Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic cancer. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques during the past decade, cholangiocarcinoma is usually encountered at an advanced stage. In this review, we...Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic cancer. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques during the past decade, cholangiocarcinoma is usually encountered at an advanced stage. In this review, we describe the classification, diagnosis, and initial management of cholangiocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice.展开更多
Abstract By applying the Lie group method, the （2＋l）-dimensional soliton equation is reduced to some （1＋1）-dimensional nonlinear equations. Based upon some new explicit solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional brea...Abstract By applying the Lie group method, the （2＋l）-dimensional soliton equation is reduced to some （1＋1）-dimensional nonlinear equations. Based upon some new explicit solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional breaking soliton equation are obtained.展开更多
The mechanism of stress generation and propagation by detonation loading in five separate independent advance of ore breaking patterns is discussed in the paper. An elastic numerical model was developed using AN- SYS/...The mechanism of stress generation and propagation by detonation loading in five separate independent advance of ore breaking patterns is discussed in the paper. An elastic numerical model was developed using AN- SYS/LS-DYNA 3D Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Element Software. In this package ANSYS is the preprocessor and LS-DYNA is the postprocessor. Numerical models in the paper to actual were l：10 and the element mesh was dissected in scanning mode utilizing the symmetry characteristics of the numerical model. Five different advance rates were studied. Parameters, such as the time required to maximum stress, the action time of the available stress, the maximum velocity of the nodes, the stress penetration time, the magnitude of the stress peak and the time duration for high stress were numerically simulated. The 2.2 m advance appeared optimum from an analysis of the simulation results. The results from numerical simulation have been validated by tests with physical models.展开更多
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equ...Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.展开更多
Making use of a new generalized ansatz, we present a new generalized extended F-expansion method for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations in a unified way. Applying the generali...Making use of a new generalized ansatz, we present a new generalized extended F-expansion method for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations in a unified way. Applying the generalized method with the aid of Maple, we consider the （2＋1）-dimentional breaking soliton equation. As a result, we successfully obtain some new and more general solutions including Jacobi elliptic function solutions, soliton-like solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and so on. As an illustrative sampler the properties of some soliton solutions for the breaking soliton equation are shown by some figures. Our method can also be applied to other partial differential equations.展开更多
We investigate the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking for φ^4 model on a square lattice in the parameter space by using the potential importance samplingmethod, which was proposed by Milchev, Heermann, and Bi...We investigate the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking for φ^4 model on a square lattice in the parameter space by using the potential importance samplingmethod, which was proposed by Milchev, Heermann, and Binder [J. Star. Phys. 44 （1986） 749]. The critical values of the parameters allow us to determine the phase diagram of the model. At the same time, some relevant quantifies such as susceptibility and specific heat are also obtained.展开更多
Thick earth-rock filled embankment of large earthwork volume often occurs during the construction of expressways in mountainous and hilly areas. The compaction quality of earth-rock filled subgrade will directly affec...Thick earth-rock filled embankment of large earthwork volume often occurs during the construction of expressways in mountainous and hilly areas. The compaction quality of earth-rock filled subgrade will directly affect the settlement deformation and stability of the embankment after filled. Therefore, effective evaluation on the compaction quality of the earth-rock filled subgrade is an unsolved critical technical issue to control the construction quality of highway engineering. Based on the wave propagation and electrical resistivity characteristics of the earth and rock fillings, a theoretical model of the compaction quality detection by wave-electric field coupling imaging diagnostic method was established. Then, two filled subgrade models containing cavities and heterogeneous bodies respectively were make separately, and by the wave velocity testing and electrical resistivity testing, the wave-electric field coupling imaging diagnostic method was applied to these two model. The result shows that it is feasible to use the wave testing technique and the electrical resistivity testing technique for a diagnostic test of the subgrade compaction quality. Based on the abnormal areas reflected by the wave velocity imaging and electrical resistivity imaging results, we are able to analyze the scope and site of distress but not able to quantitatively evaluate the subgrade compaction quality. We can accurately qualitatively analyze the subgrade compaction quality based on the wave-electric field coupling calculation model of fill subgrade quality proposed by this paper.展开更多
文摘Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic cancer. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques during the past decade, cholangiocarcinoma is usually encountered at an advanced stage. In this review, we describe the classification, diagnosis, and initial management of cholangiocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice.
基金The project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China under Grant No. 2004zx16
文摘Abstract By applying the Lie group method, the （2＋l）-dimensional soliton equation is reduced to some （1＋1）-dimensional nonlinear equations. Based upon some new explicit solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional breaking soliton equation are obtained.
文摘The mechanism of stress generation and propagation by detonation loading in five separate independent advance of ore breaking patterns is discussed in the paper. An elastic numerical model was developed using AN- SYS/LS-DYNA 3D Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Element Software. In this package ANSYS is the preprocessor and LS-DYNA is the postprocessor. Numerical models in the paper to actual were l：10 and the element mesh was dissected in scanning mode utilizing the symmetry characteristics of the numerical model. Five different advance rates were studied. Parameters, such as the time required to maximum stress, the action time of the available stress, the maximum velocity of the nodes, the stress penetration time, the magnitude of the stress peak and the time duration for high stress were numerically simulated. The 2.2 m advance appeared optimum from an analysis of the simulation results. The results from numerical simulation have been validated by tests with physical models.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China （2007AA05Z150） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50911140287 50973055）
文摘Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used in fuel cell impedance analysis. However, for ohmic resistance (R Ω), EIS has some disadvantages such as long test period and complex data analysis with equivalent circuits. Therefore, the current interruption method is explored to measure the value of RΩ in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) at different temperatures and current densities. It is found that RΩ decreases as temperature increase, and decreases initially and then increases as current density increases. These results are consistent with those measured by the EIS technique. In most cases, the ohmic resistances with current interruption (R iR ) are larger than those with EIS (R EIS ), but the difference is small, in the range from –0.848% to 5.337%. The errors of R iR at high current densities are less than those of R EIS . Our results show that the R iR data are reliable and easy to obtain in the measurement of ohmic resistance in DMFC.
基金The project supported partially by the State Key Basic Research Program of China under Grant No. 2004 CB 318000The authors would like to thank the referee for his/her valuable suggestions.
文摘Making use of a new generalized ansatz, we present a new generalized extended F-expansion method for constructing the exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations in a unified way. Applying the generalized method with the aid of Maple, we consider the （2＋1）-dimentional breaking soliton equation. As a result, we successfully obtain some new and more general solutions including Jacobi elliptic function solutions, soliton-like solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and so on. As an illustrative sampler the properties of some soliton solutions for the breaking soliton equation are shown by some figures. Our method can also be applied to other partial differential equations.
文摘We investigate the phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking for φ^4 model on a square lattice in the parameter space by using the potential importance samplingmethod, which was proposed by Milchev, Heermann, and Binder [J. Star. Phys. 44 （1986） 749]. The critical values of the parameters allow us to determine the phase diagram of the model. At the same time, some relevant quantifies such as susceptibility and specific heat are also obtained.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51279219 and Grant No.51609027)Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology(Grant No.cstc2016jcyj A0016)
文摘Thick earth-rock filled embankment of large earthwork volume often occurs during the construction of expressways in mountainous and hilly areas. The compaction quality of earth-rock filled subgrade will directly affect the settlement deformation and stability of the embankment after filled. Therefore, effective evaluation on the compaction quality of the earth-rock filled subgrade is an unsolved critical technical issue to control the construction quality of highway engineering. Based on the wave propagation and electrical resistivity characteristics of the earth and rock fillings, a theoretical model of the compaction quality detection by wave-electric field coupling imaging diagnostic method was established. Then, two filled subgrade models containing cavities and heterogeneous bodies respectively were make separately, and by the wave velocity testing and electrical resistivity testing, the wave-electric field coupling imaging diagnostic method was applied to these two model. The result shows that it is feasible to use the wave testing technique and the electrical resistivity testing technique for a diagnostic test of the subgrade compaction quality. Based on the abnormal areas reflected by the wave velocity imaging and electrical resistivity imaging results, we are able to analyze the scope and site of distress but not able to quantitatively evaluate the subgrade compaction quality. We can accurately qualitatively analyze the subgrade compaction quality based on the wave-electric field coupling calculation model of fill subgrade quality proposed by this paper.
