This systematic review addresses the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of several chronic pain syndromes affecting the pelvic organs:chronic proctalgia, coccygodynia, pudendal neuralgia, and chroni...This systematic review addresses the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of several chronic pain syndromes affecting the pelvic organs:chronic proctalgia, coccygodynia, pudendal neuralgia, and chronic pelvic pain. Chronic or recurrent pain in the anal canal, rectum, or other pelvic organs occurs in 7% to 24% of the population and is associated with impaired quality of life and high health care costs. However, these pain syndromes are poorly understood, with little research evidence available to guide their diagnosis and treatment. This situation appears to be changing:A recently published large randomized,controlled trial by our group comparing biofeedback, electrogalvanic stimulation, and massage for the treatment of chronic proctalgia has shown success rates of 85% for biofeedback when patients are selected based on physical examination evidence of tenderness in response to traction on the levator ani muscle-a physical sign suggestive of striated muscle tension. Excessive tension (spasm) in the striated muscles of the pelvic floor appears to be common to most of the pelvic pain syndromes. This suggests the possibility that similar approaches to diagnostic assessment and treatment may improve outcomes in other pelvic pain disorders.展开更多
The Asar va Ahyā’is a manual of agricultural production written in the early fourteenth century by the famous Iranian vizier and scholar Rashīd al-Dīn.Only chapter 6 to chapter 13 of the original work survive,deal...The Asar va Ahyā’is a manual of agricultural production written in the early fourteenth century by the famous Iranian vizier and scholar Rashīd al-Dīn.Only chapter 6 to chapter 13 of the original work survive,dealing with agriculture and horticulture,and nearly a third of the pages of which are devoted to introducing Chinese plants and related knowledge.In addition to introducing botanical knowledge,the book also covered information on all the aspects of the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368),including the taxation system,monetary system,military system,economy and trade,manufacturing techniques,ethnic customs,food culture,and other fields,providing important materials for research on the dissemination of species,exchange of technologies,communication of ethnic groups,and integration of cultures between China and the world during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.Rashīd al-Dīn,the book’s author,took advantage of his identities as a statesman and a businessman to collect rich information about plants all over the world.Motivated by his specific interest in Chinese culture,he included a huge amount of Chinese information in the book.Meanwhile,records in the Asar va Asyā’reflect the author’s practice of researching,planting,and cultivating plants,making the book not only a compilation of agricultural knowledge,but also a report that recorded the author’s agricultural practice.展开更多
In order to avoid the influence of noise variance on the filtering performances, a modified adaptive weighted averaging (MAWA) filtering algorithm is proposed for noisy image sequences. Based upon adaptive weighted av...In order to avoid the influence of noise variance on the filtering performances, a modified adaptive weighted averaging (MAWA) filtering algorithm is proposed for noisy image sequences. Based upon adaptive weighted averaging pixel values in consecutive frames, this algorithm achieves the filtering goal by assigning smaller weights to the pixels with inappropriate estimated motion trajectory for noise. It only utilizes the intensity of pixels to suppress noise and accordingly is independent of noise variance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed filtering algorithm, its mean square error and percentage of preserved edge points were compared with those of traditional adaptive weighted averaging and non-adaptive mean filtering algorithms under different noise variances. Relevant results show that the MAWA filtering algorithm can preserve image structures and edges under motion after attenuating noise, and thus may be used in image sequence filtering.展开更多
基金Supported by In part by Grant R01 DK031369 from the NI-DDK
文摘This systematic review addresses the pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of several chronic pain syndromes affecting the pelvic organs:chronic proctalgia, coccygodynia, pudendal neuralgia, and chronic pelvic pain. Chronic or recurrent pain in the anal canal, rectum, or other pelvic organs occurs in 7% to 24% of the population and is associated with impaired quality of life and high health care costs. However, these pain syndromes are poorly understood, with little research evidence available to guide their diagnosis and treatment. This situation appears to be changing:A recently published large randomized,controlled trial by our group comparing biofeedback, electrogalvanic stimulation, and massage for the treatment of chronic proctalgia has shown success rates of 85% for biofeedback when patients are selected based on physical examination evidence of tenderness in response to traction on the levator ani muscle-a physical sign suggestive of striated muscle tension. Excessive tension (spasm) in the striated muscles of the pelvic floor appears to be common to most of the pelvic pain syndromes. This suggests the possibility that similar approaches to diagnostic assessment and treatment may improve outcomes in other pelvic pain disorders.
文摘The Asar va Ahyā’is a manual of agricultural production written in the early fourteenth century by the famous Iranian vizier and scholar Rashīd al-Dīn.Only chapter 6 to chapter 13 of the original work survive,dealing with agriculture and horticulture,and nearly a third of the pages of which are devoted to introducing Chinese plants and related knowledge.In addition to introducing botanical knowledge,the book also covered information on all the aspects of the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368),including the taxation system,monetary system,military system,economy and trade,manufacturing techniques,ethnic customs,food culture,and other fields,providing important materials for research on the dissemination of species,exchange of technologies,communication of ethnic groups,and integration of cultures between China and the world during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.Rashīd al-Dīn,the book’s author,took advantage of his identities as a statesman and a businessman to collect rich information about plants all over the world.Motivated by his specific interest in Chinese culture,he included a huge amount of Chinese information in the book.Meanwhile,records in the Asar va Asyā’reflect the author’s practice of researching,planting,and cultivating plants,making the book not only a compilation of agricultural knowledge,but also a report that recorded the author’s agricultural practice.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30500129)
文摘In order to avoid the influence of noise variance on the filtering performances, a modified adaptive weighted averaging (MAWA) filtering algorithm is proposed for noisy image sequences. Based upon adaptive weighted averaging pixel values in consecutive frames, this algorithm achieves the filtering goal by assigning smaller weights to the pixels with inappropriate estimated motion trajectory for noise. It only utilizes the intensity of pixels to suppress noise and accordingly is independent of noise variance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed filtering algorithm, its mean square error and percentage of preserved edge points were compared with those of traditional adaptive weighted averaging and non-adaptive mean filtering algorithms under different noise variances. Relevant results show that the MAWA filtering algorithm can preserve image structures and edges under motion after attenuating noise, and thus may be used in image sequence filtering.
