试析《谢天香》、《金线池》的幽默喜剧本质——关汉卿编剧艺术论系列之一

在关汉卿的《谢天香》和《金线池》杂剧中 ,无论是谢天香的聪明自卑还是杜蕊娘的心高气傲 ,也无论是钱大尹的工于心计还是石府尹的宽厚待人 ,或者是柳耆卿的呆头呆脑和韩辅臣的近乎耍赖 ,都是由他们的幽默喜剧性格所决定的 ,是纯粹的“这一个”(黑格尔语 )。作者对于这些尽管不无讽刺 ,但总体上则持肯定态度。剧中的幽默都是特有的、自然的、不可避免的 ,每个人的喜剧性格都不会有任何混淆之处 ,都在展示某种“恰当中的不恰当”,“和谐中的不和谐”。毫无疑问 。

《金线池》文本差异浅析

《杜蕊娘智赏金线池》是关汉卿的一部以妓女为题材的杂剧,在流传过程中出现了不同的版本。现存的版本大致可以分为两类,即钞本系统和臧本系统。本文试图在前人研究的基础上对这两种版本系统存在的文本差异进行较全面的分析。

《金线池》喜剧要因新探

关于关汉卿名剧《金线池》喜剧性产生的主要因由，过去一般认为是“误会”，实际上女主人公杜蕊娘并没有误会心上人韩辅臣，她之所以一再冷落韩，目的在于通过假装误会以达到智嫁的目的。该剧的喜剧性就源于女主人公的这种“装假”。

Preliminary Report on the Successful Breeding of the Endangered Fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami Endemic to Dianchi Lake

The fish Sinocyclocheilus grahami is one of the indicative and endemic species in the Dianchi Lake ecosystem. As a result of pollution and invasion of exotic fishes, the fish had disappeared from Dianchi Lake since 1986 and only a few small populations survive in springs and streams around the lake. Due to the endangered status and special scientific value, S.grahami was listed as the second class protective animal of China in 1989. The importance of S. grahami and the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake were recognized by the Global Environment Foundation （GEF） /World Bank and Yunnan Development ＆ Reform Committee. Therefore a special grant was set up to restore and conserve the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake. The artificial breeding of S. grahami is a part of the targeted activities. Two successful breeding experiments were achieved using five females plus six males up to early March 2007. Approximately 1600 eggs were collected, of which 1320 eggs fertilized using the dry-fertilizing method. The mean fertilization rate was 73%. Approximately 480 fish fry was hatched and the mean hatching rate was 36%. After 10 days of cultivation, 95% fingerlings survived and their body lengths were up to 8- 12 mm. The importance of the artificial breeding success of S. grahami could be summarized as following： effectively protecting the fish from extinction; releasing the fish fry back to appropriate water body of the lake could help to restore the indigenous biodiversity of Dianchi Lake; facilitating the shift of local fish cultivation from the present non-indigenous to the future indigenous fishery.

Corrosion and electrochemical behavior of Mg-Y alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution

The corrosion mechanism of Mg-Y alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical testing and SEM observation. The electrochemical results indicated that the corrosion potential of Mg-Y alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution increased with the increase of Y addition. The corrosion rate increased with the increase of Y addition because of the increase of Mg24Y5 intermetallic amounts. The corrosion gradually deteriorated with the increase of immersion time. The corrosion morphologies of the alloys were general corrosion for Mg-0.25Y and pitting corrosion for Mg-8Y and Mg-15Y, respectively. The main solid corrosion products were Mg（OH）2 and Mg2（OH）3C1·4H2O.

Effects of Y on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys

The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 （x=0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6） alloys was evaluated by thermodynamic calculations based on Clyne-Davies model. The microstructure and morphology of hot tearing regions of the alloys were observed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The solidification temperature and shrinkage stress during the solidification of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys in the“T”type hot tearing permanent-mold were acquired with the attached computer. The effect factors of hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys, such as the solidification temperature interval, the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the residual liquid fraction in the final stage, the type of the second phase of the alloys were discussed based on the above calculation and observation. The results demonstrated that the hot tearing susceptibility in the investigated alloys was found as follows：MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y0.5Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y4Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y6Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y1Zr0.5. The highest hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5 alloy related to the following reasons： the largest freezing range, the biggest changing of the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the least liquid film in the final stage of solidification, the formation of the second phase which worsens the liquid flow and interdendritic feeding after dendrite coherency.

Effects of on-line solution and off-line heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of die-cast AZ91D alloy

The effects of on-line solution, off-line solution and aging heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of the die-cast AZ91D alloys were investigated. Brinell hardness of die-cast AZ91D alloy increases through on-line solution and off-line aging treatment but decreases after off-line solution treatment. By X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, it is found that the microstructures of the die-cast AZ91D magnesium alloy before and after on-line solution and off-line aging are similar, consisting of α-Mg and β-Al12Mg17. The precipitation of Al element is prevented by on-line solution so that the effect of solid solution strengthening is enhanced. The β-Al12Mg17 phases precipitate from supersaturated Mg solid solution after off-line aging treatment, and lead to microstructure refinement of AZ91D alloy, so the effect of precipitation hardening is enhanced. The β-Al12Mg17 phases dissolve in the substructure after off-line solution treatment, which leads to that the grain boundary strengthening phase is reduced significantly and the hardness of die cast AZ91D is reduced.

Wear behavior of high strength and high conductivity Cu alloys under dry sliding

In order to study the wear behavior of different kinds of contact wires,the dry sliding wear behaviors of Cu-Sn,Cu-Ag and Cu-Mg alloys prepared by up-drawn continuous casting and followed continuous extrusion were studied.The research was tested on a block-on-ring wear tester.The results indicate that the friction coefficient is remarkably influenced by the formation of a continuous tribofilm,which consists of oxidation film.The abrasion,adhesion,oxidation and plastic deformation are observed.Oxidation and abrasion wear mechanisms dominate at the lower sliding velocity and load.The combination of oxidation and adhesion play leading roles with the increasing load and velocity.Plastic deformation is detected under higher applied load and sliding velocities.

Effect of Zr and Sc on mechanical properties and electrical conductivities of Al wires

In order to obtain the Al wires with good mechanical properties and high electrical conductivities, conductive wires of Al-0.16 Zr, Al-0.16 Sc, Al-0.12Sc-0.04Zr（mass fraction, %） and pure Al（99.996%） were produced with the diameter of 9.5 mm by continuous rheo-extrusion technology, and the extruded materials were heat treated and analyzed. The results show that the separate additions of 0.16% Sc and 0.16% Zr to pure Al improve the ultimate tensile strength but reduce the electrical conductivity, and the similar trend is found in the Al-0.12Sc-0.04 Zr alloy. After the subsequent heat treatment, the wire with the optimum comprehensive properties is Al-0.12Sc-0.04 Zr alloy, of which the ultimate tensile strength and electrical conductivity reach 160 MPa and 64.03%（IACS）, respectively.

Microstructure evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-linear cooling process

The microstructure evolution and properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy were investigated under different non-linear cooling processes from the solution temperature, combined with in-situ electrical resistivity measurements, selected area diffraction patterns （SADPs）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and tensile tests. The relative resistivity was calculated to characterize the phase transformation of the experimental alloy during different cooling processes. The results show that at high temperatures, the microstructure evolutions change from the directional diffusion of Zn and Mg atoms to the precipitation of S phase, depending on the cooling rate. At medium temperatures, q phase nucleates on A13Zr dispersoids and grain boundaries under fast cooling conditions, while S phase precipitates under the slow cooling conditions. The strength and ductility of the aged alloy suffer a significant deterioration due to the heterogeneous precipitation in medium temperature range. At low temperatures, homogeneously nucleated GP zone, η′ and η phases precipitate.

Comparative study on corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy in 5% NaCl aqueous solution

The corrosion behaviours of Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys prepared by as-casting and extrusion were investigated in 5% NaCl aqueous solution by immersion and electrochemical tests. The microstructure indicates the mean grain size of 15 μm for the extruded and 100 μm for the as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys. The corrosion morphology of as-cast sample shows pitting corrosion and little filiform corrosion, but that of the extruded sample shows pitting corrosion at the initial stage. The corrosion rate of extruded sample is higher than that of as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy according to the immersion test. The second phases containing RE acting as cathodes improve the corrosion properties. The corrosion potentials of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloys are -1.658 V and -1.591 V, respectively. The origins of the distinctive corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr Mg alloys were discussed.

Internal residual stress measurement on linear friction welding of titanium alloy plates with contour method

The internal residual stress within a TC 17 titanium alloy joint welded by linear friction welding （LFW） was measured by the contour method, which is a relatively new and destructive technique to obtain a full map of internal residual stress. The specimen was first cut into two parts; the out-of-plane displacement contour formed by the release of the residual stress was then measured; finally, taking the measured contour of the cut plane as the boundary conditions, a linear elastic finite element analysis was carried out to calculate the corresponding distribution of residual stress normal to the cut plane. The internal stress distribution of the TC 17 titanium alloy LFWjoint was also analyzed. The results show that the tensile residual stress in the TC17 LFW weld is mainly present within a region about 12 mm from the weld centerline; the peak tensile residual stress occurs at the weld centerline and reaches 360 MPa （about one third of the yield strength of TC17 alloy）; within the weld zone of the TC17 LFW weld, the through-thickness stress is not uniform, and the internal stress is larger than that near the top or bottom surface.

Resistivity Instability in Polysilicon Resistors Under Metal Interco-nnects and Its Suppression by Compensating Ion Implantation

The resistivity instability of the boron-doped polysilicon resistors being a line resistance element of ICs is within the range of several kΩ's,especially when our running the underneath metal interconnects.Polysilicon resistors have been fabricated under various processing conditions as well as some electrical and crystallographic characteristics have been obtained.It is shown the resistivity instability mainly results from the variational carrier mobility.By analyzing the Seto's model,the barrier height and trapped charge density are observed reducing under the Al over layer.Therefore,the resistance instability is also caused by both the charge trapping/detrapping occurring at polysilicon grain boundaries and the resultant variation in the potential barrier height.The formation of high-stability polysilicon resistors in the range of several kΩ's has been decided by compensating the ion implantation,which makes the charge trapping/detrapping at the grain boundary less susceptible to the hydrogen annealing.

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of linear friction welded dissimilar Ti alloys

A detailed investigation for the influence of post weld heat treatment （PWHT） on the microstructure of TC4 and TC17 dissimilar joints was analyzed. The fully transformed microstructure in the as-welded zone indicated that the peak temperature exceeded theβ-transus temperature at the weld interface during linear friction welding. TC4 side was mainly composed of martensiteα′phase with random distribution and it was singleβfor that of TC17. In the thermomechanically affected zones of TC4 and TC17, the structure undergoes severe plastic deformation and re-orientation, yet without altering the phase fractions. After PWHT, in the weld zone of TC4 alloy, the phase transformationα′→α＋βoccurred and the acicularαwas coarsened, which resulted in a decrease in hardness. In the weld zone of TC17 alloy, fineαphase precipitated at the grain boundary and withinβgrains, which resulted in a sharp increase in hardness.

Twinning in Low-Temperature MOCVD Grown GaN on (001) GaAs Substrate

GaN buffer layers (thickness ～60nm) grown on GaAs(001) by low-temperature MOCVD are investigated by X-ray diffraction pole figure measurements using synchrotron radiation in order to understand the heteroepitaxial growth features of GaN on GaAs(001) substrates.In addition to the epitaxially aligned crystallites,their corresponding twins of the first and the second order are found in the X-ray diffraction pole figures.Moreover,{111} φ scans with χ at 55° reveal the abnormal distribution of Bragg diffractions.The extra intensity maxima in the pole figures shows that the process of twinning plays a dominating role during the growth process.It is suggested that the polarity of {111} facets emerged on (001) surface will affect the growth-twin nucleation at the initial stages of GaN growth on GaAs(001) substrates.It is proposed that twinning is prone to occurring on {111}B,N-terminated facets.

Nonlinear ultrasonic characterizing online fatigue damage and in situ microscopic observation

A robust experimental procedure was developed, by which the evolution of fatigue damage in AZ31 magnesium alloy was tracked online with the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter β. β values of three sets of samples under different stress levels were measured. Microstructures of specimens at different fatigue stages were observed in situ by optical microscopy. The experimental results show that there is a significant increase in β linked to the accumulation of persistent slip bands （PSBs） and micro-cracks at the early stages of fatigue life and reaches the maximum, about 55% of fatigue life. Ultrasonic attenuation coefficient increases with the expanding of micro-cracks and leads to β decrease slightly after 55% of fatigue life. The variation of β with fatigue cycles is in good agreement with the growth of PSBs and micro-cracks. In addition, it has no significant effect on the experimental results for the changes of low- and high-cycle fatigue and the fatigue mode with tension-tension and tension-compression.

Influence of Ga and In on microstructure and electrochemical properties of Mg anodes

The influence of Ga and In on the electrochemical properties of Mg anode materials were investigated by the polarization and galvanostatic curve tests. The microstructure and the corroded surface of the Mg-In-Ga alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The corrosion product of the Mg-0.8%In （mass fraction） and Mg-0.8%Ga-0.3%In alloy were determined by X-ray diffraction. The results show that no second phase exists in the Mg-xIn （x=0-0.8%） allloys. Intergranular compounds containing Ga and In elements occur in the Mg-0.8%In-xGa （x=0-0.8%） alloys. The addition of In into Mg as well as the addition of 0.05%-0.5%Ga into Mg-In alloy promotes the corrosion resistance. The addition of Ga into Mg-In alloys also promotes the electrochemical activity. The Mg-0.8%In-0.8%Ga alloy has the most negative mean potential,-1.682 V, which is more negative than -1.406 V in AZ91D. The corrosion type of the Mg-In-Ga alloys is general corrosion and the corrosion product is Mg（OH）2.

Heat Resisting Mechanism of Heat-Resisting Aluminum Alloy Conductor and Its Application in Transmission Line

In this paper the heat withstanding mechanism of heat-resisting aluminum alloy conductor is discussed, the types and performance of the conductor and its application on transmission lines are analyzed and introduced, and suggestions on accelerating exploitation and application of the conductor are put forward.

Investigation of Heavy Metal Contents in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine Peristrophe roxburghiana Collected from Northwest of Guangxi

Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the product quality and safety of Peristrophe roxburghiana_ col ected from different places in Hechi City, northwest of Gunagxi, so as to provide basic data for further development and uti-lization of the characteristic plant resource P. roxburghiana. [Method] Contents of 9 kinds of heavy metals including Cd, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cu in the herb were deter-mined by the method of wet digestion-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, respectively. [Results] Heavy metal contents of Cd, Mn, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Hg and Se were 1.62-17.25, 8.93-142.53, 4.37-18.43, 103.7-242.81, 2.55-5.35, 85.40-146.30, 0.07-0.54, 0.00-0.08 and 0.00-0.47 mg/kg, respectively. According to the national food safety standards and Green Trade Standards of lmporting ＆amp; Exporting Medicinal plants ＆amp; Preparations, the heavy metal contents of the P. roxburghiana_samples col ected from different coun-ties in Hechi City exceeded standards or at the critical values. Among which, Cd, Pb and Zn contents of the samples are seriously higher than the standards. [Con-clusion] Therefore, the impact of soil heavy metal pol ution on the safety of edible plants in the northwest of Guangxi should be highly concerned.

ATP depletion is the major cause of MPP^+ induced dopamine neuronal death and worm lethality inα-synuclein transgenic C.elegans

Objective To investigate the toxic effect of environmental neurotoxin MPP^＋ to C.elegans and identify the mechanisms that cause the toxicity.Methods Humanα-synuclein transgenic C.elegans was used as the animal model,the toxic effect of MPP^＋ to dopamine（DA）neurons and the lifespan of worms was tested.The worms were feed with OP50 to determine whether ATP increase can rescue the worm from toxicity.ATP level and aberrant protein accumulation were analyzed in the MPP^＋ treated worms with or without OP50 addition.Results We found that MPP^＋ induced DA cell death and worm lethality,which could be prevented by OP50 treatment.OP50 exerted the protective effect by up-regulating ATP level,even though it also induced accumulation ofα-synuclein.Despite the undefined role of protein aggregation to the cell death,our results showed that the toxicity of MPP^＋ was mainly caused by the ATP depletion in theα-synuclein transgenic C.elegans.Conclusion MPP^＋ could induce DA neuronal death and worm lethality inα-synuclein transgenic C.elegans;Compared with the aggregation ofα-synuclein,the major cause of MPP^＋ toxicity appeared due to ATP depletion.