation could be a promising alternative crop, especially in case of the consideration that average selling price of dry rosemary in Greece is 3.5 ∈ kg^-1 and the average gross income exceeds the amount of 10,000 ∈ ha^-1.

Inhibition of P2X_7 Receptor by Extracts of Chinese Medicine

Objective： To investigate the influence of Acorus gramineus （Soland）, a crude extract, SCP01, and a purified component, SCP02, and of Rosmarinus officinalis L., X0728 on human mast cells （HMC-1 Cell Line）. Methods： Current-voltage of P2X7 receptors on human mast cell membrane activated by ATP was recorded by the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Results： The current at -100 mV mediated by P2X7 was inhibited by （27.6 ± 2.0） % in the presence of 40 μg/mL SCP01 and by （29.5 ± 2.2） % in the presence of 40 μg/mL SCP02, which was identified as α-asarone. 42 μg/mL of the commercially available α-asarone inhibited the P2X7-mediated current by （52.2 ± 2.0） %. In contrast to SCP01 and SCP02, 40 μg/mL X0728 provoked stimulation of the current by （28.6 ± 2.8） %. All effects were voltage- independent. Conclusion： The inhibition of P2X7 by α-asarone will inhibit intracellular calcium increase and this may account for the inhibition of reported excitotoxic cell death. The pharmacological function of P2X7 stimulation by X0728 needs further investigation.