尺度适应性起沙机制在CMA-CUACE/Dust中的应用

沙尘暴是影响我国重要的灾害性天气之一,针对中国气象局亚洲沙尘暴数值预报系统CMA-CUACE/Dust(China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Environment for Dust)的沙尘质量浓度在中亚高估、蒙古北部低估、在我国消散过快以及极端沙尘暴预报峰值偏低等问题,应用与模式格距匹配的尺度适应性起沙机制并更新风蚀资料库对模式进行改进。对2021年3月13—17日东亚最强沙尘暴个例和2023年3—5月与业务运行环境一致的连续预报试验表明,改进后的模式(CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5)有效改善了上述不足,极端沙尘暴过程传输至我国后的沙尘质量浓度峰值与观测接近。连续预报试验TS(threat score)评分显示:CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5预报一致性和连续性较好,1~5 d不同时效预报TS评分明显高于改进前和韩国模式ADAM(the Asian Dust Aerosol Model),漏报率明显降低,对2023年5次沙尘过程的4次预报TS评分高于0.3,部分过程超过0.5。

Dust-Holding Capacity and Bio-Chemical Changes of Plant Species Growing in an Around Opencast Mining Area of Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study has been carried out on a total of 50 available plant species to assess their dust-capturing capacity and biochemical performances in and around open cast granite mine areas of Jhansi district and Bundelkhand University campus treated as control site. Plant species existing under a polluted environment for a long time may be considered as potentially resistant species and recommended for green belt design in mining areas, especially to cope with dust pollution. Results showed the pollution level, especially of mining-originated dust particles holding capacity of leaves and effects of different biochemical parameters (Total Chlorophyll, Protein and Carotenoid) of existing plant species both from mining areas as well as from Bundelkhand University campus. Based on their performances, Tectona grandis L., Ficus hispida L., Calotropis procera Aiton., Butea monosperma Lam. and Ficus benghalensis L., etc. are highly tolerant species while Ficus infectoria L., Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Ipomoea purpurea L., Allianthus excelsa Roxb. and Bauhinia variegata L. are intermediate tolerant species. T. grandis had shown the highest dust-holding capacity (2.566 ± 0.0004 mg/cm2) whereas Albizia procera (0.018 ± 0.0002 mg/cm2) was found to be the lowest dust-holding capacity. Our findings also showed that the T. grandis and F. hispida have significant dust deposition with minimal effect of dust on their leaf chlorophyll (17.447 ± 0.019 mg/g and 14.703 ± 0.201 mg/g), protein (0.699 ± 0.001 mg/g and 0.604 ± 0.002 mg/g) and carotenoid (0.372 ± 0.003 mg/g and 0.354 ± 0.003 mg/g) content respectively among all selected plant species. Therefore, in the present investigation, plant species with high tolerance to high dust-holding capacity on their leaf surfaces are preferable for green corridors as open cast granite mines and their adjacent areas.

Climatic and Environmental Impacts of Dust over the Tibetan Plateau: An Overview

The Tibetan Plateau (TP), located at a height of nearly 4000 m above sea level, has a unique setting that effects the environment of the whole of northern hemisphere. It acts as the “water reservoir” of Asia as several important rivers originate from this region. Therefore, even slight alternations in the TP’s hydrological cycle may have profound ecological and social impacts. However, it is experiencing a significant increase in accumulation of dust from local and global sources. The impact of dust on the region’s climate has become an active area of research. Further, the study of sources of dust arriving at the TP is also critical. Accumulation of dust is impacting temperature, snow cover, glaciers, water resources, biodiversity and soil desertification. This manuscript tries to provide a comprehensive summary of the impact of dust on weather, climate, and environmental components of the TP. The impact of dust on clouds, radiative energy, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, snow and ice cover, soil, air quality, and river water quality of the TP are discussed. It further discusses the steps immediately needed to mitigate the devastating impact of dust on the fragile ecosystem of the TP.

Toxicity Evaluation of Different Exposure Scenarios of Road Dust Using Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as Aquatic Organisms, and Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as Native Plant Species

Particulate matter (PM10) deposited as road dust is considered an important source of contamination from atmosphere. However, there are limited studies on the toxicity of road dust as such on different organisms. This study evaluates the toxicity of road dust using different extraction scenarios on Daphnia magna and Artemia salina as aquatic organisms and also on Prosopis cineraria and Vachellia tortilis as local plant species. Chemical analysis of different extracts shows considerable amount of trace metals, however the trace metals in the dust extract associated with suspended sediment were not absorbed by the receptors. On the other hand, the concentration of trace metals in the artificial mixture was found bioavailable and absorbed causing a high percentage of mortality. In the plant assay, significant difference was obtained in the germination percentage between the control and three different extraction exposures in both plant species. The mean root length of P. cineraria and V. tortilis were higher in 20% and 50% extracts than the control probably due to the availability of nutrients from the dust extract. Interestingly however, the seedling vigor index was the opposite with higher index in the control and lower in dust extracts that contain heavy metals.

Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination of Topsoil and Street Dust around Cement Factory in Southern Jordan

Evaluation of assessment of the metal processes governing the metals distribution in soil and dust samples is very significant and protects the health of human and ecological system. Recently, special attention has given to the assessment of metals pollution impact on soil and dust within industrial areas. This study aims to assess the metal contamination levels in the topsoil and street dust around the cement factory in Qadissiya area, southern Jordan. The levels of seven metals (namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Mn) were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spec-trophotometer (FAAS) to monitor, evaluate, and to compare topsoil and road dust pollution values of metals of the different types of urban area. The physicochemical parameters which believed to affect the mobility of metals in the soil of the study area were determined such as pH, EC, TOM, CaCO3 and CEC. The levels of metal in soil samples are greater on the surface but decrease in the lower part as a result of the basic nature of soil. The mean values of the metals in soil can be arranged in the following order: Zn > Pb > Mn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Cd. The relatively high concentration of metals in the soil sample was attributed to anthropogenic activities such as traffic emissions, cement factory and agricultural activities. Correlation coefficient analysis and the spatial distribution of indices and the results of statistical analysis indicate three groups of metals: Fe and Mn result by natural origin, Zn, Pb, Cu and Zn result by anthropogenic origin (mainly motor vehicle traffic and abrasion of tires) while Cd is mixed origin. The higher content level values of metals of anthropogenic source in soil samples indicate that it is a source of contamination of air in the studied area. .

Overview of Factors Affecting Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Cells and Cleaning Methods

Dust deposition on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) cells poses a significant challenge to their efficiency, especially in arid regions characterized by desert and semi-desert conditions. Despite the pronounced impact of dust accumulation, these regions offer optimal solar radiation and minimal cloud cover, making them ideal candidates for widespread PV cell deployment. Various surface cleaning methods exist, each employing distinct approaches. Choosing an appropriate cleaning method requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in both dust deposition on module surfaces and dust adhesion to PV cell surfaces. The mechanisms governing dust deposition and adhesion are complex and multifaceted, influenced by factors such as the nature and properties of the dust particles, environmental climatic conditions, characteristics of protective coatings, and the specific location of the PV installation. These factors exhibit regional variations, necessitating the implementation of diverse cleaning approaches tailored to the unique conditions of each location. The first part of this article explores the factors influencing dust deposition on PV cell surfaces, delving into the intricate interplay of environmental variables and particle characteristics. Subsequently, the second part addresses various cleaning methods, offering an analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. By comprehensively examining the factors influencing dust accumulation and evaluating the effectiveness of different cleaning strategies, this article aims to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing efforts to optimize the performance and longevity of photovoltaic systems in diverse geographical contexts.

新型导流式孔口防喷钻进技术研究

为解决我国瓦斯突出矿井顺层钻孔施工过程中可能出现喷孔、瓦斯超限等事故这一技术性难题,基于伯努利定律提出孔口引流防喷装置设计新思路。结合理论计算验证新理念的科学性和有效性,并提出新型防喷除尘设备的设计模型。使用FLUENT数值模拟软件并基于多项指标对新模型进行参数优化,最终得出最优方案为最大长度1100 mm,最大直径φ340 mm。加工新产品并应用于山西焦煤西山煤电公司屯兰矿,应用结果表明:使用新装备在瓦斯抽采钻孔施工过程中,钻场内瓦斯浓度低于0.3%,普遍低于使用传统设备进行钻孔施工时钻场内的瓦斯浓度。

北宋定窑茶叶末釉的微观结构与矿物形态学研究

茶叶末釉古瓷作为最早出现的结晶釉之一,开展深入研究可明确其矿物晶体特征、呈色机理以及古代烧制工艺,丰富古陶瓷数据库。目前相关研究多来源于二十世纪末,样本稀少且囊括的年代和窑口严重不足,所用科学仪器多已淘汰,亟需更多实验分析与数据支撑。本文采用光学显微镜(OM)、激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱(LRS)、飞行时间二次离子质谱(ToF-SIMS)等现代科学仪器对北宋定窑茶叶末釉样本中矿物晶体开展了分析和表征。结果表明,釉中主晶相与辽金龙泉务窑一致,为钙长石和辉石;釉面整体表现为酱-黑色釉基质富铁(Fe2O3含量均值9.73%)和矿物结晶富铁(Fe2O3含量均值11.33%),除α-Fe2O3和Fe3O4晶体等熔后重结晶矿物,还有铁镁尖晶石、残余高岭石等未融熔矿物,反演出制釉原料中有镁的加入以及烧成温度可能低于1200℃,异于前人高温烧制的观点。SIMS离子成像揭示了胎釉交界处为厚约20~80μm的钙长石晶体层,而非化妆土或玻璃态的致密反应层。研究揭示了茶叶末古瓷中Fe元素不均匀富集,部分区域过饱和而析出含铁矿物晶体,釉面颜色则主要由黄褐色的矿物晶体斑点和酱-黑色玻璃基质共同组成,同时ToF-SIMS在古瓷微区原位的形貌结构和元素分析上效果显著,能够辨别钙长石、碱性长石等微米级矿物。

煤尘爆炸性与煤工业分析成分关系影响研究

采用大管状煤尘爆炸仪考查了不同工业分析指标与煤尘爆炸火焰长度的关系,实验结果表明,挥发分是影响煤尘爆炸性的主要因素,总体上呈现出挥发分越大,灰分越小,煤尘爆炸火焰长度越大的趋势。实验结果为通过煤的工业分析数据初步判断煤尘的爆炸性提供了基础依据。

不同采高综采工作面液压支架封闭控尘装置系列化研究

为了解决不同采高综采面液压支架降柱移架粉尘污染问题,开展了液压支架封闭控尘装置系列化研究。基于降柱移架产尘特点和液压支架结构,研发了适用于4 m以下、4~6 m、6 m、6 m以上采高综采面的架间喷雾引射抽尘净化装置和拉簧式、扭簧式、滑移式液压支架防尘装置,在源头降低支架产尘90%以上。该系列装置在国能集团、陕煤集团下属多个矿井推广应用,受到矿方一致好评。

回采工作面煤层注水综合治理煤尘与瓦斯试验研究

为进一步降低回采工作面粉尘浓度和瓦斯涌出量,决定开展煤层注水防尘、防瓦斯试验,以确保回采工作面环境更加符合安全文明生产的要求。通过分析煤层注水的作用机理,开展注水有效压力p、注水时间T、有效半径R等考察研究,以煤层注水前后粉尘浓度变化量、瓦斯涌出量等指标作为评判指标开展试验。试验结果表明,本次注水试验使得工作面回采期间呼吸性粉尘和总粉尘浓度降幅分别达到93%和94%,S_(max)和Δh_(2)值由原来的4 kg/m和130 Pa分别降低到2.5 kg/m和100 Pa,有效解决了试验回采工作面工作环境的粉尘和瓦斯涌出量偏大的问题。

综采工作面超前支护负压喷雾集尘器除尘效果分析

为减少超前支护粉尘,基于计算流体力学(CFD)离散粒子模型对集尘器作用下的粉尘扩散规律的数值模拟结果,结合实验测量和现场试验,研制了一种针对综采环境下超前支护粉尘源的负压喷雾集尘器。模拟结果表明:液压支架在距离液压支架迎风面0~9 m处的人行道附近形成了浓度高达1000 mg/m^(3)的高浓度粉尘带,并逐渐扩散到0~36 m处;采用负压喷雾除尘器后,液压支架背风面粉尘带浓度降至300 mg/m^(3)以下,扩散范围缩小至采煤机背风侧0~5 m;人行道附近的粉尘带形态也转变为低浓度的粉尘带。经室内试验,选择超声雾化喷嘴作为最终喷嘴,在相同的水气压力为0.4 MPa的条件下,使用该喷嘴配备的负压喷雾集尘器,有效范围为5.03 m,雾化角为71°。将研制的负压喷雾捕集器应用于塔山煤矿5110综采环境中,有效降低靠近人行道作业区推进支架的粉尘浓度,平均总降尘率和呼吸降尘率分别达到81.5%和79.1%,证实了该装置具有良好的降尘效果。

高河能源掘进工作面产尘机理及运移规律数值模拟研究

高河能源公司掘进工作面产尘强度大且回采深度逐年增加,在空气流场的作用下,常规治尘措施难以对粉尘进行有效拦截。为此,对掘进工作面产尘机理及运移规律开展数值模拟研究。首先,开展现场掘进过程压入式、抽出式风量测试,随后建立掘进工作面DPM模型,构建掘进面物理模型,得到巷道中粉尘浓度分布与粒径分布特性。最后开展掘进过程粉尘浓度分布测试。试验结果表明:掘进机司机位置处总尘浓度最高值、平均浓度、呼尘浓度最高值、平均浓度;转载机位置总尘、呼尘浓度的平均值;控风风筒后方总尘、呼尘浓度的平均值,经与数值模拟结果与现场实测结果对比,模拟精度大于85%,与现场情况基本一致。

影响上海的一次沙尘过程WRF-Dust数值模拟

利用完全耦合大气化学模式WRF—Dust（Weather Research and Forecasting—Dust）对2011年5月1-4日影响上海地区的一次典型沙尘天气过程进行了数值模拟研究，并与观测资料进行了对比分析．结果表明：WRF—Dust模式成功模拟了此次沙尘过程的形成、发展和演变的整体特征及其影响时间及范围；较好地模拟了沙尘到达上海的时间（模式和观测均在1日11：00前后）和直接影响的结束时间（2日02：00前后），而且模式沙尘浓度与观测资料较为一致；但局部地区和部分时段的气象条件和沙尘模拟还存在一定的偏差，未能准确模拟过程后期沙尘回流对长三角沿海地区的影响．分析了导致模拟偏差的原因，并探讨了提高模式沙尘模拟能力的可能途径．

聚变灰尘实验装置STARDUST失真空事故的数值模拟

建立了聚变灰尘实验装置STARDUST相应的数值计算模型,用数值模拟对失真空事故(LOVA)实验物理过程进行了重现。模拟计算了该实验装置在不同位置处的破口产生LOVA后的速度场发展过程。给出腔室内关键位置速度变化曲线,并与实验所测量到的相应点的速度变化曲线进行了比较。结果表明应用计算流体力学所进行的数值模拟计算达到了对实验重现的目的,其中RNG k-ε湍流模型能够对发生失真空事故下的气体流动状态进行较好的模拟,而且可以较好地预测失真空事故的风险。

Micromorphology and physicochemical properties of hydrophobic blasting dust in iron mines

The micromorphology and physicochemical properties of hydrophobic blasting dust(HBD)from an iron mine were comprehensively analyzed by laser particle size analysis(LPSA),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results show that the HBD particles can be classified into three types based on their particle size(PS):larger particles(PS>10μm),medium particles(1μm≤PS≤10μm),and nanoparticles(PS<1μm).The cumulative volume of respirable dust(PS≤10μm)was 84.45%.In addition,three shapes of HBD were observed by SEM:prism,flake,and bulk.In particular,the small particles were mostly flaky,with a greater possibility of being inhaled.Furthermore,the body and surface chemical compounds of HBD were determined by XRD and XPS,respectively.Ammonium adipate(C6H16N2O4)was the only organic compound in the body of HBD,but its mass fraction was only 13.4%.However,the content of organic C on the surface of HBD was 85.35%.This study demonstrated that the small-particle size and large amount of organic matter on the surface of HBD are the main reasons for its hydrophobicity,which can provide important guidance for controlling respirable dust in iron mines.

Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China

Source apportionment studies of TSP （atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 100 μm） and PM10 （atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm） have revealed that soil dust is an important source of these particulates in China. In this study, the contamination of soil dust was assessed through the use of a geoaccumulation index （Igeo）. The mass concentration profiles of 17 elements （Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, and Pb） were established for urban soil dusts. Geochemical compositions of soils from 15 cities were used to represent background urban soil compositions. The results of this study indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions （TSP and PM10）. Contamination with Zn, Pb, Co, and Br was moderate to severe （Igeo 〉 2）. The Al and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.

Research on mine dustfall agents based on the mechanism of wetting and coagulation

Mine dust is classified as one of five natural coal mining disasters because it can harm the health of miners and poses a serious threat to the safety of the coal mine. Therefore, preparation of an effective dust suppression agent is highly desired. To improve the capture efficiency of fine dust, this study examines the dust suppression effects of various combinations of wetting agents, additives, and coagulation agents by using the optimum seeking method to reduce mine dust, particularly respirable particles. The optimal formula is shown to contain 10wt% fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether（JFC）, 4.96wt% cationic polyacrylamide, and 4wt% calcium chloride. The dust suppression effect can be achieved at 96.1% in 5 min by using the optimal formula.

Long range trans-Pacific transport and deposition of Asian dust aerosols

The deposition of Asian dust aerosols during their trans-Pacific transport might cause significant marine phytoplankton biomass increases. However, the knowledge of the trans-Pacific dust transport, deposition, and spatial distribution is still poor due to a lack of continuous and simultaneous observations in the Asian subcontinent, the north Pacific Ocean, and North America. The severe Asian dust storm during 6 to 9 April 2001 provided an opportunity to gain a better understanding of trans-Pacific dust transport and deposition, using a comprehensive set of observations from satellites, ground-based light detection and ranging, aircraft, and surface observation networks. The observations and model simulations outline the general pattern of dust transport, deposition, vertical profile, and spatial distribution. The following points were observed： （1） the surface dust concentrations decreased exponentially with the increasing dust transport distance from 80°E to 120°W along the transport pathway; （2） the altitude of the dust concentration peak increased with increasing transport distance in the north Pacific region; and （3） the spatial distribution of dust deposition mainly depended on the trans-Pacific transport route.

Pressure leaching technique of smelter dust with high-copper and high-arsenic

The application of pressure leaching technology in the treatment of high-copper and high-arsenic dust was studied.The pressure leaching technique was determined as follows:the liquid to solid ratio(mL/g)of 5:1,the leaching temperature of 453 K,the retention time of 2 h,the initial sulfuric acid concentration of 0.74 mol/L,the oxygen partial pressure of 0.7 MPa,and the agitation speed of 500 r/min.Under these conditions,95%of copper and 99%of zinc and only 6%of iron in the dust were leached,while about 20%of arsenic was also leached.The leaching technique was optimized further to restrain the leaching of arsenic by adding a small quantity of ferrous iron into the leaching system(c(Fe2 +)=0.036 mol/L).Copper and zinc can be effectively separated from arsenic and iron in the leach.The optimal pressure leaching technique of high-copper and high-arsenic smelter dust is proved to be effective.