Chromosome Location of the Male-sterility and Yellow Seedling Gene in Line 1066A of Foxtail Millet

Using foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) male-sterile line 1066A as female parent and Yugu 1 primary trisomic series (1 - 7) and tetrasomics 8, 9 as male parents, chromosome location of gene for male-sterility and yellow seedling in line 1066A was studied by primary trisomic analysis. The plants of F-1 generation of trisomics 2 - 9 were obtained by crossing with a great many plants of 1066A. F-1 generation of trisomics was similar to their male parent in morphologic characters, the color of their seedling was green, and pollen was partially fertile. The segregation ratio of fertility to sterility is 3:1 in F-2 generation of trisomics 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9; and 14:1 only in F-2 generation of trisomic 6 (chi(0.05)(2) = 0.012). The segregation ratio of green seedling to yellow seedling is 12:1 only in F-2 generation of trisomic 7 (chi(0.05)(2) = 0.31), but in other cases, this ratio is 3:1. The results indicated that the male-sterility gene was located on chromosome 6, and the gene for yellow seedling was monogenic recessive and located on chromosome 7. The rate of trisomics transmission by pollen was tested, trisomics 8 and 9 were the highest in rates of trisomics transmission and followed by trisomics 6 and 4.

Antihyperuricemic Effect of Ethanol Extract of Snake Fruit （Salacca edulis Reinw.） var. Bongkok on Wistar Male Rat

The aim of the study was to investigate antihyperuricemic effect of snake fruit （Salacca edulis Reinw.） var. Bongkok Wistar male rates. Antihyperuricemic investigation on Wistar male rats showed that administration of ethanol extract at doses of 200 mg/kg bw decreased serum uric acid level significantly compared to control group at hour 6 and 7 （P 〈 0.05） after inducing with potassium oxonate intraperitoneally simultaneously with uric acid orally. Whereas, administration of ethanol extract at doses of 100 mg/kg bw did not decrease serum uric acid level significantly different compared to control group at hour 6 and 7 （P 〈 0.05）. Determination of uric acid level in urine, administration of ethanol extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg bw, or probenecid as a standard drug, at a dose of 45 mg/kg bw increased excretion of urine uric acid level significantly different compared to control group in day of 7 （P 〈 0.05） after inducing with potassium oxonate intraperitoneally simultaneously with uric acid orally. However, increase of uric acid excretion by ethanol extract was lower compared to that of probenecid at a dose of 45 mg/kg bw. Mechanism of action of the ethanol extract as an antihyperuricemia has been proposed by inhibition of xanthine oxidase and finally decreased the synthesis of uric acid and increased the excretion of urine uric acid level.

纳米雄黄对耐药性白血病细胞的凋亡诱导作用

目的:研究纳米雄黄对耐药性白血病K562/ADM细胞的凋亡诱导作用。方法:采用机械研磨法制备纳米雄黄。以白血病多药耐药K562/ADM细胞株为靶细胞,采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖活性,AnnexinV/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测BAX、Bcl-2、P53蛋白的表达水平以及Caspase-3活性。结果:纳米雄黄显著抑制K562/ADM细胞增殖。20μg/ml和50μg/ml纳米雄黄处理48h,K562/ADM细胞凋亡率显著增高,分别为13.35%和72.70%;P53蛋白表达由对照的(33.25±0.75)%增高到(75.55±2.05)%和(87.25±2.15)%;BAX蛋白由对照的(72.05±0.75)%增高到(99.05±0.35)%和(99.80±0.01)%,Bcl-2蛋白表达轻度增高,BAX/Bcl-2比值增高。20μg/ml和50μg/ml纳米雄黄处理24h,Caspase-3活性显著增强。结论:纳米雄黄可诱导白血病多药耐药K562/ADM细胞发生凋亡。

纳米雄黄对肺癌A549细胞及其肿瘤干细胞的凋亡诱导作用

目的:研究纳米雄黄对肺癌A549细胞及其肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSC)的凋亡诱导作用。方法:采用机械研磨法制备纳米雄黄。以肺癌A549细胞为靶细胞,采用MTT比色法检测细胞的增殖活性;Annexin V/PI双染色法检测A549细胞及其CSC的凋亡,流式细胞术检测P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)和乳腺癌耐药蛋白(breast cancer resistance protein,BCRP)表达、Caspase-3活性及群体细胞中CSC含量。结果:纳米雄黄显著抑制A549细胞的增殖,50μg/ml和100μg/ml的纳米雄黄处理48h后,细胞凋亡率分别为12.53%和69.19%;作用24h后,细胞中活化caspase-3由对照的(2.25±0.17)%增高到(3.84±0.63)%和(7.35±0.33)%。20μg/ml、50μg/ml和100μg/ml纳米雄黄处理48h,细胞中CSC的相对含量有所增高,同时CSCs的凋亡率明显增高,分别为(4.28±0.42)%、(9.17±1.11)%和(30.71±2.82)%,但低于群体细胞。纳米雄黄作用后A549细胞P-gp和BCRP表达变化不明显。结论:纳米雄黄可有效诱导肺癌A549细胞及其肿瘤干细胞发生凋亡。

雄黄对未成年大鼠脑内谷氨酸水平的影响

目的:雄黄对大鼠脑组织中谷氨酸水平的影响。方法:将48只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、0.3 g/kg、0.9 g/kg、2.7g/kg雄黄剂量组,连续灌胃六周。采用氢化物发生-冷阱捕集-原子吸收法测定脑组织中无机砷、一甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸含量,高效液相色谱法测定脑组织中谷氨酸含量。结果:雄黄染毒6周后,大鼠脑组织中一甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸和总砷含量随染毒剂量增加而增加。与对照组比较,雄黄染毒组大鼠在给药剂量0.3～2.7g/kg范围内,脑组织中谷氨酸含量明显降低(P<0.05)。结论:雄黄代谢产物一甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸可进入脑组织中,引起脑组织中谷氨酸水平降低。

雄黄对小鼠肝脏功能损伤的初步研究

目的:以昆明种小鼠为研究对象,研究雄黄对实验动物肝脏功能的影响,为其临床合理应用提供依据。方法:不同剂量雄黄(0.1、0.2、0.4 g/kg)灌胃3周,HE染色、观察肝细胞变化并称重,计算肝脏系数,紫外分光光度法测定血清中ALT、AST、ALP和γ-GT的活性、肝细胞膜ATP酶活性,流式细胞仪检测肝细胞周期的变化。结果:给各药组肝脏系数明显降低,肝细胞受损伤程度与给药剂量正相关;且小鼠肝功能出现明显变化,ALT、AST、ALP、γ-GT活性明显升高,ATPase活力降低,肝细胞周期阻滞在S期和G2/M期。结论:雄黄长期给药抑制小鼠体重,影响肝功能,损伤肝细胞。

含雄黄血清对星形胶质细胞GLAST、GLT-1和GS蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨含雄黄血清对星形胶质细胞(AC)兴奋性氨基酸转运体1(GLAST)、兴奋性氨基酸转运体2(GLT-1)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)蛋白表达的影响。方法:以雄黄灌胃大鼠的血清为含药血清,以原代培养AC为实验对象,在总砷浓度分别为0、5、10、15、20、25μmol/L的含药血清培养基中培养48 h。采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞活力,Western blot法检测蛋白表达。结果:与对照组相比,AC活力、GLAST和GLT-1蛋白的表达随含雄黄血清中砷浓度的升高而逐渐降低。其中,25μmol/L含雄黄血清暴露组与对照组比较显著降低。结论:含雄黄血清暴露可对AC活力产生损伤作用,对GLAST和GLT-1蛋白表达均有明显抑制作用。

雄黄

似是故人来 每次仰望星空，逡巡过后我总是要找到北斗七星，那一把属于我的明亮银勺——浩瀚世间，以此作为微弱心脏的倚靠。如今白露已过，“斗杓西指，天下皆秋”

Realgar induces differentiation through ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway in HL-60 cells

Realgar （As 4 S 4 ）, as a mineral drug in traditional Chinese medicine, is currently used as the remedy for acute promyelocytic leukemia and has been proven to have relatively milder side effects as compared to the arsenolite （As 2 O 3 ）-based drugs. We have previously demonstrated that realgar induces differentiation in HL-60 cells, and the differentiation is associated with serine/threonine protein phosphatases, MAPK signaling pathways, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential decrease. In this study, we further explore the roles of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in realgar-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells. The differentiation was preceded by marked changes in the cellular level of ROS, and could be enhanced by SB202190, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. In addition, the efficacy of realgar was suppressed by closing the MPTP with an inhibitor. Taken together, these findings indicate that the opening of MPTP and the alteration of ROS generation were involved in realgar-induced differentiation.

Combination of LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics to study the hepatotoxic effect of realgar nanoparticles in rats

Realgar nanoparticles(NPs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agents for their enhanced anti-proliferation effect and cytotoxicity on cancer cells. However, the alteration of particle size may enhance biological reactivity as well as toxicity. A LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics approach was employed to explore the mechanism of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity and identify potential biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated intragastrically with realgar or realgar NPs at a dose of 1.0 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) for 28 days and toxic effects of realgar NPs on liver tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis and histopathologic examination. Increased levels of serum enzymes and high hepatic steatosis were discovered in the realgar NPs treated group. Multivariate data analysis revealed that rats with realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity could be distinctively differentiated from the animals in the control and realgar treated groups. In addition, 21 and 32 endogenous metabolites were apparently changed in the serum and live extracts, respectively. Realgar NPs might induce free fatty acid and triglyceride accumulation, resulting in hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study represents the first comprehensive LC/MS-and GC/MS-based metabolomics analysis of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity, which may help further research of nanotoxicity.

Mechanism-based anti-anxiety effects of polysaccharides extracted from Shudihuang (Radix Rehmanniae Preparata) by two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis in rat hippocampus proteins

OBJECTIVE: To investigate mechanism-based anti-anxiety effects of Shudihuang (Radix Rehmanniae Preparata) polysaccharides (RRPPs) through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis with mass spectrometry (MS) of hippocampus proteins in rats treated with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG).METHODS: MSG (4 g/kg) or normal saline (NS) was injected subcutaneously into infant male rats on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 after birth. MSG-treated rats at 8 weeks old were given NS, diazepam, or RRPPs daily for seven consecutive days by intragastric administration, while NS-treated rats given the same volume of NS. Elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/ dark transition (LDT) tests were used to observe anti-anxiety effects of RRPPs at 1 h after the last administration. After EPM and LDT tests, hippocampus tissues were excised on ice rapidly from the brains of rats. Thereafter, 2-DE and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) were used for detecting differential proteins in hippocampus of rats so as to explore the potential mechanisms. RESULTS: RRPPs (200, 400 mg/kg) could significantly inhibit MSG-induced decrease of time and entries percentages in open zones in EPM test and numbers of light-dark transition in LDT test. Further analysis of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/MS indicated that β-synuclein, protein DJ-1, peroxiredoxin-2, peroxiredoxin-6, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH-1) and iron-sulfur proteins were all found to be down-regulated significantly in MSG-treated rats, while such down-regulation was significantly inhibited after treatment with RRPPs. CONCLUSION: RRPPs showed anti-anxiety effects and potential mechanisms might be related to inhibiting MSG-induced down-regulation of β-synuclein, DJ-1, peroxiredoxin-2, peroxiredoxin-6, DDAH-1 and iron-sulfur proteins in hippocampus of rats.

Fangjihuangqi Tang improved lower urinary tract dysfunction in benign prostatic hyperplasia rats model

OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effect and mechanism of Fangjihuangqi Tang (FHT) on lower urinary tract dysfunction induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. METHODS: Male rats were randomly divided into seven groups: normal, model, finasteride (0.5 mg/ kg), terazosin (0.5 mg/kg), and FHT (10, 5, 2.5 g/kg). Rats were administered testosterone (0.5 mg sc) for 6 weeks after orchiectomy, excluding the normal group. All rats were intragastrically administered assigned drugs for 4 weeks from the third week. Urodynamics were assessed in rats under anesthesia. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were measured. The prostate index (PI), bladder index (BI), and pathological detection were evaluated. RESULTS: In the model group, the PI, BI, serum DHT, serum PAP, threshold pressure (TP), micturition pressure (MP), and residual urine volume (RV)were significantly higher. Moreover, inter-micturition duration (IMD) was significantly lower and the prostatic and bladder showed obvious pathological changes. The IMD was significantly higher, while BI, TP, MP, and RV were significantly lower and bladder pathological changes were alleviated in the FHT (10, 5 g/kg), finasteride, and terazosin groups. The PI, DHT, and PAP were significantly lower in the finasteride group, but they did not change significantly in the FHT (10, 5, 2.5 g/kg) and terazosin groups. CONCLUSION: FHT could relieve symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction in BPH rats but with no apparent effect on reducing the volume of the enlarged prostate itself.