四库本《新语》与弘治本、王利器校本之比较——认识《四库全书》版本价值一例

由于工作需要,笔者将<四库全书>本(四库本)<新语>先与弘治年间所刻、由李廷梧整理的本子(弘治李本)作了比较,然后将四库本<新语>与中华书局出王校本(王本)作了比较.结果发现,四库本比较谨慎地保持着原貌,与弘治刻本优劣相当,而王本的情况则不如人意.

First-principle Study of AunSc （n=2-13） Clusters

The geometries, stabilities, electronic, and magnetic properties of AunSc clusters have been systematically investigated by density functional theory. The lowest energy structures of AunSc favor planar structure and the doped Sc atom does not disturb the frame of Aun clusters with n≤11. For n≥12, Sc atom is fully encapsulated by the Au cages. From the analysis of the second-order energy difference, the fragmentation energies, vertical ionization potential, vertical electron affinity, and HOMO-LUMO gap, the clusters with odd Au atoms possess relatively higher stabilities than their neighbor size. The doping of Sc atom can greatly improve the stability and change the sequence of chemical activity for Aun. For n≤11, the total magnetic moments of AunSc appear the alternation between 0.00 and 1.00 μB. The total magnetic moments are quenched when Sc is trapped into the Au cages with n≥12.

陆贾的经济思想

一陆贾及其著作《新语》陆贾是汉初的思想家和外交家。他生活的年代约在公元前246——166年之间,亦即生于战国末期,终于西汉文帝中期。他原居楚地,大约四十岁时,以客卿身份跟随汉高帝刘邦定天下;常在刘邦左右谈论诗书和治国方法,以能言善辩著称。他还替汉朝廷做些外交和民族事务方面的工作,甚得高帝和文帝的好评,官拜太中大夫。晚年辞官退隐。

Obtaining High Pest_resistant Transgenic Upland Cotton Cultivars Carrying cry1Ac3 Gene Driven by Chimeric OM Promoter

Hypocotyl segments from aseptic seedlings of two important cultivars of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Northwest China, 'Xinluzao_1', 'Jinmian_7', 'Jinmian_12' and 'Jihe_321' were transformed respectively by two efficient plant expression plasmids pBinMoBc and pBinoBc via Agrobacterium tumefaciens . In pBinMoBc, cry 1Ac3 gene, which encodes the Bt toxin, is under the control of chimeric OM promoter. In pBinoBc, it is under control of CaMV 35S promoter. After co_cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefimpfaciens LBA4404 (containing pBinMoBc or pBinoBc), kanamycin_resistant selection, somatic embryos were induced and regenerated plants were obtained. Then the regenerated plantlets were grafted to untransformed stocks in greenhouse to produce descendants. The integration of cry 1Ac3 gene and its expression in T 2 generation of transgenic cotton plants were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Western blotting. The analyses of insect bioassay indicated that the transgenic plants of both constructions have significant resistance to the larvae of cotton bollworm ( Heliothis armigera ) and that cry 1Ac3 gene driven by chimeric OM promoter could endue T 2 generation cotton with high pest_resistant ability, implicating that it has a profound application in genetic engineering to breed new pest_resistant cotton varieties.

《正谊堂全书》本《问学录》删节问题研究

清代陆陇其《问学录》在理学传播史上占有重要的地位,是陆陇其宗述朱子理学的代表性著作。该书结成后,在陆陇其生前未能刊印,后出现多个版本。其中,张伯行于康熙四十七年刊刻的《正谊堂全书》本《问学录》较之原本在篇幅上有大量删节,而光绪十六年《陆子全书》本可见《问学录》原本全貌。陆陇其撰辑此书的宗旨是“嘉、隆以来阳儒阴释之学,悉抉其疑似而剖其是非”,力辟姚江之学以尊朱子。张伯行刊刻是书时,自谓“特删去其辨难牵引之太繁者”,原书著录250条,《正谊堂全书》本共删去108条。学界对于《问学录》这两种版本现象尚未予以关注,有必要对此书删节一事加以探析。

Comparison of Semen Quality and Spermadhesins' m RNA Expression between Luchuan and Exotic Boars

Spermadhesins,as the most important components of boar semen seminoproteins,play a regulatory role in sperm motility,sperm capacitation and sperm-ovum fusion.In order to study the fertility differences among different boar breeds,the sperm motility,sperm viability and sperm deformity,as well as the spermadhesins＇ m RNA expression in fresh semen of Luchuan,Landrace and Duroc boars were compared.The results showed that the sperm motility and viability of Luchuan boar showed no significant differences with those of Landrace and Duroc boars（P〉 0.05）,but its sperm deformity was significantly lower than those of the other two exotic breeds（P〈0.01）;no significant differences were found in the m RNA expression levels of spermadhesins between Luchuan and Landrace,Duroc boars（P〉0.05）,excepting that the m RNA expression level of AQN1 in Luchuan boar semen was significantly lower than that in Duroc boar semen（P〈0.05）;the m RNA expression levels of AQN3,AWN and PSP-II in Landrace boar semen were significantly higher than those in Duroc boar semen（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）.In short,there were significant differences in the m RNA expression levels of spermadhesins among different pig breeds,which showed no significant correlations with the differences in sperm motility,viability and deformity.

China＇s New Nationalism and Its Obscene Core

This paper examines the recent current of nationalism in China's Mainland. It takes not only nationalist intellectual texts written by Wang Xiaodong and other ＂Say-no Club＂ members into critical scrutiny, but also nationalistic sentiments frequently appeared on the Chinese web and streets since the late 1990s. The findings of the analyses proffered by this paper are expected to enhance not only the understanding of today＇s China and Chinese nationalism as a localized and ＂embedded＂ discourse/phenomenon, but also, hopefully, that of nationalism and its generative and operational mechanism in general--nationalism is an ＂obscene discourse＂ and operates in the fantastic ground while producing real violence.

Land Use and Land Management during the Past Century Determine Mangrove Dynamics in Northwestern Puerto Rico： the Case of the Maracayo Mangrove

Political and economic decisions have determined throughout the history of Puerto Rico land use for agriculture, livestock and urban sprawl. Knowing this, this study is imperative to understand how these changes caused by the various uses and management affected adjoining wetlands. It is hypothesized that these changes affected the hydrology of the area, resulting in increased salinity, providing the right niche for the development of current mangrove. The resources used were aerial photographs, oral history, a report done in 1979 by the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of the Government of Puerto Rico and analyses of salinity, pH and conductivity of soils in three different sites. The conclusion of this study was that the wetland underwent changes in ecosystem composition by ambitious elimination of sand dunes due to hydrological changes and marine effects. The oral history confirms the presence of springs in the past and present. Salinity intrusion was documented in those springs in the 1979 report due to land use change and elimination of sand dunes, changing the habitat, therefore allowing a mangrove community to be established. The continuity of ecophysiological and hydrogeological studies of the area will allow for a predictive understanding of how the mangrove wetland will continue developing.

Comprehensive Appraisal of Provincial Low Carbon Development:A Case Study of China

In this research,the Factor Analysis model of measuring provincial low carbon development in China has been constructed.Based on data from 30 provinces,an empirical study was developed to measure comprehensive low carbon development using the Factor Analysis model(Principal Components method and Normalized Varimax Rotation).The results reveal that the provincial marks of low carbon development are generally low and only nine provinces have high marks(more than 0.80).The results also show significant regional disparity.The provincial marks of the eastern region are higher than both the middle and western provinces of China's Mainland.All of the provinces with high marks(more than 0.90) are located in the eastern region,and those with the lowest marks(0.60) are located in the middle region.Furthermore,regional disparity in low carbon development follows the same pattern as economic development in China.Finally,some suggestions for decision-makers are presented.

Efflux Estimate of Greenhouse Effect Gases in Three Different Forest Formations and the Influence of Soil

In carbon global cycle, the relationship between the terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere where there are, among others, gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, has become object of relevant scientific interest. The content of organic matter in soil, expressed by its supplies as well as the organic matter degree of stability, are factors that can prevent the soil from acting as a drain and at the same time contribute for it to become a source of those gases. The variations in the way land is used in Brazil are factors responsible for the increase in emission of greenhouse effect gases. Based on these facts, this study was aimed to evaluate the CO2 and CH4 efflux using a gas retention chamber, and to associate these emissions to the organic carbon content in the soil. Two different areas were selected for the study, one in Tijuca Forest National Park, in a forest area, and the other at the Rio de Janeiro Federal Rural University campus. In the latter, the area was stratified in three sub areas according to the vegetation, use and water saturation degree. Samplings were performed during 8 months between 2013 and 2014.

Zircon U/Pb dating and Hf-O isotopes of the Zhouan ultramafic intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block,SW China:Constraints on the nature of mantle source and timing of the supercontinent Rodinia breakup

The Zhouan ultramafic intrusion in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is mainly composed of lherzolite. Zircon grains selected from lherzolite are irregular in shape with distinct oscillatory and sector zoning and have Th/U ratios ranging from 0.8 to 10.6, indicating a magmafic origin. The weighted average 206pb/238U age is 637±4 Ma （2σ, n=15）, which can be considered as the crystallization age of the Zhouan intrusion. Zircon grains have δ18O values ranging from 5.2‰to 7.0‰, with an averaged value of 5.8±0.4‰（1 or, n=33）, similar to the mantle δ18O value of zircon. Their 176Hf/177Hf（t） ratios range from 0.282410 to 0.282594 with εHf（t） values ranging from 1.3 to 7.6, lower than the corresponding value of the depleted mantle （~15）, indicating an enriched mantle source. The enriched mantle source may have generated from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with subducted slab. A number of -635 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Suizao basin are associated with coeval bimodal volcanics of the Yaolinghe Formation, indicating a continental rift setting. The ~635 Ma magmafic event in this region may represent the product of the last breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block at Neoproterozoic.

Variations in leaf characteristics of three species of angiosperms with changing of altitude in Qilian Mountains and their inland high-altitude pattern

In this study, 39 leaf samples of three angiosperms （Betula albo-sinensis, tree species; and Caragana jubata and Berberis diaphana, shrub species） were collected in the middle-east parts at 2300-3640 m asl of the Qilian Mountains to study the varia- tions of leaf characteristics of angiosperms with altitude change in inland high-altitude regions of China. Five leaf indexes, viz. epidermal cell density （ED）, stomatal density （SD）, stomatal index （SI）, leaf vein density （VD） and carbon isotopic ratio （c^13C） were analyzed in laboratory. The results show that there are significant or even very significant linear correlations between the five indexes and altitude, of which SD, SI and VD exhibit a negative correlation with altitude, while ED and Ot3C exhibit a positive correlation with altitude. Such a correlation assemblage is quite different from the situation in the low-altitude humid environment. Generally, only an assemblage of positive correlations can be observed between the indexes （viz. SD, SI and （~3C, etc.） and the altitude in the low-altitude humid environment, which were caused mainly by the plants＇ responses to the change of atmospheric CO2 concentration （Co）. However, an assemblage of the negative and positive correlations found here may be attributed mainly to the plants＇ responses to the change of physiological drought caused by change of low temperature, and here it is preliminarily called the inland high-altitude pattern of plant leaf variations.

Potential Contribution of Combined Atmospheric Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+) Wet Deposition Within the Continental U.S. to Soil Inorganic Carbon Sequestration

Soil inorganic carbon （SIC） stocks continuously change from the formation of pedogenic carbonates, a process requiring inputs of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ ions. This study ranked the soil orders in terms of potential inorganic carbon sequestration resulting from wet Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ deposition from 1994 to 2003 within the continental United States. The analysis revealed that average annual atmospheric wet deposition of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ was the highest in the Central Midwest-Great Plains region, likely due to soil particle input from loess-derived soils. The soil orders receiving the highest total average annual atmospheric wet Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ deposition, expressed as potential inorganic carbon formation （barring losses from erosion and leaching）, were： 1） Mollisols （1.1 × 10^8 kg C）, 2） Alfisols （8.4 × 10^7 kg C）, 3） Entisols （3.8 × 10^7 kg C）, and 4） Aridisols （2.8 × 10^7 kg C）. In terms of area-normalized result, the soil orders were ranked： 1） Histosols （73 kg C km-2）, 2） Alfisols and Vertisols （64 kg C km-2）, 3） Mollisols （62 kg C km-2）, and 4） Spodosols （52 kg C kin-2）. The results of this study provide an estimate of potential soil inorganic carbon sequestration as a result of atmospheric wet Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ deposition, and this information may be useful in assessing dynamic nature of soil inorganic carbon pools.

Early Mesozoic structural deformation in the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt,China

The Helan-Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt is a mantle transitional belt in China. The southem part, forming the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt, comprises several tectonic systems, each displaying different characteristics. The Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt along the western margin of yangtze Block is a strike-slip tectonic belt with a series of echelon left-lateral slip faults. The strike-slip fault systems experienced two stages of structural deformation： early NW-SE striking thrust faults formed under a NE-SW compression stress field, and later sinistral strike-slip structures formed along thrust faults under a NW-SE compression stress field. Mesozoic basins developed between the left-lateral slip faults. Sedimentary facies and paleocurrent directions indicate that basin development was controlled by the strike-slip faults. The oldest strata in the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt constrain its formation to early Mesozoic. In fact, The slip tectonic belt formed by clockwise rotation and north-directed subduction-collision of the Yangtze Block in Late Triassic-Jurassic. The strike-slip faults that developed within the belt also formed at this time.

Constraining quantitatively the timing and process of continent-continent collision using magmatic record： Method and examples

Based on the main driving force of plate motion(the slab pull force generated by the descent of the oceanic plate in subduction zones) and the three primary mechanisms for magma generation(adding fluid, increasing temperature, and decreasing pressure), the continent-continent collisional process has been divided into three stages, including initial collision, ongoing collision, and tectonic transition. These stages are characterized by normal calc-alkaline andesitic magma(dehydration of the oceanic crust to release fluids), the migration of calc-alkaline magma toward the trench(dehydration of the oceanic crust or an increase in temperature) or small-scale crust-derived peraluminous magma(heat from intra-crustal shearing), and extensive magmatism with compositional diversity induced by slab break-off(increasing temperature and decreasing pressure), respectively.On the basis of the obtained age of slab break-off, the timing of the initial continent-continent collision can be quantitatively back-dated using the convergence rate, depth of slab break-off, and subduction angle. The spatio-temporal migration of the magmatic activity of the Gangdese Batholith, the onset of magmatic flare-up, and the increase of magma temperature at 52–51Ma documented by the volcanic rocks of the Linzizong Pana Formation were most likely the result of the break-off of the Yarlung-Zangbo Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere at approximately 53 Ma. This proposed age of slab break-off suggests that the initial India-Asia collision likely occurred at approximately 55–54 Ma, which is consistent with the collision ages constrained by other abundant geological data(60–55 Ma). This magmatic method has been applied to the Bitlis orogenic belt in southern Turkey in the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone, yielding an age range of approximately 29–22 Ma for the initial Arabia-Asia continental collision that is close to the collision ages recently obtained by apatite fission-track dating(approximately20 Ma) and regional tectonic shortening(approximately 27 Ma). The intense folding of the Upper Cretaceous and the angular unconformity between the overlying Linzizong volcanic rocks in the southern Lhasa Terrane(90.69 Ma) are not related to the initial continental collision between India and Asia, but can be interpreted as the consequences of the strong coupling between the hot and young subducting oceanic crust immediately south of the spreading ridge and the overriding lithosphere or the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic plateaux or seamounts. The tectonic event documented by the angular unconformity between the Linzizong Dianzhong Formation and the Nianbo Formation lasted approximately 3 Ma and likely marks the initial India-Asia collision. The significant deceleration of the Indian continent at approximately 51 Ma can be attributed to the disappearance of the slab pull force in the subduction zone due to the break-off of the Yarlung-Zangbo Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. The descent of the eclogitized lower crust of the northern Indian continent provides the main driving force for the current northward motion of Indian plate. The weak deformation of the lithospheric plate in the overriding plate of the India-Asia collisional zone between 60 and 40 Ma can be attributed to the high-angle subduction related to the rollback of the Yarlung-Zangbo Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere after the initial India-Asia continental collision, the presence of the thick crust and high elevation on the southern margin of the Lhasa Terrane, and the decoupling between the mid-upper and lower crust and between the lower crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian continent.

Soil microbes weaken the positive effect of an aquaticterrestrial subsidy on plant performance

Aims Linkages formed through aquatic-terrestrial subsidies can play an important role in structuring communities and mediating ecosystem functions.Aquatic-terrestrial subsidies may be especially important in nutrient-poor ecosystems,such as the freshwater sand dunes surrounding Lake Michigan.Adult midges emerge from Lake Michigan in the spring,swarm to mate and die.Their carcasses form mounds at the base of plants,where they may in crease plant productivity through their nutrient inputs.However,the effect of aquatic-terrestrial subsidies on plant productivity could depend on other biotic interactions.In particular,soil microbes might play a key role in facilitating the conversion of nutrients to plant-available forms or competing for the nutrients with plants.Methods In a greenhouse experiment,we tested how carcasses from lake emerge nt midges(Chironomidae)and soil microbes indepe ndently and interactively influe need the performance of a common dune grass,Calamovilfa longifolia.To determine whether midges influenced abiotic soil properties,we measured how midge additions influe need soil nutrients and soil moisture.Important Findings Midges greatly increased plant biomass,while soil microbes in flue need the magnitude of this effect.In the absence of soil microbes plant biomass was seven times greater with midges than without midges.However,in the presence of soil microbes,plant biomass was only three times greater.The effect of midges might be driven by their nutrient inputs into the soil,as midges contained 100 times more N,10 times more P and 150 times more K than dune soils did.Our results suggest that soil microbes may be competing with plants for these nutrients.In sum,we found that midges can be an important aquatic-terrestrial subsidy that produces strong,positive effects on plant productivity along the shorelines of Lake Michigan,but that the impact of aquatic-terrestrial subsidies must be considered within the context of the complex interactions that take place within ecological communities.

A study on variations of non-dipole magnetic field over Chinese mainland during 2000 BC to 1990 AD

We calculated and analyzed variation of the non-dipole(ND)magnetic field at the millennium scale over the Chinese mainland during 2000 BC–1900 AD using the newest global geomagnetic model,CALS3K.4(3K.4).The newest-generation IGRF(IGRF11)was used to verify the results.Taking component Z for example,we calculated and analyzed the distribution and annual change rates of the ND field during 1900–1990 AD every 5 yr,using two models.To thoroughly analyze the contributions of field sources,quadrupole and octupole fields,and others within the ND field at the surface and core-mantle boundary(CMB)were investigated.Results show that there were three main variation phases of the field during the period 2000BC–1900 AD.The mean amplitude roughly reflected the ND field because of the distribution and variation of that field,corresponding somewhat to the mean amplitude change.A magnetic anomaly of the ND field over East Asia(EA)first emerged in 1682 AD,and its extreme intensity had increased a total of 15276.95 nT by 1900 AD.Its location moved continuously southeastward after 1690 AD.The asymmetry between location and intensity of extreme points over EA,particularly during1740–1760 AD,indicates irregularity of fluid motion inside the outer core.Mean annual changes of Z are generally divided into four phases,which first oscillated between 2000 and 800 BC,then increased,decreased and increased in the periods 800BC–300 AD,300–900 AD and 900–1900 AD,respectively.The intensity of mean annual change increased a total of 22.87nT/yr.Anomaly extreme locations based on 3K.4 and IGRF11 over EA centered around 44°N and 103°E for degree(n)greater than 5,and intensities continuously increased with n.During 2000 BC–1990 AD,ND energy of Z at the surface and CMB had decreased in total by 18.29%and 23.23%,respectively.The field source of 26–210 pole fields are more or less affected by the lithospheric field.Energies of higher degree at the surface attenuate by almost 99%compared with CMB,but mean attenuation speeds of the low-degree ND field are faster than high-degree,which implies that the low-degree ND field has a deeper source.

Spatial distribution of marine chemicals along a transect from Zhongshan Station to the Grove Mountain area, Eastern Antarctica

This study investigates the regional distribution of marine aerosol originated species （Na＋, CI-, nss-SO42- and MSA） in the snow pits （or firn cores） collected along a transect between Zhongshan Station and the Grove Mountain area （450 km inland） on the eastern side of the Lambert Glacier Basin. Concentrations of Na＋ and Cl- decrease exponentially with distance from the coast to 100 km inland （i.e., 1500 m a.s.1.）. Statistical results demonstrate that distance from the coast inland and elevation af-fect the concentration of sea-salt originated ions in inland areas significantly. Increase of Cl-/Na＋ ratio and higher variability in its standard deviation suggest that there are other sources of ions in addition to sea-salt in inland areas of the Antarctic conti- nent. The concentrations of Na＋ and Cl- from nine sampling sites in the Grove Mountain area are relatively higher than those from sites along CHINARE transect, although all sites are at similar distance inland. This phenomenon indicates that the barri- er effect of the mountain may be the most important factor influencing ion deposition. In addition, nss-SO42- and MSA vary differently, with nss-SO42- decreasing with distance more significantly. This implies that sources and transporting pathways influence the deposition of the two sulfur compounds considerably, being supported by the spatial pattern of correlation coeffi- cients between the nss-SO42- and MSA.