Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of orange and lemon peels, as a reducing agent, and silver nitrate salts as a source of silver ions is a promising field of research due to the versatility of biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles. In this paper, AgNPs were synthetized at different reaction parameters such as the type and concentration of the extracts, metal salt concentration, temperature, speed stirring, and pH. The antibacterial properties of the obtained silver nanoparticles against E. coli, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, were investigated. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of AgNPs. In addition to green biogenic synthesis, chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles was also carried out. The optimal temperature for extraction was 65˚C, while for the synthesis of AgNPs was 35˚C. The synthesis is carried out in an acidic environment (pH = 4.7 orange and pH = 3.8 lemon), neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 10), then for different concentrations of silver nitrate solution (0.5 mM - 1 mM), optimal time duration of the reaction was 60 min and optimal stirring speed rotation was 250 rpm on the magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (conductivity, density and refractive index) were also studied, and the passage of laser light through the obtained solution and distilled water was compared. Positive inhibitory effect on the growth of new Escherichia coli colonies have shown AgNPs synthesized at a basic pH value and at a 0.1 mM AgNO3 using orange or lemon peel extract, while for a 0.5 mM AgNO3 using lemon peel extract.

超声测量联合LEMON法在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者困难气道评估中的应用研究

目的:分析使用超声测量联合LEMON法评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者困难气道的准确性。方法:选择择期全麻气管插管下行改良腭咽成形术OSAHS患者46例,根据插管时Cormack-Lehane分级分为两组:Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为非喉镜暴露困难组27例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级为喉镜暴露困难组19例。麻醉前测量张口度、甲颏距离,评估改良Mallampati分级,患者麻醉后在相同体位下行气管插管。比较常规评估气道方法和超声测量联合LEMON法与喉镜显露困难的关系,采用受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析各指标预测困难气道的效能。结果:喉镜暴露困难组超声测量数据、LEMON法评分、改良Mallampati分级高于非喉镜暴露困难组(P<0.05)。超声测量联合LEMON法的曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)为0.990(95%CI 0.969~1.000),高于单独应用超声测量或LEMON法的AUC值。结论:超声测量和LEMON法均可有效对OSAHS患者困难气道进行评估,其中超声测量预测OSAHS患者困难气道具有较好的效果,超声测量联合使用LEMON法可提高评估OSAHS患者困难气道的准确性。

LEMON法预测患者困难气道的临床效果

目的评价LEMON法预测困难气道的临床效果。方法选择择期行全身麻醉下喉镜暴露气管插管的手术患者1 528例,男680例,女848例,年龄18~83岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。麻醉前进行LEMON法评分,采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)及曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)评价LEMON法预测困难气道的临床效果。结果困难气管插管患者37例,发生率为2.4%。困难喉镜暴露患者106例,发生率为6.9%。LEMON法预测困难喉镜暴露及困难气管插管的AUC分别为0.884(95%CI 0.867~0.899)和0.934(95%CI 0.921~0.946)。结论LEMON法在患者困难气道预测中有较好的临床效果。

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transfer of Arabidopsis ICE1 Gene into Lemon (Citrus Limon (L.) Burm. F. cv. Eureka)

The Arabidopsis ICEI （inducer of CBF expression 1） gene was cloned through RT-PCR of Arabidopsis cDNAs and introduced into the lemon （Citrus Limon （L.） Burm. F. cv. Eureka） genome using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Epicotyl segments from in vitro grown lemon seedlings were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain EHA 105 carrying the binary plasmid pMVICE1, whose T-DNA region contain ICEI gene driven by 35S CaMV promoter. Among 320 epicotyl segments inoculated, 71 explants responded and regenerated 51 elongated shoots. These shoots were subjected to an extra month of kanamycin exposure. In this way, the number of escapes reduced. Thirteen of 31 survived shoots formed roots and 7 were tested positive using PCR technique. Southern blot analyses confirmed PCR results and demonstrated that more than two copies of the ICE1 gene were integrated into the lemon genome.

Synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots from lemon and onion juices for determination of riboflavin in multivitamin/mineral supplements

In this work, lemon and onion biomasses commonly found in street markets are for the first time used to develop a facile, fast and low-cost one-step microwave-assisted carbonization method for synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). The structure and optical properties of CDs were investigated by TEM, XRD, XRF, UV-Vis, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. CDs displayed satisfactory optical pro-prieties, a high quantum yield of 23.6%, and excellent water solubility, and the particle size was 4.23-8.22 nm with an average diameter of 6.15 nm. An efficient fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the CDs and riboflavin was achieved with CDs acting as donor and riboflavin as acceptor. A linear relationship between FRET and the riboflavin concentration from 0.10 to 3.0 μg/mL was observed, allowing the development of an accurate and fast analytical method to determine this vitamin in multivitamin/mineral supplements. Despite the potential interferences in these supplements, CDs were selective for riboflavin under optimized conditions. A paired t-test at a 95% confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and the reference methods. Recovery test presented values ranged from 96.0% to 101.4%. The limit of detection and relative standard deviation were estimated at 1.0 ng/mL and <2.6% (n = 3), respectively. CDs were successfully synthesized in a domestic microwave oven (1450 W, 6 min), presenting satisfactory parameters when compared with results of other studies reported in the literature, suggesting that the proposed method is a potentially useful method for the synthesis of CDs and determination of riboflavin.

Chemical and Biological Comparative <i>in Vitro</i>Studies of Cinnamon Bark and Lemon Peel Essential Oils

Cinnamon and lemon are the oldest plants which possess a rising popularity due to their therapeutic potential from centuries. Cinnamomum zeylanicum and lemon (Citrus lemon L.) have been subjected to extensive research. Their essential oils were extracted by steam distillation from selected plants and their chemical compositions were determined by the GC-MS system. Cinnamon and lemon essential oils were examined for antioxidant activity by ABTS method which showed the ability to inhibit lipid per-oxidation. On the other hand, in antimicrobial investigations, cinnamon and lemon essential oils have inhibitory effect against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) using Muller Hinton agar medium. The essential oils of cinnamon and lemon showed antifungal effects which were tested against (Candida albicans). The volatile oil of cinnamon bark has been found to be highly effective against all the tested bacteria and fungi. However, lemon peel essential oil has shown medium inhibition for Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). On the other hand, the cytotoxic activities of the essential oils were tested on hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma. Essential oils have shown good activities on the cell lines. Essential oil of cinnamon showed more inhibition rate than essential oil of lemon. This study reported the importance of both cinnamon and lemon volatile oils and recommends that cinnamon and lemon can be used as an active therapy for humans.

Consumer Behavior Analysis under the "Lemon Dilemma" in the Market of Agricultural Products

Based on the introduction of the connotation of "lemon market" and the phenomenon of "lemon" in the market of agricultural products,the consumers' behaviors in the "lemon market" of agricultural products are analyzed.Firstly,consumers feel unfair in their minds in the process of negotiation;secondly,the purchase decision rule tends to be simplified in the "lemon market" of agricultural products;thirdly,the consumers tend to follow the masses in the "lemon market" of agricultural products.The economics significance of the impact of "lemon dilemma" of agricultural products on consumers is analyzed.The causes of the impact are analyzed from two aspects the uncertainty of collecting the information of agricultural information and the uncertainty of using the agricultural information.The suggestions and countermeasures are put forward in order to solve the "lemon" problems in agricultural market.In the first place,the excellent mechanism for producing the information of agricultural products should be constructed;in the second place,the government should encourage the multi-channel,multi-form and multi-level operation mode of agricultural products,to promote the optimization of market functions;in the third place,the government should widen the channel of information dissemination for agricultural products and establish the high efficiency feedback path;in the fourth place,the traditional thought pattern of consumers should be changed,so as to promote the healthy,orderly and benign development of agricultural products market.

改良LEMON评分与创伤急诊手术患者气管插管困难的相关性研究

目的探讨改良LEMON评分与创伤急诊手术患者气管插管困难的相关性,明确改良LEMON评估法预测困难气道的独立危险因素。方法纳入300例气管插管全麻的创伤急诊手术患者,术前给予改良LEMON评估及麻醉诱导气管插管,并进行困难气管插管量表(IDS)评分。根据IDS评分将300例患者分为气管插管困难组(D组,IDS评分≥5分)和非气管插管困难组(ND组,IDS评分<5分)。分析改良LEMON评分与IDS评分的相关性;采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨改良LEMON评估法预测困难气道的独立危险因素。结果D组的改良LEMON评分、IDS评分及张口度<3指、舌甲间距<2指及颈部活动受限的患者占比均高于ND组(P<0.05)。改良LEMON评分与IDS评分呈显著正相关(r=0.590,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,张口度<3指、舌甲间距<2指及颈部活动受限均为预测创伤急诊手术患者困难气道的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论改良LEMON评分与创伤急诊手术患者气管插管困难呈显著相关性,张口度<3指、舌甲间距<2指及颈部活动受限均为预测困难气道的独立危险因素。

不同干燥方式对柠檬片品质的影响

该研究旨在探究不同干燥方式对贮藏期柠檬片品质的影响。分别采用真空冷冻干燥(vacuum freeze drying,VFD)、热风干燥(hot air drying,HAD)、微波干燥(microwave drying,MD)3种方式加工制备柠檬片,并研究了3种干燥方式对柠檬片色泽、基础品质、营养物质和风味的影响。结果表明,柠檬片经过真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥不同干燥处理后品质与风味不同。冻干组柠檬片具有较小的收缩率(11.65%),较高的复水比(5.14)、亮度值(48.6)和V_(C)含量(3.13 mg/g DW),电子鼻各传感器的响应值较高,即其色泽、品质、风味都优于热风干燥与微波干燥方式。因此,使用冻干工艺可以保证品质。

Lemon Effect of Green Agricultural Products and Its Marketing Strategy

The paper introduces the lemon effect of green agricultural products,analyzes the formation reasons of the lemon effect of green agricul-tural products and summarizes problems brought by the effect,such as malicious deception and high price.The paper proposes countermeasures toavoid the lemon effect of green agricultural products from a perspective of marketing.The first is to strengthen the quality supervision of green agri-cultural products,upgrade the quality of products,and build up branded products.The government should foster the main body of the products andguide the main body to realize the importance of brand construction and management.The second is to construct a sales channel system of greenagricultural products,making use of the trading center of modern green agricultural products to sell products,developing a long term partnershipwith processing industries,big supermarket and restaurants,making use of internet and selling products online and offline.The third is to propagatethe products.Make a good use of advertisement,personal sales,propagation and public relations to accelerate the healthy development of greenagricultural market.

Effects of Lemon Beverages on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind, Controlled Intervention Study with Ca-Supplemented and Unsupplemented Lemon Beverages

The aim of the present study was to elucidate how bone metabolism and bone mineral density are affected by the consumption of a lemon juice-containing calcium (Ca)-enriched beverage. The efficacy of this investigational product was evaluated in postmenopausal women during five months of continuous intake (intervention). This was a randomized, controlled trial. Eighty-three subjects were assigned to three groups. Using a double-blind format, the first two groups received a Ca-supplemented lemon-juice (lemon) beverage (LECA) or a Ca-unsupplemented lemon-juice (lemon) beverage (LE). The third group (control) received no intervention. Each subject in the LECA and LE groups consumed one bottle (290 mL) of their assigned investigational product every day for five consecutive months. After five months of intervention, the gain in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine was significantly larger in the LECA and LE groups than in the control group. In the femur, subjects in the LECA group gained significantly more bone mineral density than the control subjects. The largest gain in bone mineral density at the lumbar spine was observed in the LECA group. As for the concentrations of the bone resorption marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), subjects in the LECA group had significantly lower values than those in the control group. Similarly, when compared with the LE and control groups, a significant decrease was detected in the LECA group in the concentrations of the bone formation markers, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and osteocalcin (OC). In postmenopausal women, continuous consumption of Ca-supplemented lemon beverages improved the absorption of Ca and inhibited bone resorption. This likely blocked the function of osteoblasts and led to the suppression of bone formation, resulting in the attenuation of high-turnover bone metabolism.

Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Identification of Volatiles Compounds from the Whole Fruit of Lemon, Lime, Mandarin and Orange

An optimum method has been developed for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which contribute to the aroma of different species of citrus fruit (orange, lemon, lime, and mandarin). Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled with flame ionization detection (FID) is used as a very simple, efficient and non-destructive extraction method. A three phase 50/30 μm PDV/DVB/CAR fibre was used for the extraction process. The optimal sealing time for volatiles reaching equilibrium from whole fruit in the headspace of the chamber was 20, 16, 8 and 16 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Optimum fibre exposure times for whole fruit were 2, 4, 2 and 2 hours for lemon, lime, mandarin, and orange respectively. Three chamber volumes (500, 1000 and 2000 ml) were evaluated for the collection of VOCs with the 500 ml chamber being selected. The 500ml chamber produced the highest quality peak areas and quantity of extracted volatiles. As a result of fruit respiration, the percentage of oxygen (O2) of all citrus fruit species in 500 ml chamber decreased from 21.8% to 18.8% in the 20 hours sealing time, while carbon dioxide (CO2) contents increased to 2.9% also in the 20 hours sealing time. The results of this study showed the feasibility of this technique for identifying VOCs from four of the citrus fruit species and its potential as a routine method for physiological studies on citrus fruit or on other fruit species.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Green Tea with and without Lemon

Tea is the most widely consumed beverage throughout the world, after water and is considered as a good antioxidant nutrient against free radical reactions. Lemons are citrus fruits that are very common in many parts of the world and are well known for their health benefits. In this study, different assays were used to evaluate total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of green tea with and without lemon. Our results showed that green tea with lemon has higher phenolic content, stronger reducing power than green tea without lemon;and exhibits a significant inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, both samples exhibited high ferrous chelating activity with no significant difference among each other indicating a good antioxidant potential for both. This is a comparative study between green tea and green tea supplemented with lemon. The study contributes to a better understanding about how the addition of supplements like lemon might influence the antioxidant activity of tea.

The Meteorological Prediction Model of Lemon Production in Anyue County Based on Correlation

Using the meteorological data during 1971- 2013 and lemon growth and yield data during 2003- 2013 in Anyue,the suitability problem of lemon growth and correlation problem between meteorological factors and lemon growth in Anyue area were studied. According to relevance between the selected meteorological factors and yield of lemon,meteorological prediction model of lemon yield was established in Anyue,and the prediction accuracy was higher. The research had certain guiding significance for management work of lemon production in Anyue area.

两个柠檬品种叶片离区响应乙烯利处理的转录组分析

艾伦尤力克是尤力克柠檬的一个芽变品种,结果性状优良,但冬季落叶严重,影响翌年产量,且其落叶的响应机制目前尚不清楚。为探究柠檬叶片脱落的分子调控机制,以2个冬季落叶程度不同的柠檬品种艾伦尤力克和云柠1号为材料,分别于落叶前期(E24)、落叶中期(E48)和落叶后期(E72)采集叶柄离区,通过转录组测序比较2个品种间的差异表达基因。分析表明,落叶前期、落叶中期和落叶后期分别获得1400个、2466个和935个差异表达基因,其中落叶中期的差异基因数量最多。GO分析表明血红素结合、四吡咯结合、氧化还原酶活性、铁离子结合、转录调节活性以及对氧化应激的反应、细胞葡聚糖代谢过程、葡聚糖代谢过程、细胞外围、细胞壁等相关基因在这3个时期品种间均表现出显著差异。KEGG分析表明,落叶中期富集的差异基因数及相关代谢途径最多,主要集中在植物激素信号转导、苯丙烷生物合成、植物病原体相互作用和MAPK信号通路-植物等途径,通过对以上4个途径的差异表达显著的基因进行分析,最后筛选得到木葡聚糖内转葡糖基酶/水解酶蛋白、吲哚乙酸诱导蛋白、吲哚-3-乙酸-氨基合成酶、过氧化物酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、发病相关基因转录激活因子AP2和发病机制相关蛋白等13个基因,这些基因可能与柠檬叶片脱落的调控有关。qRT-PCR验证这些基因的表达与转录组数据相一致。以上结论丰富了柠檬叶片脱落相关研究,为柠檬落叶候选基因筛选、落叶途径解析提供可靠数据。

11个柠檬砧木种质对淹水胁迫的生理响应及耐涝性评价

探究不同砧木种质植株对淹水胁迫的生理响应及耐涝性,可为柠檬耐涝砧木选育及抗涝机理研究提供理论依据。以11个柠檬砧木种质当年生实生苗为供试材料,设置正常水分管理(对照)和持续淹水处理,通过测定相对电导率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和过氧化氢酶活性等指标研究各种质对淹水胁迫的生理响应,进一步通过主成分分析和隶属函数法对各种质的耐涝性进行综合评价,最后根据综合评价值对砧木种质进行聚类分析。结果表明,淹水胁迫后,不同砧木种质的相对电导率均增加,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均降低,可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和过氧化氢活性在不同种质中呈现升高或降低的变化趋势。在供试种质中,白[木黎]檬1号、酸橙和香橙强耐涝,泰国香橼和白[木黎]檬2号较强耐涝,大果红[木黎]檬、酸柚、酸桔和小青柠中等耐涝,红柠檬和粗柠檬不耐涝。

超声辅助浸渍处理对冻干柠檬片品质的影响

采用超声辅助浸渍处理对柠檬片进行预处理,探究不同质量分数护色剂及超声辅助浸渍处理对冻干柠檬片色泽、营养物质与风味品质的影响。结果表明:最佳护色剂配方为普鲁兰多糖质量分数0.9%、乙二胺四乙酸二钠质量分数0.2%、CaCl_(2)质量分数0.1%、柠檬酸质量分数1.0%,最佳超声处理时间为10 min。与未超声处理组相比,超声处理10 min的冻干柠檬片亮度、复水比、维生素C含量、抗氧化成分及抗氧化能力总体提高。

茶素柠檬合剂抑制耳廓痤疮模型大鼠炎症反应的作用研究

目的研究茶素柠檬合剂对耳廓痤疮模型大鼠炎症反应的作用及机制。方法采用随机数字表法将32只雄性SD大鼠分为正常组8只和造模组24只。造模组左耳廓皮内注射痤疮丙酸杆菌液50μL,腹腔注射痤疮丙酸杆菌液1 mL建立大鼠耳廓痤疮模型,当痤疮模型判定分级≥1级,则判定为造模成功。造模成功后将造模组采用随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组和给药组,每组8只。在大鼠左耳廓正反两面,对照组外涂0.1%维A酸乳膏0.2 mL,给药组外涂茶素柠檬合剂0.5 mL,正常组和模型组外涂生理盐水,1次/d,连续14 d。末次给药2 h后抽取腹主动脉血和切取1/4左耳廓组织,采用HE染色法观察左耳廓痤疮组织病理形态学改变,采用游标卡尺测定干预前后左耳肿胀度;采用ELISA和Western blot分别测定血清和左耳廓痤疮组织中白细胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量和蛋白表达水平。结果与正常组比较,模型组左耳廓组织出现明显炎症细胞浸润,左耳肿胀度,血清和左耳廓痤疮组织中IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量和蛋白表达水平均明显增加(P<0.05);与模型组比较,对照组和给药组左耳廓组织炎症细胞浸润均有不同程度的改善,左耳肿胀度,血清和左耳廓痤疮组织中IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量和蛋白表达水平均明显减少(P<0.05)。对照组和给药组上述指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论茶素柠檬合剂可降低血清和左耳廓痤疮组织中炎症因子IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量和蛋白表达水平,降低耳部肿胀,从而减轻痤疮炎症反应,发挥治疗痤疮的作用。

我国纺织业产业集群研究

在国内外区域经济发展过程中,产业集群是重要的发展方向。我国纺织业已明确提出产业集群发展战略,浙江、江苏、福建、上海、山东等地区已建成多个纺织业产业集群,优势显著,可有效带动区域社会经济建设发展。但是,我国纺织业产业集群还处于初级发展阶段,层次偏低、企业分工不合理、产业链不完善且存在“柠檬市场”。基于此,文章首先介绍我国纺织业产业集群的发展现状,其次针对纺织业产业集群发展中存在的实际问题提出有针对性的改进策略,以促进纺织业持续稳定发展。

盆栽柠檬微生物菌剂-化肥互作效应研究

研究等量化肥条件下配施不同微生物菌剂对柠檬苗树体生长、土壤矿质、酶活性的影响,为柠檬的绿色高效种植提供技术支撑。以“云柠1号”为试验材料,在云南瑞丽进行了1年的盆栽试验。设置丛枝菌根-化肥、拜赖青霉-化肥、枯草芽孢杆菌-化肥、酵母菌-化肥处理,每种微生物菌剂均设置4个浓度梯度,以单施化肥(柠檬专用复合肥)作为对照。在12次施肥结束后,测量植株地上部分生物量和取土样分析土壤理化指标和酶活性。与单施化肥的处理相比较,微生物菌能够提高肥料利用率,调节土壤酶活性,进而提高并较好地保持柠檬植株生长。综合效果来看,拜赖青霉-化肥的效果最佳,各浓度处理均显著提高了土壤有机质、有效磷、碱解氮、速效钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌含量以及脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性。其中,拜赖青霉菌剂41.7 mL/株+化肥20 g/株还显著提高了植株叶绿素含量,拜赖青霉菌剂62.5 mL/株+化肥20 g/株处理还显著提高了植株叶绿素含量、土壤有效铜和交换性镁含量,拜赖青霉菌剂83.3 mL/株+化肥20 g/株处理还显著提高了土壤交换性镁含量,拜赖青霉菌剂125.0 mL/株+化肥20 g/株处理还显著提高了土壤有效铜和交换性镁含量。该研究结果可为合理利用微生物菌配施化肥来提高柠檬植株生长和改善土壤养分提供理论依据。