中国善书在近世日本的流衍及其影响——以中江藤树的宗教观为中心

中日文化交流史的探讨往往需要格外谨慎。文章主要考察三点:有"近江圣人"之美誉的日本江户早期的儒学家中江藤树对晚明思想家颜茂猷的劝善书《迪吉录》非常看重,并据此撰述了可能是日本的第一部善书《鉴草》,在江户思想史上留下了重要的足迹;藤树思想有明显的中国因素,他站在普遍主义的立场,认为中国的皇上帝、太乙神等观念可以"挪移"至日本而"为我所用",但其宗教信仰又有日本神道思想的色彩;在近世中日文化交涉史上,日本学者对作为"他者"的中国外来文化进行重读乃至重构是必然伴随的一个过程,其中自然会出现日本"本土化"现象,藤树对中国善书的汲取和借用便是一个很好的案例。

Screening and identification of an antagonistic bacterium strain LHB02 and the optimization of its fermentation conditions

A strain LHB02 with strong antibacterial activity against some aquatic pathogens was screened from the coastal marine sediment in Fujian province, China. LHB02 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on its 16S rRNA sequence, together with the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. The antagonistic activity of strain LHB02 and its optimal fermentation conditions were also investigated. The results showed that LHB02 had strong antagonistic activity against 3 species of vibrios： Vibrio harveyi,Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum, and the optimum fermentation conditions for the strain LHB02 were as follows： KB culture medium （peptone 20 g, glycerol 10 mL, K2HPO4 1.5 g, MgSO 4 .7H2O 1.5 g, H2O 1 000 mL）; temperature, 28 ℃; pH ,7.0; culture time, 36 h; and inoculation amount, 1.5% （v/v）.

Isolation and Identification of Ecliptasaponin A andEcliptasaponin B from Eclipta alba(L.)Hassk

Two new triterpenoid glucosides ecliptasaponin A(3)and ecliptasaponin B(4)were isolated together with echinocystic acid(1)and oleanolic acid(2)from Eclipta alba(L.) Hassk.Their structures were deduced as 3β,16a-dihydroxy olean-12-ene-28-oic acid-3β-O-β-D-glu-copyranoside(3)and 3β-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-16a-hydroxy olean-12-ene-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4),based on spectral analysis and chemical evidences as well as results ofhydrolysis.

Structure Determination of Inflasaponin Ⅱ and Ⅵ fromGlycyrrhiza inflata Root

Seven triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the 10% EtOH extract of the root of Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods,two of them were identified as glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-β-D-6”-ethyl-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-6’-n-butyl-glucuro-nopyranoside(1),and glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-β-D-6”-n-butyl-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-6’-n-ethyl-glucuronopyranoside(2). Both are new compounds and named inflasaponins Ⅱ and Ⅵ respec-tively.

Investigation on Pathogenic Factors of Tobacco Root-Knot Nematode Disease in Gengma County,Yunnan Province

Tobacco root-knot nematode disease has caused severe damage in Geng- ma County, Yunnan Province. In order to identify the pathogenic factors of the tobac- co root-knot nematode disease in this county, the pathogenic nematodes, hosts and environment of tobacco fields in Mengsa, Hepai and Sipaishan 3 main tobacco-grow- ing towns in Gengma County were investigated and analyzed based on the local re- lated field survey on tobacco root-knot nematode disease in this county in 2012. The results showed the incidence and severity of the tobacco root-knot nematode disease were all higher than those of previous years. dominant pathogens of the tobacco root-knot The species identification showed the nematode disease were Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica in Gengma County. The lacking of disease-resistant culti- vars, poor management and climatic anomaly were the main causes of the tobacco root-knot nematode disease in Gengma. According to the occurrence characteristics of the disease, the agricultural prevention-based control measures were proposed.

Advances in Pharmaceutical and Ecological Value of Sagina japonica(Sw.) Ohwi

Sagina japonica（Sw.） Ohwi is a traditional medicinal herb for the treatment of lacquer dermatitis, and its medicinal and ecological value needs to be further developed. Based on broad literature search, this paper summarized the identification, composition, pharmacology, clinical applications, ecological value, and cultivation technologies of S. japonica（Sw.） Ohwi, aiming at providing scientific information for further research and development of S. japonica（Sw.） Ohwi.

Cytogenetical Analysis of Hybrid F1 from Common Wheat and Aegilops ventricosa × Aegilops cylindrica Amphidiploid

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the chromosome pairing of F1 from Aegilops Ventricosa-Aegilops Cylindrica amphiploid × common wheat.[Method] Microsporogenesis and pollen development of Yannong15,SDAU18 and their hybrid F1 were observed cytologically by squash method.[Result] The results showed that microsporogenesis and pollen development of two parents including Yannong15 and SDAU18 were basically normal,and their seed setting was also basically normal.However,the microsporogenesis of their hybrid F1 was chaotic.Univalent and bivalent with high frequency of 10.11 and 18.29 per cell respectively occurred in meiotic MI（metphaseI） of PMC（pollen mother cell）.Nevertheless,only quite low frequency of multivalents occurred in meiotic PMC MI.The laggards at meiotic AI（anaphaseI） were 5 per cell on average.The number of micronucleoli in tetrad was 4.43 per cell averagely.The aborted pollen with different frequency occurred at every stage of hybrid F1 pollen development but mainly after single nucleus pollen stage.The fertile pollen rate of hybrid F1 was only 31% at 3-nucleated stage.[Conclusion] This study provides cytogenetics basis for further analysis and utilization of the amphiploid.

Identification and quality evaluation of Lepidium meyenii. (Maca) based on gas chromatographic analysis of its essential oils from roots

Lepidium meyeniiWalp. （Maca）, a perennial herbaceous plant with narrow distdbution in the Andean region, was cultivated by local residents as early as 1600 B.C. It has high nutritional values and multiple medicinal effects. In recent years the plant source of Maca has been greatly scarce since Maca products are increasingly becoming popular in the world. This makes the study urgent on the identification and quality evaluation of Maca materials. In present work, four Mace samples of different origins or handlings and three other natural plants, including radish, odental ginseng and American ginseng, were investigated. Their essential oils （steam distillates） of the hypogeal parts were weighed and analyzed by GC/MS. Through comparison of the characteristics of their chromatograms, it was found that the essential oil of Maca had unique GC/MS behaviors, and the characteristic peaks produced by the major essential oil components （Phenylacetonitrile, Benzaldehyde, 3-Methoxyphenylacetonitrile, etc） were distinct. Furthermore, the chromatograms of several Maca samples showed a similar qualitative pattern except for some differences in the quantitative composition, and the percentage of total essential oils in the samples varied from 0.88 % to 1.59 %. These behaviors and technologies can be applied to the identification of Maca materials in the markets and be a supplement to assess the quality of Maca matedals.

Pharmacognostic Research of Thalictrum foeniculaceum

[Objective] The aim was to make pharmacognostic research of Thalictrum foeniculaceum to lay foundation for development of the plant and formulation of re- lated medicinal quality standard. [Method] Based on Thalictrum foeniculaceum plants, morphological characters of the plants, and the paraffin sections and powders of dif- ferent organs were observed with an optical microscope. [Result] Cross-section of roots of Thalictrum foeniculaceum is typical secondary structure of dicotyledon and anticlinal wall of endodermis is curve. What＇s more, vessel type is diversified, in- cluding reticulate vessel, spiral vessel, and bordered pit vessel. In addition, the leaf can be classified into basal leaf and stem leaf, of which the former is ternate vein and bifacial leaf, and the latter is isolateral leaf. The cells in palisade tissue are 2-3 lists and small granules can be found in surface of leaf epidermal cells; pollen grain is round and scattered. [Conclusion] The research laid foundation for development of plant resources and formulation of quality standard for Thalictrum foeniculaceum.

Fuzzy Inference System for Identification of Cereals Weeds Seeds

In agriculture the identification and classification of weed seeds are technically and economically important. This work bears on the study of the morphological characteristics of the widespread weeds seeds in the north east of Algeria （the Setifian high plateau）. Fourteen characteristics were used to identify ninety one species of seeds which belong to nineteen botanical families. The morphological characteristics in which the study was based on are： form, color, size, solidity, brightness, smoothness, seed length, seed width, seed caliber, outgrowths, outgrowths form, outgrowths color, outgrowths length, outgrowths width, weight per 100 seeds. Considerable differences were noticed between the various species of weeds seeds. The study of morphological characteristics of seeds allows identifying the different seeds mixed with cultivated plant, it also allows knowing the various species of weeds in fields. So such studies help to develop different strategies to control weeds.

Isolation and Characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria from Seagrass Rhizosphere Soil

Phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains(6 Nos.) were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of two seagrasses(Halophila ovalis(R.Br.) Hook and Halodule pinifolia(Miki) Hartog) in the Vellar estuary.Experimental studies found that the strain PSSG6 was effective in phosphate solubilization with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 375 ± 8.54,followed by the strain PSSG5 with Phosphate Solubilization efficiency index E = 275 ± 27.3.Of the 6 strains isolated,the strains PSSG4 and PSSG5 be-longed to the genus Bacillus,and PSSG1,PSSG2 and PSSG3 were identified as Citrobacter sp.,Shigella sp.,and Klebsiella sp.,respectively,by conventional method,and PSSG6 was identified as Bacillus circulans using conventional and molecular methods.

Isolation and Identification of an Endophytic Strain with Antibiosis Ability from Davidia involucrate Brail.

[Objective]The aim was to isolate and identify an endophytic bacteria strain with antimicrobial activity from Davidia involucrate Brail.[Method]Endophytic strain with antibiosis ability was isolated from D.involucrate Brail by using cylinder-plate method.Then,it was identified through physiological and biochemical tests,16S rDNA homology analysis as well as some gene-specific sequence analysis.[Result]B221 stain had antimicrobial activity against a variety of rice plant pathogens,and it was identified as Bacillus subtilis.[Conclusion]This study enriches the research on endophyte within D.involucrate Brail,application of Bacillus bio-control,and therefore has laid a good foundation for the development of fungus used in biological control of crop pathogens.

A new furostanol glycoside from Reineckia carnea

Phytochemical investigations of the aerial parts of Reineckia carnea, collected in Yunnan Province of China, were conducted to explore new chemical constituents. A series of chromatographic and spectroscopic procedures were utilized on the aqueous solution after partitioned with ethyl acetate, which resulted in the separation of a new furostanol-type glycoside and four known compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques（1D and 2D NMR, IR, HRESIMS） as 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（25S）-5β-furost-20（22）-en-1α,3β,26-triol-1-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-（1→2）-[α-Lrhamnopyranos-yl]-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside（1）,（1β,3β,16β,22S）-cholest-5-en-1,3,16,22-tetrol-1,16-di-（β-D-glucopyranoside）（2）, diosgenin（3）, β-sitosterol（4）, ecdysterone（5）.

Integrating ancient and modern approaches to traditional Chinese medicinal authentication

Authentication is a key component of quality control,and the quality of Chinese medicinal materials directly impacts clinical efficacy.Chinese medicinal quality control is an important concern of the wider community,and it is intricately connected to the future and development of Chinese medicine.Macroscopic identification has been used for thousands of years in Chinese medicine,and it continues to be effective for resolving important issues related to quality control in the modern-day.However,new challenges have emerged for macroscopic identification.For example,new botanical varieties have emerged,with differences in macroscopic features related to cultivated vs.wild materials.Changes in processing methods and cultivation techniques also affect these features.Consequently,continual progress and innovation in Chinese medicinal authentication methods are needed.Macroscopic identification is based on organoleptic assessment,microscopy,and research of ancient texts,such as the Bencao.In addition to collecting information from traditional experience-based differentiation,innovation can take advantage of new technologies that can provide even more detailed,precise information about morphology.In the present review,we summarized inheritance and innovation in the scientific exposition of Chinese medicinal authentication,featuring a review of specialized publications,description of the establishment of a Chinese medicine specimen center and Chinese Medicine digital project,the expansion of authentication technologies,and the formation of a cultural project dedicated to the Compendium of Materia Medica.

Chemical constituents and analgesic activity of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.

In the present study,we aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and analgesic activity of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. The isolation and purification of components were achieved by a series of chromatography, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC. By using spectroscopic analysis, their structures were identified. Using PDE-4A as analgesic target, moleculardocking was conducted between isolated compounds by using Schrodinger software. Neoline is a typical non-ester diterpene alkaloid. It was studied by using the mouse torsion body method and hot plate method. A total of 12 diterpene alkaloids were obtainedand identified as Mesaconitine(1), Bewutine (2), Bewudine (3), Songoramine (4), Songorine (5), Neoline (6), Talasamine (7), isotalatizidine (8), Hokbusine A (9), Mesaconine (10), 8-OEt-14-benzoylmesaconine (11), 8-Methoxy-14-benzoyl-beiwutinine (12).Compounds 9 and 12 were isolated from Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. for the first time. Twelve diterpenealkaloids could act on the analgesic target. Neoline is a typical non-ester diterpene alkaloid. It had significant analgesic effect. Diterpene alkaloids were the main components of Aconitum kusnezoffiiReichb., and they had good analgesic activity.

Identification of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from strawberry in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai City,China

Strawberry anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is a major disease of cultivated strawberry. This study identifies 31 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. which cause strawberry anthracnose in Zhejiang Province and Shanghai City, China. Eleven isolates were identified as C. acutatum, 10 as C. gloeosporioides and 10 as C. fragariae based on morphological characteristics, phylogenetic and sequence analyses. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and enzyme digestion further confirmed the identification of the Colletotrichum spp., demonstrating that these three species are currently the causal agents of strawberry anthracnose in the studied regions. Based on analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacers （ITS） sequences, sequences of all C. acutatum were identical, and little genetic variability was observed between C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides. However, the conservative nature of the Mvnl specific site from isolates of C. gloeosporioides was confirmed, and this site could be used to differentiate C. gloeosporioides from C. fragariae.