青儿(下)

我有点吃惊．并且有一种突然间被人识破真面目的不自然，但我极力掩饰着自己的这种不自然．故作平静的问她，“你怎么就知道我不喜欢打牌呢？”

青儿——小青心迹

从一生下来开始，命运就注定我的一生只是一个配角。 而我本就无怨．因为出演主角的那个她，是我的姐姐。

Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD

Background： Anecdotally, parents often report that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） who engage in regular physical activity （PA） experience positive behavioral changes. The purpose of this study was to examine this anecdotal relationship to provide preliminary evidence relevant to the potential benefits of PA on ADHD symptoms. Methods： Parents （n = 68） of children diagnosed with ADHD completed an lnternet survey assessing perceptions of how PA influences their child＇s symptoms. Results： A significantly greater percentage of parents reported that regular PA positively impacted symptoms. However, there were no uniform effects for all types of ADHD symptoms. The results indicate that there may be more positive benefits for symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity than for those of impulsivity. Conclusion： This is the first study to empirically document parents＇ perceptions of how PA influences ADHD and suggests that PA can be a viable strategy for reducing symptoms. PA may have greater benefits for specific symptoms of ADHD, providing critical information for developing PA interventions for children and adolescents.

Crohn’s and colitis in children and adolescents

Crohn＇s disease and ulcerative colitis can be grouped as the inflammatory bowel diseases （IBD）. These conditions have become increasingly common in recent years, including in children and young people. Although much is known about aspects of the pathogenesis of these diseases, the precise aetiology is not yet understood, and there remains no cure. Recent data has illustrated the importance of a number of genes-several of these are important in the onset of IBD in early life, including in infancy. Pain, diarrhoea and weight loss are typical symptoms of paediatric Crohn＇s disease whereas bloody diarrhoea is more typical of colitis in children. However, atypical symptoms may occur in both conditions： these include isolated impairment of linear growth or presentation with extra-intestinal manifestations such as erythma nodosum. Growth and nutrition are commonly compromised at diagnosis in both Crohn＇s disease and colitis. Consideration of possible IBD and completion of appropriate investigations are essential to ensure prompt diagnosis, the- reby avoiding the consequences of diagnostic delay. Patterns of disease including location and progression of IBD in childhood differ substantially from adult- onset disease. Various treatment options are available for children and adolescents with IBD. Exclusive enteral nutrition plays a central role in the induction of remission of active Crohn＇s disease. Medical and surgical therapies need to considered within the context of a growing and developing child. The overall management of these chronic conditions in children should include multi-disciplinary expertise, with focus upon maintaining control of gut inflammation, optimising nutrition, growth and quality of life, whilst preventing disease or treatment-related complications.

Children and adolescents with Down syndrome,physical fitness and physical activity

Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity(PA) capacities.The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations.The purpose of this article was to review the measurement,determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth(i.e.,children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS:1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity;2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity;3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity;and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence.Future research should focus on:1) strength testing and training protocols;2) methodologies to determine PA levels;and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.

Height centile curve for child and adolescents in Shaanxi province

Objective: It has been recommended that age-related centile curves of anthropometric indexes(such as height, weight) be used rountinly to evaluate the growth and development statues in children. Presented here is the age-related height centile curves for children aged 0-18 years in Shaanxi, China,1995. Methods: Data of the Shaanxi population were retrieved from The Third Nationwide Growth Survey to construct the age-related height centile curves. The LMS method was used for curve fitting; all analyses were carried out on the basis of different sexes through a special program for LMS(λ-median-coefficient) method which was devised by Cole TJ. Results: Centile curves for boys and girls, showing similar age-related features but girls'puberty coming two years earlier than boys'. The period of puberty growth increment was about 2 years longer for boys. At age 18, boys were taller than girls for about 14 cm. Compared with height standard of NCHS(national center of health statistics), Shaanxi children were taller than American children before 14 years for boys, 12 years for girls, but after 15 years for boys and 13 years for girls, Shaanxi children were shorter than American ones. At age 18, Shaanxi children was 5.6 cm for boys and 4.9 cm for girls shorter than NCHS. Shaanxi children's height increase range from 1958 to 1995 at the same age was 4.9-15.1 cm ,with the mean of 9.59 cm for boys, and 3.7-12.5 cm, with the mean of 8.38 cm for girls. Between 1958-1995, the increasing velocity every ten years were 2.57 cm for boys and 2.26 cm for girls, which indicated that the children have reached the optimum. Conclusion: By means of LMS method, we constructed age-related height centile curves for Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years, these height centile curves are the first one for the Chinese children. It can be used as a reference for assessing growth and development status of Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years.

Henriksen and Flora （1999） Revisited A Literature Review on Third-Person Effects and Children/Adolescents＊

In this literature review on TPE （third-person effects） and the behavioral consequences on children, the research questions posed are how the body of knowledge has evolved since the first empirical evidence of TPE among children and what knowledge gaps that remain. The traceable developments are two： （1） Compared to the vast amount of articles on TPE in general, the 5 9 identified on the topic of children are few and two thirds actually focus on adolescents/young adults rather than children. The reason put forward for studying younger children is the urge to prevent risky behavior through media literacy programs or pro-social advertisements; and （2） The studies have not primarily addressed results to support occurrence of TPE among children. Rather they support parental TPE or among the adolescents that TPE and reverse TPE occur due to certain kind of media content. The discussion on knowledge gaps that remain follow three themes： （1） Differentiations between self and others are in psychological studies implied to occur among children between the ages of 3-4 years old, yet no study address how children develop TPE; （2） There is a tendency to follow the more general development within TPE research with the renewed interest in behavioral consequences. But the primary behavioral consequence studied in TPE in general and within studies of TPE and children is support for censorship. Few studies address ＂real＂ behavioral consequences like parental mediation; and （3） There is also a need for more theoretically coherent research on the importance of social distance.

Young people are fit and active——Fact or fiction?

This paper analyses young people's habitual physical activity(HPA) and aerobic fitness(AF) in relation to health and well-being,with reference to previous generations.Data consistently show that more boys than girls experience health-related physical activity(PA) and that both genders experience a decline in HPA during adolescence.The majority of young people(～60%-75%) do not meet the requirements of current health-related PA guidelines but youth HPA appears to have stabilised over the last two decades.Although it does not describe all aspects of AF, peak oxygen uptake(peak VO_2) is recognised as the best single measure of AF.Peak VO_2 is enhanced with age,growth and maturation with increases of～150%and～80%in boys and girls respectively from 8 to 16 years.Boys' values are higher than those of girls throughout childhood and adolescence with the gender difference reaching～35% by age 16 years.There is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO_2 or that they are less aerobically fit than children of previous generations.Despite the relative stability of peak VO_2 there has been a decline of～13%over the last 35 years in young people's ability to perform maximal aerobic exercise which involves the transport of body mass.In their daily lives young people very rarely experience PA of the intensity and duration to enhance AF and peak VO_2 is, at best,only weakly related to current levels of HPA during youth.Low levels of HPA and a marked secular decline in maximal aerobic performance remain major issues in the promotion of youth health and well-being.

Davana： A New Host Plant for Ralstonia solanacearum from India

Ralstonia solanacearum infecting Davana （Artemisia pallens Wall.） from commercial nurseries in India was isolated on modified semi selective media （SMSA）. Here, we report a new host for Ralstonia solanacearum i.e. davana. It has huge demand in medicinal and aromatic industries. Isolate was confirmed as race-l, biovar-3 by morphological, physiological, biochemical and pathogenicity studies. Two sets of primers （OLI 1 ＆ Y2 and Y 1 ＆ Y2） were used in this study. Further, the identity of the isolate was confirmed by serological diagnostic kit obtained from International Potato Research Center, Lima, Peru and single chain variable fragment antibody specific to Ralstonia solanacearum used to confirm the casual organism.

The Lifeline for Suicide Prevention of Children and Teenagers in Bucharest, Romania

Suicide is one of the leading causes of teenagers＇ deaths. Even whether it is preventable, most of the time, there are still very few projects or actions of the local authorities and/or organisations in Romania, due to the lack of information and resources. The suicide prevention line for children and teenagers in Bucharest is presented and evaluated after five years of activity. It may be considered as one example of good practice, since it managed to put together local knowledge, human resources, and social actors. The suicide prevention line for children and teenagers in Bucharest has been established in 2009 by the General Directorate of Social Welfare of Bucharest Municipality, in partnership with the Psychiatric Hospital ＂Prof. dr. Alexandru Obregia＂. The finances are provided by the Welfare Department, the location belongs to the Psychiatric Hospital, and the mental health services are coordinated by a neuro-psychiatrist. There are about 30 volunteers taking the phone calls 24/7. Since 2011, they established the Association of Suicidology.

A Report for the Therapeutic Effects of Asthma Plaster in the Treatment of 139 Asthmatic Children

In June 1994, asthma plaster was developed, which has proved effective in the treatment of cold-type asthma by applying it on some acupoints, which are known to be good for asthma.

TREATMENT OF 40 CASES OF HYDROCELES WITH MASSAGE AT QICHONG (ST 30)

Qichong (St 30) is an important acupoint in the treatment of hernia. The author over the past few years had treated 40 cases of hydroceles with finger-massage on Qichong and obtained quite satisfactory therapeutic effects. An introduction of the treatment is as follows.

ILLUSTRATIVE CASES TREATED BY THE APPLICATION OF THE EXTRA POINT SISHENCONG

The president of our hospital, Dr. Chen Daoyi, has rich experience in the clinical us age of Sishencong (Extra 6). Having learnt from him, now Ⅰ present a few cases, in which the patients have been treated with this extra point.

Dopamine receptor D2 polymorphism is associated with alleviation of obesity after 8-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study in obese Chinese children and adolescents

Objective： The aim of this study was to explore the association of dopamine receptor D2 （DRD2） polymorphism and alleviation of obesity in children and adolescents after 8-year follow-up. Methods： This retrospective cohort study included obese children and adolescents with a follow-up period of 8 years. Baseline clinical character- istics and DRD2 polymorphisms （including rs1076562, rs2075654, and rs4586205） were extracted from medical records. A follow-up visit was performed in May 2017 to collect related data including height, weight, diet compliance, and exercise compliance. Results： One hundred and nine obese children and adolescents were included in the current study. Among three DRD2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, only rs2075654 had a statistically significant association with alleviation of obesity, as the alleviation rate for minor allele carders （68.6% for TC＋TT） was higher compared to the major allele homozygote （43.3% for CC）. After adjusting for all related factors, the hazard ratio of rs2075654 minor allele carders for the alleviation of obesity was 3.34 （95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.30-8.58）. Conclusions： The rs2075654 ~olvmomhism of DRD2 is related to Ionq-term obesity alleviation in obese Chinese children and adolescents.

Conversion of female germline stem cells from neonatal and prepubertal mice into pluripotent stern cells

Pluripotent stem cells derived from neonatal or adult testes are a useful tool to examine the mechanisms of pluripotency and a resource for cell-based therapies. However, therapies usingthese cells will only benefit males but not females. Recently, female germline stem cells （FGSCs） were discovered in ovaries. Whether FGSCs can be converted into pluripotent stem cells, similar to spermatogonial stem cells, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that female embryonic stem-like cells （fESLCs） can be generated within 1 month from the stably proliferating FGSCs cultured in embryonic stem cell （ESC） medium, fESLCs exhibit properties similar to those of ESCs in terms of marker expression and differentiation potential. Thus, our findings suggest that generation of patient-specific fESLCs is feasible and provides a foundation for personalized regenerative applications.

Study of infectious conjunctivitis among children in rural areas of Qinghai province

Infectious conjunctivitis is no longer a common eye disease in cities and developed areas, but in remote mountainous regions of China where living conditions are relatively under-developed, the occurrence of infectious conjunctivitis remains a public health issue. Here, we evaluate the ratio of infectious conjunctivitis among primary school students in the rural areas of Xunhua, Huangyuan, and Huzhu Counties in the Qinghai province of China, and report the microorganisms involved in causing infection. Of the 765 eligible primary school students, 694 participated to this study(a response rateof 90.7%), 381 boys and 313 girls, with a mean age of 7.52 years(range 7–9 years). A clinical diagnosis of infectious conjunctivitis was returned for 238 of the 694 children examined. The ratio of infectious conjunctivitis in Xunhua County(46.64%) was higher compared to that in Huangyuan(26.67%; P=0.03) and Huzhu Counties(23.61%; P=0.02). The leading cause of conjunctivitis was bacterial, followed by chlamydial and viral. Our results show that there is a high ratio of infectious conjunctivitis among rural primary school students in Qinghai province.

Autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood: Long-term outcomes and relevant issues for treatment and research

The advances in research and treatment of autism spectrum disorders(ASD) over the past three decades have focused largely on early childhood and school-age years. Although ASD is a lifelong condition, there has been relatively little attention paid to ASD during the adolescent and adulthood periods. As the population of those with ASD continues to rise and age, the need to provide research and treatment for this group has become increasingly evident. This paper reviews the current literature available on symptoms, functioning, and treatment of adolescents and adults with ASD, as well as the unique issues that arise for individuals with ASD after childhood. Adulthood outcomes for ASD are generally poor, even for those with average to above average cognitive ability. Further research and additional clinical resources are needed for this rapidly increasing group.