The paper examines the root causes of Japan＇s rapid shift to foreign policy activism. To explain the causes, I develop the so-called ＂perverse political accountability＂ approach. Specifically, the approach claims t...The paper examines the root causes of Japan＇s rapid shift to foreign policy activism. To explain the causes, I develop the so-called ＂perverse political accountability＂ approach. Specifically, the approach claims that a growing security challenge from China and North Korea, and US policy favoring Japan＇s foreign policy activism structure. Japan＇s domestic political condition that the majority of Japanese people become more conservative and nationalistic. Such shift in the Japanese people＇s preference has been both creating and reinforcing a perverse accountability by which the leaders or parties willing to adopt hard-line foreign policies are better off electorally while the leaders or parties remaining soft-line on foreign affairs are worse off. The perverse accountability not only leads to a severe partisan imbalance between the conservative parties and the leftist parties, but also gives the most conservative party, e.g., the Liberal Democratic Party （LDP）, a greater chance of coming to office and of pursuing assertive foreign policy they favor. Thus, the perverse accountability is at the center of current Japan＇s turn to foreign policy activism. This finding contributes to an enhanced understanding for Japan＇s shift to assertive foreign policy.展开更多
目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱm RNA结合蛋白3(IMP3)及胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF2)在不同类型胶质瘤中的表达及意义。方法:采用免疫组化S-P法观察98例胶质瘤标本及20例非瘤脑组织中IMP3和IGF2蛋白的表达情况,分析二者的表达与不同临床病理...目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱm RNA结合蛋白3(IMP3)及胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF2)在不同类型胶质瘤中的表达及意义。方法:采用免疫组化S-P法观察98例胶质瘤标本及20例非瘤脑组织中IMP3和IGF2蛋白的表达情况,分析二者的表达与不同临床病理特征的关系;并随机选取IMP3及IGF2不同程度阳性表达病例行IMP3和IGF2 m RNA原位杂交检测。结果:在不同类型胶质瘤组织中IMP3蛋白、IGF2蛋白及IMP3 m RNA均呈高表达,除少突胶质细胞瘤外,二者在Ⅲ级肿瘤组织中的表达水平均明显高于Ⅱ级(P<0.05);在胶质母细胞瘤中二者的表达水平最高。IGF2 m RNA在不同类胶质瘤中均有表达,但在Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级肿瘤组织及胶质母细胞瘤之间表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IMP3、IGF2蛋白的阳性表达水平与患者年龄、肿瘤病理级别及术后生存时间关系密切(P<0.05)。结论:IMP3和IGF2对胶质瘤的恶性进展、患者预后存在一定影响,两者可能成为脑胶质瘤诊断和治疗的特异靶点。展开更多
目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子IIm RNA结合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein 3,IMP3)及胰岛素样生长因子-2(Insulin-like growth factor-2,IGF2)在胶质瘤中的表达及对临床预后的影响。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测...目的探讨胰岛素样生长因子IIm RNA结合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor-II m RNA-binding protein 3,IMP3)及胰岛素样生长因子-2(Insulin-like growth factor-2,IGF2)在胶质瘤中的表达及对临床预后的影响。方法采用免疫组化S-P法检测171例脑胶质瘤组织及20例非瘤脑组织中IMP3、IGF2及Ki-67的表达情况;分析IMP3、IGF2及Ki-67表达强度间的相关性;Kaplan-Meier生存分析及多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析胶质瘤患者生存状况的影响因素。结果非瘤脑组织、胶质瘤组织中IMP3、IGF2和Ki-67的表达水平差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。且胶质瘤组织中IMP3、IGF2蛋白及Ki-67表达均随肿瘤病理级别升高而增高(P均<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,IMP3、IGF2与Ki-67表达水平皆呈正相关,且IMP3蛋白的表达与IGF2蛋白的表达水平呈正相关(P均<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier分析结果显示IMP3、IGF2的表达与临床预后密切相关(P<0.05)。Cox比例风险回归模型分析示,肿瘤病理分级、IMP3、IGF2及Ki-67均为胶质瘤患者预后的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论 IMP3和IGF2蛋白的表达与胶质瘤的组织病理分级、肿瘤细胞增殖及患者临床预后密切相关,针对二者的靶点治疗有望成为胶质瘤的有效治疗方案。展开更多
文摘The paper examines the root causes of Japan＇s rapid shift to foreign policy activism. To explain the causes, I develop the so-called ＂perverse political accountability＂ approach. Specifically, the approach claims that a growing security challenge from China and North Korea, and US policy favoring Japan＇s foreign policy activism structure. Japan＇s domestic political condition that the majority of Japanese people become more conservative and nationalistic. Such shift in the Japanese people＇s preference has been both creating and reinforcing a perverse accountability by which the leaders or parties willing to adopt hard-line foreign policies are better off electorally while the leaders or parties remaining soft-line on foreign affairs are worse off. The perverse accountability not only leads to a severe partisan imbalance between the conservative parties and the leftist parties, but also gives the most conservative party, e.g., the Liberal Democratic Party （LDP）, a greater chance of coming to office and of pursuing assertive foreign policy they favor. Thus, the perverse accountability is at the center of current Japan＇s turn to foreign policy activism. This finding contributes to an enhanced understanding for Japan＇s shift to assertive foreign policy.
文摘目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱm RNA结合蛋白3(IMP3)及胰岛素样生长因子-2(IGF2)在不同类型胶质瘤中的表达及意义。方法:采用免疫组化S-P法观察98例胶质瘤标本及20例非瘤脑组织中IMP3和IGF2蛋白的表达情况,分析二者的表达与不同临床病理特征的关系;并随机选取IMP3及IGF2不同程度阳性表达病例行IMP3和IGF2 m RNA原位杂交检测。结果:在不同类型胶质瘤组织中IMP3蛋白、IGF2蛋白及IMP3 m RNA均呈高表达,除少突胶质细胞瘤外,二者在Ⅲ级肿瘤组织中的表达水平均明显高于Ⅱ级(P<0.05);在胶质母细胞瘤中二者的表达水平最高。IGF2 m RNA在不同类胶质瘤中均有表达,但在Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级肿瘤组织及胶质母细胞瘤之间表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IMP3、IGF2蛋白的阳性表达水平与患者年龄、肿瘤病理级别及术后生存时间关系密切(P<0.05)。结论:IMP3和IGF2对胶质瘤的恶性进展、患者预后存在一定影响,两者可能成为脑胶质瘤诊断和治疗的特异靶点。
