The globalization of economy calls for a closer cooperation between countries with diversified political and economic systems. The success of any international transaction depends on whether the involved parties are f...The globalization of economy calls for a closer cooperation between countries with diversified political and economic systems. The success of any international transaction depends on whether the involved parties are familiar with each other or not. A good knowledge of the economic rules used worldwide is the key factor in finding one’s way into the international market. As one of the most promising Third World countires ,China, with her pending entry into WTO,is in urgent need of human resources familiar with the international economic rules. Besides, China’s West Development Project brings China’s vast interior closer to overseas enterprises and as a result versatile local talents well versed in these rules are in great demand. As Incoterms 1990 is a convenient guide to the international economic rules, it is an ideal coursebook for the training of these people. This paper highlights the merits of Incoterms 1990 and thus acquaints readers with these rules.展开更多
A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind o...A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind of filters are not only characterized by high-transparency, but also by high - reflection ,therefore , it is superior to the common equal thickness interference system with quarter wavelength . it is easier to control the manufacturing techniques of the new design as compared with that of interference filter of non- quarter wavelength.展开更多
China＇s trade surplus will top US$100 billion in the first half of the year, up 60% on the same period of last year, ananalyst with the General Administration of Customs told Xinhua.
The paper deals with current issues of the regional spatial organization based on the identification and analysis of key factors and prerequisites for the formation of urban agglomerations as the most important growth...The paper deals with current issues of the regional spatial organization based on the identification and analysis of key factors and prerequisites for the formation of urban agglomerations as the most important growth centers, integrated with global and regional markets in the conditions of a qualitatively new stage in the history of the Great Silk Road. We assess promising directions and negative effects of development of agglomerated formations and zones of their influence in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a region having an advantageous geostrategic position in the Eurasian space. In Kazakhstan, the current process of urbanization has a multiple- vector nature, and the course of formation of urban agglomerations provides convincing evidence of an increase in their share in settlement and in the total population. It is agglomerated forms of urban development that are a kind of indicator of the onset of maturity in settlement, specifying key points of the socio-economic space, namely： cores of regions, nodes of foreign economic relations and contacts, main areas of new territories development, the most important links in the internal infrastructure, etc. It is urban agglomerations that should act as a kind of special platform of integration processes, on the basis of which the Republic of Kazakhstan should revive its historical role in the development of the global project ＂New Silk Road＂ and become a major trade and logistics, finance and business, innovation and technology, and tourism hub of the Central Asia region, a bridge between Europe and Asia.展开更多
Objective:To assess whether people who ever use any form of chewing substance in Asia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods:PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched for relevant studies,with ...Objective:To assess whether people who ever use any form of chewing substance in Asia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods:PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched for relevant studies,with no limitation on language or study year.Studies were included if they provided quantitative estimate of the association between ever use of chewing substance and the occurrence of CVD.Two authors independently implemented inclusion criteria,abstracted study characteristics,and performed meta-analysis.Summary relative risks were estimated on the basis of a random effect model.We used Q statistic and Egger's test to examine heterogeneity across studies and potential publication bias,respectively.Results:Eight eligible studies were included.The relative risk of CVD for ever using chewing substances with or without tobacco was 1.26(95% confidence interval(CI) 1.12-1.40),which was unchanged when restricted to cohort studies [1.25(1.08-1.42)] or cohort studies in Taiwan [1.31(1.12-1.51)].The summary relative risk for ischemic heart disease was 1.27(1.02-1.52),and was lowered to 1.26(0.85-1.67) after exclusion of a cross-sectional study.The overall relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.32(1.08-1.56).On the basis of the Taiwan data,the summary relative risk of CVD for betel(Areca catechu) chewing was 1.30(1.17-1.44).Data on dose-response were limited to betel chewing in Taiwan,suggesting a relationship between risk of CVD and cumulative exposure.Two large cohorts in Taiwan reported a greater risk of CVD with betel chewing than with smoking.Conclusions:An association was detected between betel chewing with or without tobacco and the risk of CVD.Betel chewing may impose a greater CVD risk than smoking.More effort is needed in developing betel chewing cessation programmes.The relationship between betel chewing and subgroups of CVD requires further investigation.展开更多
文摘The globalization of economy calls for a closer cooperation between countries with diversified political and economic systems. The success of any international transaction depends on whether the involved parties are familiar with each other or not. A good knowledge of the economic rules used worldwide is the key factor in finding one’s way into the international market. As one of the most promising Third World countires ,China, with her pending entry into WTO,is in urgent need of human resources familiar with the international economic rules. Besides, China’s West Development Project brings China’s vast interior closer to overseas enterprises and as a result versatile local talents well versed in these rules are in great demand. As Incoterms 1990 is a convenient guide to the international economic rules, it is an ideal coursebook for the training of these people. This paper highlights the merits of Incoterms 1990 and thus acquaints readers with these rules.
文摘A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind of filters are not only characterized by high-transparency, but also by high - reflection ,therefore , it is superior to the common equal thickness interference system with quarter wavelength . it is easier to control the manufacturing techniques of the new design as compared with that of interference filter of non- quarter wavelength.
文摘China＇s trade surplus will top US$100 billion in the first half of the year, up 60% on the same period of last year, ananalyst with the General Administration of Customs told Xinhua.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(4127155641101117)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China and Russian Foundation for Basic Research(414110106515-56-53037)
文摘The paper deals with current issues of the regional spatial organization based on the identification and analysis of key factors and prerequisites for the formation of urban agglomerations as the most important growth centers, integrated with global and regional markets in the conditions of a qualitatively new stage in the history of the Great Silk Road. We assess promising directions and negative effects of development of agglomerated formations and zones of their influence in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a region having an advantageous geostrategic position in the Eurasian space. In Kazakhstan, the current process of urbanization has a multiple- vector nature, and the course of formation of urban agglomerations provides convincing evidence of an increase in their share in settlement and in the total population. It is agglomerated forms of urban development that are a kind of indicator of the onset of maturity in settlement, specifying key points of the socio-economic space, namely： cores of regions, nodes of foreign economic relations and contacts, main areas of new territories development, the most important links in the internal infrastructure, etc. It is urban agglomerations that should act as a kind of special platform of integration processes, on the basis of which the Republic of Kazakhstan should revive its historical role in the development of the global project ＂New Silk Road＂ and become a major trade and logistics, finance and business, innovation and technology, and tourism hub of the Central Asia region, a bridge between Europe and Asia.
基金(No. 2004C30067) supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project,China
文摘Objective:To assess whether people who ever use any form of chewing substance in Asia are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods:PubMed and ISI Web of Science were searched for relevant studies,with no limitation on language or study year.Studies were included if they provided quantitative estimate of the association between ever use of chewing substance and the occurrence of CVD.Two authors independently implemented inclusion criteria,abstracted study characteristics,and performed meta-analysis.Summary relative risks were estimated on the basis of a random effect model.We used Q statistic and Egger's test to examine heterogeneity across studies and potential publication bias,respectively.Results:Eight eligible studies were included.The relative risk of CVD for ever using chewing substances with or without tobacco was 1.26(95% confidence interval(CI) 1.12-1.40),which was unchanged when restricted to cohort studies [1.25(1.08-1.42)] or cohort studies in Taiwan [1.31(1.12-1.51)].The summary relative risk for ischemic heart disease was 1.27(1.02-1.52),and was lowered to 1.26(0.85-1.67) after exclusion of a cross-sectional study.The overall relative risk for cerebrovascular disease was 1.32(1.08-1.56).On the basis of the Taiwan data,the summary relative risk of CVD for betel(Areca catechu) chewing was 1.30(1.17-1.44).Data on dose-response were limited to betel chewing in Taiwan,suggesting a relationship between risk of CVD and cumulative exposure.Two large cohorts in Taiwan reported a greater risk of CVD with betel chewing than with smoking.Conclusions:An association was detected between betel chewing with or without tobacco and the risk of CVD.Betel chewing may impose a greater CVD risk than smoking.More effort is needed in developing betel chewing cessation programmes.The relationship between betel chewing and subgroups of CVD requires further investigation.
