遗产综合体构建研究--以盐城世界自然遗产为例

世界遗产管理已经进入可持续、高质量发展的新阶段,亟须探索保护与发展联动的管理模式。借鉴“旅游综合体”这一功能复合、高效互动、以点带面的旅游开发模式,在遗产地构建“遗产综合体”,即以遗产保护为核心,由与遗产相关的监测、研究、展示、服务、产业等多种设施或机构以及管理体制、利益相关者协调机制等制度环境共同构成的功能复合体。它遵循多元综合、保护与发展联动、区域促进等原则,旨在实现遗产保护与地区可持续发展的双重目标。以中国黄(渤)海候鸟栖息地(I期)为例,探讨盐城遗产综合体的现状、问题和优化对策。

仙境题材山水画中“洞天福地”景观构成研究——以西岳华山为例

“洞天福地”作为现实世界对神仙世界的再现,是道教修行的理想仙境,在山水画中多有体现。通过分析山水画图式语言的内在依据与表示手段两方面来说明道教之“道”与绘画之“道”的关系;以相关题材画作为例,分析此类绘画作品的图像系统及蕴含的道教景观意象,梳理其仙境景观构成要素,提取出“洞”“道观”“植物”“云气”4类主要构成要素;进一步解读各要素在建成景观西岳华山“洞天福地”景观意象中的内涵与表现。旨在挖掘“洞天福地”中典型案例的价值,丰富西岳华山洞天福地的相关研究。

A Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary in Northern Cambodia

We present the first herpetological checklist for the Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary in northern Cambodia, with records of 22 species of amphibians and 33 species of reptiles belonging to 44 genera in 22 families. The checklist includes three species （Ingerophrynus macrotis, Micryletta inornata, Scincella melanosticta） which in Cambodia were formerly only known to occur in the Cardamom Mountains in the southwest of the country. Our findings highlight the importance of countrywide herpetological baseline surveys in lowland habitats.

Status and distribution pattern of coarse woody debris along an altitudinal gradient in Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand, West Himalaya

A rapid assessment on the status and distribution patterns of coarse woody debris （CWD） was conducted by laying five curvilinear transects （transects A, B, C, D and E; major trails）, along an altitudinal gradient starting from 900 to 2 600 m, in three major watersheds （Charigad, Dogarhigad and upper Gosigad） of Goriganga catchment in Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, India. At every 100 m rise in altitude a hectare plot （100 m x 100 m） was selected. Results showed that the percentage contribution by different succession phases was in the decreasing order： phase I 〉 phase II 〉 phase IV 〉 phase III for snags, and phase III〉 phase II 〉 phase IV 〉 phase I for logs. Snag density in chir pine forest was high in transect A （11 snags＇ha^-1） at 1 500 m, and the value in rianj oak forest was high in transect B （10 snags.ha-l） at 2 300 m. The total available mass of snags and logs in chit pine forest was 13.9 t, of which snags mass accounted for 41% of the total mass and logs mass for 59%. While the total value was 5.6 t in rianj oak forest, of which snags and logs accounted for 60% and 40% of the total mass, respectively. Moreover, the presence of CWD in the study area if not harvested, would provide a great opportunity to the orchids in future to flourish by providing protection. The high densities of snags and logs in chir pine forest at mid-altitudinal zone led to less species richness and lower density of ground flora as the zone receives more light, accompanying with lower soil moisture, and thus only the dominant species occupy the habitat.

Population Ecology of the Endangered Himalayan Yew in Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary of North Western Himalaya for Conservation Management

The Himalayan Yew (Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana) is an endangered native high value medicinal plant of the Himalayan Region. The several medicinal properties of the bark and leaves of this species have increased its risk of extinction due to pressures for utilization. It is also subjected to harvest for fuelwood. The species does not regenerate well from seed and that is another risk factor. The objective of this research was to investigate the population ecology of the species as a foundation for its conservation. Six forest communities in the Khokhan Wildlife Sanctuary where the species is present were sampled. The abundance of the species, impacts of harvesting and its current regeneration patterns indicate that it may soon be extirpated from the Sanctuary. A plan for conserving the remaining sub-populations is presented. It could provide a template for conservation in other locations where the species is at risk.

Carbon stock of trees along an elevational gradient in temperate forests of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary

The estimation of carbon density of high altitude forests was carried out at five different sites along an elevational gradient from 1550 m to 3550 m in a part of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, which is one of the largest protected areas of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Among the study sites the above ground biomass density （AGBD） ranged from 202.72 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 5） to 718.75 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 1） and below ground biomass density （BGBD） from 61.00 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 5） to 203.04 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 1）. The total biomass density （TBD） also followed similar trend, where the lowest value （263.73 Mg·ha^-1） was observed at Site 5 and the highest （921.79 Mg·ha^-1） at Site 1. The total carbon density （TCD） ranged from 131.86 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 5） to 460.89 Mg·ha^-1 （Site 1）, which indicates that the carbon density of forests reduces with increasing elevation.

Assessment of Diversity in the Genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

The paper deals with the taxonomy and diversity within the genus Ficus occurring in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary based on extensive field and herbarium studies. The genus comprises 11 species in the study area contrary to the earlier report of 8 species. Out of which, one species each belongs to herbs (F. assamica) and straggling shrubs (F. hetero- phylla) and the remaining species to shrub to big free standing trees (F. benghalensis, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. retusa var. nitida, F. rumphii, F. semicordata and F. squamosa). F. microcarpa and F. carica have been excluded as they do not occur in the sanctuary but reported in the previous work due to mis- identification. F. repens has been segregated from F. heterophylla and reinstated as a distinct species with a correct name F. assamica. F. retusa var. nitida forms a new record for the sanctuary. In overall gross morphology, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. assamica and F. heterophylla exhibit maximum diversity especially in their leaves, pe- duncles and figs. Among all species F. hispida has been found more common especially in low land and moist areas in mixed forest whereas F. retusa var. nitida has been seen with only two plants. All species have been critically examined and provided with correct nomenclature, vernacular name, description, phenology, ecology, uses and reference to voucher specimens. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species along with line drawings has also been included for identification.

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tree Species at Isabela State University Wildlife Sanctuary (ISUWS), Cabagan, Isabela, Philippines

This study is conducted to assess the amount of carbon stored in the above-ground biomass of the tree species at the Isabela State University Wildlife Sanctuary (ISUWS). A total of 34 different tree species were found with 285 individuals were identified with a total of 47.50 t/ha Carbon stock and 164.09 t/ha of accumulated CO2. It was found in the study that Alstonia scholaris contains the largest amount of above-ground biomass (AGB) with a mass of 20.97 t/ha and Carbon stock of 9.44 t/ha followed by Samanea saman with a mass of 13.40 t/ha and Carbon stock of 6.03 t/ha. Based on the result and conclusion of this investigation, the following recommendations were drawn: Conduct a study concerning the carbon emission of the area to determine the relationship with its carbon sequestration potential;and conduct tree planting activity to open areas in the study site to increase its carbon stock potential and fully serve the purpose of the area as a wildlife sanctuary.

The Potential Contribution of Wildlife Sanctuary to Forest Conservation: A Case Study from Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary

Forest vegetation of a protected area(Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary) in Kumaun region(west Himalaya) was analysed for structure,composition and representativeness across three different altitudinal belts,lower(1,600-1,800 m a.s.l.),middle(1,900-2,100 m a.s.l.) and upper(2,200-2,400 m a.s.l.) during 2009-2011 using standard phytosociological methods.Four aspects(east,west,north and south) in each altitudinal belt were chosen for sampling to depict maximum representation of vegetation in the sanctuary.Population structure and regeneration behaviour was analysed seasonally for two years to show the establishment and growth of tree species.A total of 147 plant species were recorded from the entire region of which 27 tree species were selected for detailed study.Highest number was recorded at upper(18 species),and lowest at lower altitudinal belt(15 species).The relative proportion of species richness showed higher contribution of tree layer at each altitudinal belt.The population structure,based on the number of individuals,revealed a greater proportion of seedling layer at each altitudinal belt.The relative proportion of seedlings increases significantly along altitudinal belts(p<0.05) while opposite trends were observed in sapling and tree layers.The density of sapling and seedling species varied non-significantly across seasons(p>0.05).The density values decreased in summer and increased during rainy season.As far as the regeneration status is concerned,middle and upper altitudinal belts showed maximum number of species with fair regeneration as compared to lower altitudinal belt.Overall density diameter distribution of tree species showed highest species density and richness in the smallest girth class and decreased in the succeeding girth classes.This study suggests that patterns of regeneration behaviour would determine future structural and compositional changes in the forest communities.It is suggested that the compositional changes vis-à-vis role of ‘New' and ‘Not regenerating' species need priority attention while initiating conservation activities in the sanctuary.This study calls for exploring other less explored Wildlife Sanctuaries in the Himalaya and across the world,to achieve overall biodiversity status in these protected areas and thus to justify their role in conserving biodiversity in the region.

Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.

Effects of excluding bottom-disturbing mobile fishing gear on abundance and biomass of groundfishes in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary,USA

The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (southern Gulf of Maine, northwest Atlantic) is partially overlappedby the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area (WGMCA). This is a region in which mobile, bottom-disturbing fishing gear has beenbanned by the New England Fishery Management Council to facilitate the rebuilding of depleted groundfish populations. We assessedthe effects and effectiveness of the WGMCA on groundfish assemblages using habitat-stratified (gravel, sand, mixed benthichabitats) sampling by means of a commercial trawler, inside and outside of the WGMCA. Sampling occurred over threemonth-long sampling periods in 2004-2005, two during the spring seasons and one during the fall season. A total of 18 specieswere analyzed for protection effects. After controlling for substratum, location and sampling season, eight groundfish species exhibitedhigher mean proportional abundance inside than outside the WGMCA while two were proportionally more abundant onaverage outside of the closure. Four species had higher mean proportional biomasses on average inside the closure and three outside.We conclude that the WGMCA may be achieving its goal of rebuilding abundance and biomass for some commercially targetedgroundfishes but not all. This study, six to seven years post-closure establishment, reveals fine-scale spatial and taxonomiccomplexity which will require a very different monitoring protocol than the one currently in place if adaptive management is to besuccessful in the

Sanctuary

Sanctuary对于每天都很常见的线缆问题来说是一个很漂亮的解决方案。

河南洞天福地文化溯源和景观空间特征探究

在研读河南洞天福地相关古今资料的基础上,结合实地调研,确定河南省范围内现存的洞天福地数量与具体位置;从自然崇拜(山岳崇拜与水系崇拜)、神话传说、道教发展三个方面分析河南洞天福地孕育与发展的文化背景与人文活动;再从5个方面分析河南洞天福地的景观空间特征:因河南“三面环山”“三江一河”的自然条件,景观空间布局呈现出符合道教追求的“葫芦”型空间格局;4个洞天福地彼此间呈现“大洞天—(福地)—小洞天—福地”的关系网络;择址大都选择在山川之上(山巅、山腰与山麓);景观序列由中心散点式布局发展至轴线式布局。以期从省域角度挖掘河南洞天福地的文化价值和景观特征,使河南洞天福地得到更好的保护和传承。

大熊猫栖息地自然遗产保护理论探讨

在介绍大熊猫栖息地自然遗产概念的基础上,阐述了四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产是大熊猫物种演化史上的最后栖息地的缘由,论述了拯救大熊猫物种的关键是保护现存种群栖息地。在阐明山地结构模型的构建理念与要素的基础上,构建了大熊猫栖息地自然遗产山地结构模型,阐述了大熊猫生态灾难与栖息地自然遗产保存技术,阐明了特种遗产资源的生物多样性代表类型。

鄱阳湖自然保护区蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽的调查

1998年 1 2月对鄱阳湖自然保护区内蚌湖和中湖池苦草冬芽进行调查。苦草生活冬芽的平均长度为 3 .0 5± 0 .5 6 cm,平均直径为 0 .84± 0 .1 4cm,平均鲜重为 1 .0 3± 0 .3 0 g,平均干重为 0 .3 0± 0 .1 0 g,含水量为 70 .6 2 %。生活冬芽在蚌湖和中湖池的平均密度分别为 1 5 .8个 /m2和 2 4 .3个 /m2 。苦草冬芽在蚌湖的分布比较均匀 ,在中湖池各采样点的分布有显著差异 ,这种差异与不同采样点的基质状况有关。苦草生活冬芽在基质中分布最大深度为 3 5 cm,在0— 1 0 cm土层中所占比例最大 ;冬芽死亡数以 2 0— 3 0 cm土层中所占比例最大。冬芽分布深度对其以后的萌发有重要影响。

汉中地区三个自然保护区蝗虫种类调查

汉中有陕西长青国家级自然保护区、陕西洋县朱自然保护区和陕西省佛坪国家级自然保护区。经过调查,3个自然保护区共有蝗虫39种,隶属5科27属,其中锥头蝗科Pyrgomorphidae仅1属1种,斑腿蝗科Catantopidae8属16种,网翅蝗科Arcyperidae5属9种,斑翅蝗科Oedipodidae9属9种,剑角蝗科Acrididae4属4种。3个自然保护区中,斑腿蝗科物种和属的多样性较为丰富。3个自然保护区的蝗虫区系组成包括东洋区种类17种、古北区7种、两区共有种8种和秦巴山区特有种7种。秦巴山区特有种的相对数量比较多(179%),这反映出汉中自然环境的特殊性。

四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产的生态旅游探讨

四川大熊猫栖息地周边社区的生计发展与栖息地的保护一直以来是栖息地面临的主要人地关系矛盾。汶川地震后,这种矛盾更迫切的表现出来。合理开发世界遗产的旅游展示功能是缓解遗产地社区居民生计和遗产保护矛盾的有效途径。在对大熊猫栖息地的生态特征进行介绍后,利用SWOT模型综合分析了四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产生态旅游展示的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战。在此基础上,开发以大熊猫栖息重灾片区生态旅游为中心,周边藏羌人文旅游和汶川地震旅游资源为支撑的三位一体旅游格局,以点带面,推动整个四川大熊猫栖息世界自然遗产的旅游发展。

四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产保护可持续发展研究

四川大熊猫栖息地的成功"申遗",给地方带来机遇的同时,也带来了前所未有的挑战。由于它地跨4市州12县,涉及16个遗产单元,遗产地范围内还有大量的社区居民,增加了遗产保护工作的难度。通过对考察中发现的一些比较棘手的问题探讨,来探寻有效保护大熊猫及其栖息地并实现可持续发展的合理举措。