从财富分配到风险分配的转变看现代性的断裂——评贝克的《风险社会》

贝克是以风险的独特视角来审视当代社会状态的,在《风险社会》一书中一开始就提出现代社会是一个风险四伏的社会。贝克在工业社会向风险社会的过渡中看到了现代性的一种断裂。

乌尔里希·贝克：《风险社会》

如果只把《风险社会》当作一本探讨现代性的书，那么它很可能是乏味的，特别是它所描述的一些内容似乎是发生在很多年前的(虽然是在二战后)，并且其论述也不见得很专业。然而，在1986年其德文版出版后，5年之内销售了6万册。这种阅读的兴趣和热忱并不在于它是一本社会科学的经典著作；它肯定成为不了教科书，但它将深远地影响社会科学的发展。

《风险社会的治理之道——重大突发公共事件的政府治理》

北京大学出版社2018年7月当代社会学界最具影响力的思想家乌尔里希·贝克在《风险社会》中写道:"在现代化进程中,生产力的指数式增长,使危险和潜在威胁的释放达到了前所未知的程度",我们"生活在文明的火山上"。每一周甚至每一天都有自然灾害、事故灾害、暴力冲突等各种突发事件发生,影响和威胁着公共安全甚至国家安全。

基础性权力决定着社会、经济体制的变迁

《风险与转型语境下社会秩序的路径选择》指出，善治作为一个政治理想，其最重要的一个前提性的社会事实在于群体时代的崛起。群体时代的到来，迫使国家权威重新配置基础性权力与强制性权力。

Environmental Risks in China and Their Countermeasures

The 13th Five-year Plan period （2016-2020） is a crucial period for environmental protection in China and represents the last chance for the achievement of the environmental objective under the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round manner. During this period of time, China＇ s environment is confronted with the following major risks： risks of environmental quality, human health, ecological security, balanced regional development and international influence. The overall conclusion is that the tendencies of changing eco-environment are complex, problems remain outstanding, and some risks have abated while others have intensified with possible improvements in the future. Future prospects mainly depend on the intensity of actions taken. It is suggested that environmental protection strategy of＂overall optimization＂ be adopted for the 13th Five-year Plan period, i.e. environmental protection requirements should be incorporated into political, economic, social and cultural spheres, so that these areas with major influence on the natural environment will improve and transform towards an environmentally friendly direction and ultimately help achieve the objective of improving eco-environment and people＇s welfare. In order to fundamentally reverse mainstream understanding on environmental protection, it is suggested to define the ＂contradiction between environmental pressures arising from growing economic development and China ＇ s limited and fragile environmental capacity＂ as a major contradiction of Chinese society.

Vigilance behavior of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica:Effect of sex and position in the herd

The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages （a reduction in the risk of predation） and disadvantages （competition between members of the herd） of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions

Measuring Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

Social vulnerability in this study represents the differences between the capacity to cope with natural hazards and disaster losses suffered within and between places.The assessment of social vulnerability has been recognized as a critical step in understanding natural hazard risks and enhancing effective response capabilities.This article presents an initial study of the social vulnerability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(B-T-H) Region in China.The goal is to replicate and test the applicability of the United States Social Vulnerability Index(So VI) method in a Chinese cultural context.Thirty-nine variables adapted from the So VI were collected in relation to two aspects:socioeconomic vulnerability and built environment vulnerability.Using factor analysis,seven factors were extracted from the variable set:the structure of social development,the level of economic and government financial strength,social justice and poverty,family structure,the intensity of space development,the status of residential housing and transportation,and building structure.Factor scores were summed to get the final So VI scores and the most and least vulnerable units were identified and mapped.The highest social vulnerability is concentrated in the northwest of the study area.The least socially vulnerable areas are mainly distributed in the Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang core urban peripheral and central city areas of the prefecture-level cities.The results show that this method is a useful tool for revealing places that have a high level of vulnerability,in other words,areas which are more likely to face significant challenges in coping with a large-scale event.These findings could provide a scientific basis for policy making and the implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation in China.

The Swine Flu Pandemics in Portugal Through Newspaper Humour

Using semiotic and discourse analysis methodologies to uncover denotative and connotative meanings in journalism production, following Roland Barthes＇s work, our research analyzed newspaper humour published in one Portuguese newspaper about the global build-up of the swine flu （H1N1） scare of 2009-2010. Results demonstrate that humour was much quicker than traditional journalistic templates to assign responsibilities and depict failures in the crisis management system, precociously suggesting that the pandemic could be just another moral panic similar to the bird flu of 2005. Through humour, newspapers stressed the cyclic nature of health risks, reducing the impact of dramatic information on the audience. It is therefore suggested that the sociological analysis of a media outlet in the context of a complex and emotional case such as the 2009-2010 pandemic implies its deconstruction layer by layer in order to obtain a clear picture of the mechanisms of social construction of reality.

Children＇s Problem Behaviors During Free Time as an Incentive for the Increase in Social Risks and Health Risks

Since children, as a rule, have more free time than adults, it is adults＇ responsibility to provide children with a chance to spend the time of relaxation, play, and fun in a beneficial way. Unfortunately, children＇s spare time is nowadays very frequently organized for the sake of brushing up children＇s knowledge, skills, and competences, which is accomplished by means of escalating extra-curriculum activities. When expressed by teacher and parents, these ambition-related attitudes pave the way for the disappearance of children＇s personal interests and motivations to perform complicated tasks which are perceived as unwanted or obscure by the affected children themselves. This form of adults＇ behavior may lead to the feelings of frustration, stress, demotivation, or rebellion on behalf of their children. The said emotional states, especially in relation to the lack of spontaneous play, give rise to serious psychic dysfunctions, and the instability of children＇s psychic balance. It may also pave the way for various forms of destructive behavior that mostly characterize children of younger school age who are about to start schooling.

The Role of the National Significant Seismic Monitoring and Protection Regions Institution:From the Perspective of the RiskSociety Theory

Earthquake disaster risk,as a typical social disaster risk,is one of the most important risks in modern Chinese society.This study gives definitions of the institution,describes the formation history,the connotations and development and analyzes its role in the control of major social risks caused by earthquakes.Finally,the paper presents recommendations for continuous improvement of this institution under the guidance of risk society theory,and for its application to the government reform and social governance.

Highlights from the literature on risk assessment techniques adopted in the mining industry:A review of past contributions,recent developments and future scope

In this paper a comprehensive review is presented of risk assessment techniques adopted in the mining industry worldwide;those techniques applied in other hazardous industries and potential techniques which are robust,mature and holistic and can be implemented for the Indian mining industry in future to enhance workplace safety are also presented.Findings from the review are indicative of the fact that socio-technical complexity of industrial systems has increased.Recent developments in the area of risk management highlight the need for implementation of the latest robust techniques of risk assessment in the mining sector.In consideration of the present scenario,the development of a model for risk analysis having an interface between hazard identification and risk assessment,along with an interface between risk assessment and accident causation to predict if an accident will occur under given conditions,has become dire necessity.This will increase hazard awareness and enable mine management to select and prioritize problem areas and identify safety system weaknesses in both underground and surface mining.This will ultimately help decision makers,risk analysts and safety managers make a major contribution in the development of workplace safety with a near-to-zero accident rate.

Public Security Risk m Large Scale Activities and the Standardization Prospects

This paper generalizes the definition and its scope of large scale activity based on its current practice and supervision system in China, makes risk analysis during activities, and puts forward proposals on carrying out relevant standardization works after discussions about the actuality and prospect of social security on large scale activities in China.

The credit risk of the borrower＇s credit in P2P network

P2P network lending refers to the individual through the oJfline trading platform provided by the Business Company provides small loans to other individuals. According to the sea tree Lingyi data stalistics, as of November 2014. China has 1371 P2P network lending company, than by the end of2013 638 over more than doubled. Since 2014,The cumulative volume of the whole network lending industry is up to 431.2 billion yuan. With the increasing social awareness in the industry, the future of the number and amount of P2P network lending companies in China will continue to grow rapidly. However, at present our P2P network credit risk management issues is serious, lacking of professional risk management personnel,who audit on the borrower＇s credit mostly limited to the upload information of borrowers. Credit rating is largely dependent on the subjective judgment of the risk control personnel and audit staff, which can not meet the requirements of the transaction participants in the loan security measures.This paper to pat the loan company were empirical research, through the logistic model to find the breach the key influence factors, to construct the borrower＇s credit risk evaluation methods, and to provide the P2P network lending risk control with specific policy recommendations.

The analysis of commissioned risk in social security fund investment process

The key to sustainability of social security fund is increasing its value, while the key to increasing the value of the social security fund is income of agency entrusted investment. Agency relationship of social security Fund involves four agents, among which the entrustment between National Council for Social Security Fund （SSF） and social security fund management company is a key element. Due to information asymmetry phenomenon in the entrustment management process, the fund needed to establish the appropriate entry and exit criteria, and relying on a third party to avoid agency risks.

The Experimental Study on the Risk Convergence of the Entrusted Portfolios of NSSF

This paper makes use of statistical tools of parameter correlation, multi-parameter regression, and does experimental analysis on issues of risk diversification of portfolios entrusted by National Social Security Fund (NSSF). The issues are industry related investment fields distribution, the trend of capitalization movement, and investment style factors in stock selection. The results show that there are risk problems with portfolios entrusted by NSSF, which include similar investment fields distribution trend, little difference among portfolios, and high risk preference degree.

Research on Risk Control of Medical Insurance Fund

Social health insurance is an important part of the social security system. It is the ＂stabilizer＂ of social and economic development and the ＂buffer＂ of reform. It is of great significance and function to the construction of economic development, social progrcss and harmonious society. However, due to many factors, the operation of the social health insurance fund is facing greater risk. Although the balance is rich, but the general talk about the ＂balance＂, inevitably fall into the ＂too optimistic, ignore the risk＂ of the errors, the current basic medical insurance system, compared with working employees, retirement elderly people do not pay, personal accounts into more, The overall proportion of individual funds to pay lower policy concessions. Although there is a large amount of surplus in the annual health insurance fund, a large part of the balance is due to the relatively young age structure of the insured population and the low consumption of health insurance funds. With the increasing level of the aging of the insured population, the ratio of on-the-job and the backward is gradually reduced, the effect of these preferential policies will continue to enlarge, making the total fund expenditure increased significantly. Therefore, it is an important task to reform the basic medical insurance system in China to strengthen the research on risk control in the medical insurance fund of urban workers, to prevent and control the risks faced by the fund and to ensure the safety of the fund.

ssues of Human Beings Trafficking in Albania

The theme of trafficking of human beings treats one of the most severe and dangerous criminal phenomena of the organized crime in Albania. The objects of this paper are： human trafficking; ways of trafficking; risk of Albanian society; and investment of the criminal benefits deriving from trafficking in legal economic activities, it is of great importance for the treatment of proactive investigations to the trafficking of human beings. Another important aspect of the trafficking investigations is the investigation of criminal assets and the way how they are used in the economy of the country. In this paper, we stress that the investigation of criminal assets benefited by the crime of trafficking human beings as well as other wealth financed by these assets is important as the investigation of the criminal activity of trafficking itself. Also, we aim to evaluate the necessity of acting of all law enforcement agencies and other state institutions in order to be successful in the fight against the crime of trafficking of human beings. At the end of this paper, we do treat the necessity and the ways of collaboration of law enforcement agencies, NGOs, and structures of local government for rehabilitation of the victims of trafficking and their integration in the social life.

China＇s social security fund risk management and social supervision research

Social security fund is the key of social security system to run the important material. Policy implementation of social security funds, operation supervision of safety and risk prevention and control and management, is to perfect social security system, to realize the sustainable development of the social security system important link. This paper expounds the basic status quo of China＇s social security fund risk control, risk prevention and control, the necessity of fund risk management, and analyzed the social power supervision in the way and the important significance.

Global Environmental Change and National Security of China

The concept of security has been redefined since the 1990s. As one of the important factors threatening human security, global environmental change has become a new challenge to the national security and social development. The national security problems caused by global environmental change, on one hand, are closely related to the global environmental problems, and, on the other hand, are manifested in the conflicts of international affairs. The global environmental change severely challenges the future development of China. When it comes to the study on human dimensions of global environmental change in China, much more attention should be paid to issues of important environmental change that may have great impacts on the national security of China, to the scientific assessment of the vulnerabilities of the natural and socialeconomic system of China to the impacts of global environmental change, and to the active establishment of the national risk management system, in which global environmental change should be included, so as to make contribution to sustainable development and construction of harmonious society of China.

Integrative Planning and Processes in the Mountain Areas of Mae Hong Son, Thailand

This paper outlines innovative integrative approaches for poverty alleviation based on integrating planning and processes; crossing disciplines and sectors; combining community perception with spatial technology; and creating alliances between community and government agencies. Several tools of development models from Participatory Rural Appraisal （PRA） and 3D Mapping Model programs were applied in the planning model to demonstrate a diversity of integrated development and conservation activities, The planning model was launched with a PRA process evolved a simple community map. The map allowed for the community＇s constraints and potential and related issues to be identified and analyzed by different groups. This initiative was followed by a 3D Mapping Model program, which involved the building of a topographic map. Community＇s resources and landmarks and other meaningful landmarks and data were added. These processes allowed an opportunity for creating a historical timeline, assessing the present and mapping the future of community resources. The planning model serves as a meeting point to support and enhance decentralized governance by providing centrality to the needs and decisions of local communities to improve their quality of life. This has been seen through the adoption of natural resources conservation campaigns by local communities, which include the participation of women, displaced people, ~rassroots organizations, and ~overnment a^encies.