流溪河模型Ⅰ:原理与方法

提出了一个流域洪水预报的分布式物理水文模型——流溪河模型。模型分成流域划分、蒸散发计算、产流计算、汇流计算、参数推求5个模块。流域划分模块将一个研究流域沿水平方向划分成一系列的单元,沿垂直方向划分成植被覆盖层、地表层和地下层;蒸散发计算模块根据单元流域上的降雨量及土壤前期湿润指标,计算确定各个单元流域上的蒸散发量;产流计算模块根据单元流域上的降雨量、蒸散发量,计算确定各个单元流域上的产流量,并划分成地表径流、壤中流和地下径流。地表径流根据蓄满产流模式计算,壤中流则根据Campbell公式计算;汇流计算模块将地表径流汇流分成边坡汇流、河道汇流和水库汇流三种类型,对各单元流域上产生的径流量进行逐单元的汇流计算;参数推求模块将模型参数分成不可调参数和可调参数,对不可调参数根据DEM直接计算,对可调参数提出一个逐步迭代求精的过程对参数进行调整。流溪河模型还提出了一整套基于DEM及遥感影像对流域进行单元划分及对河道单元断面尺寸进行估算的方法,解决了目前在大部分流域不能应用分布式物理水文模型的难题。

基于Holtan产流的分布式水文模型

基于GIS与DEM技术,构建基于Holtan产流的分布式水文模型(Grid-Holtan模型)。模型以栅格为计算单元,栅格产流采用基于Holtan下渗方法的超渗产流计算,坡面汇流和河道汇流均采用逐栅格的一维扩散波水流演算模型模拟。将Grid-Holtan模型、陕北模型与新安江模型应用于半干旱的沁河孔家坡流域。结果表明,Grid-Holtan模型、陕北模型的模拟效果好于新安江模型,GridHoltan模型洪峰模拟效果更好。

Connection between heat diffusion and heat conduction in one-dimensional systems

Heat and energy are conceptually different, but often are assumed to be the same without justification. An effective method for investigating diffusion properties in equilibrium systems is discussed. With this method, we demonstrate that for one-dimensional systems, using the indices of particles as the space variable, which has been accepted as a convention, may lead to misleading conclusions. We then show that though in one-dimensional systems there is no general connection between energy diffusion and heat conduction, however, a general connection between heat diffusion and heat conduction may exist. Relaxation behavior of local energy current fluctuations and that of local heat current fluctuations are also studied. We find that they are significantly different,though the global energy current equals the globe heat current.