Dimine三维模型法在某铀矿山资源量估算的应用

铀资源是我国重要的能源矿产及战略资源,铀资源勘查后,准确的进行资源量估算是获取可靠资源量的重要手段。以我国西部某铀矿山勘查为例,对比分析了地质块段法与Dimine三维模型法在资源量估算过程及结果的差异,并总结了二者之间的优缺点,验证了三维模型估算的合理性、可靠性及优越性,为项目后续勘查及转采提供了理论依据。

基于重力卫星数据监测地表质量变化的三维点质量模型法

利用卫星重力测量手段监测全球质量变化取得了巨大成功,本文基于牛顿万有引力定律在三维空间直角坐标系中导出利用重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化的三维点质量模型法,该方法可直接利用重力卫星的轨道和星间观测数据或时变重力场模型计算全球质量变化,由于利用卫星观测数据计算地表质量变化的向下延拓过程以及观测数据噪声的影响,需要采用合适的空间约束方程或正则化技术对解算结果进行约束或平滑处理.利用合成全球质量变化模型模拟一个月的GRACE双星轨道和星间距离变率数据计算全球质量变化,对三维点质量模型法进行分析验证,采用零阶Tikhonov正则化技术处理病态问题.结果表明,三维点质量模型法可有效用于重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化,为利用重力卫星观测数据监测全球质量变化提供一种可选的途径.

利用三维加速度点质量模型法监测2010年中国西南干旱

在附有空间约束的三维加速度点质量模型法的基础上引入水文模型进行约束,利用水文模型计算地理点之间的相关性,采用L曲线法确定最优正则化参数。计算结果表明,引入水文模型的三维加速度点质量模型法相比零阶Tikhonov约束的三维加速度点质量模型法信噪比大于0的比例更高。采用该方法对2010年中国西南地区干旱情况进行监测;同时,在剔除季节性信号后,利用主成分分析法对水储量异常进行分析。结果表明,西南地区在2009年秋至2010年春存在明显的水储量负异常特征。

利用三维模型快速求解岩层产状的方法

岩层产状一般可利用机械罗盘或电子罗盘进行测量,当岩层位于高陡地段,无法手持罗盘进行测量时可采用三点法,即通过全站仪或其它测量手段测量岩层面上不在同一直线上的3个点来求解岩层产状.传统的三点法一般通过公式计算求得产状,求解过程繁琐,不直观.本文研究了一种利用三维模型快速求解岩层产状的方法,并利用公式法进行了验算,验算结果表明三维模型求解岩层产状的方法直观简单,结果可靠.

反演地表质量变化的附有空间约束的三维加速度点质量模型法

重力卫星可以在相同误差尺度下对全球质量变化进行连续重复观测,并在近十余年来取得了巨大成功,探索重力卫星数据精化处理方法和相关应用研究具有重要意义.本文基于三维加速度点质量模型法的基本原理,进一步发展建立了时变重力场模型球谐位系数的变化和地面点质量变化的关系,可有效考虑地表质量变化导致的负荷形变的影响;引入等权形式、线性形式、指数形式和高斯形式的空间约束方法处理南北条带噪声和向下延拓导致的病态问题,并与零阶Tikhonov正则化方法进行对比分析.采用模拟数据和一个月的实测GRACE时变重力场模型计算全球质量变化,对三维加速度点质量模型法和几种空间约束方法进行对比分析验证.计算结果表明,对于3°等面积的全球格网质量点,高斯和指数形式空间约束方法的最优相关距离约为500km,等权和线性形式空间约束方法的最优相关距离约为600km,各方法均可有效处理条带噪声的影响,四种空间约束方法的计算效果优于零阶Tikhonov正则化方法,本文的相关方法为进一步利用三维加速度点质量模型法监测全球质量变化提供了借鉴.

基于子模型法的混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形数值分析

采用非线性有限单元法,并基于邓肯-张(E-B)非线性本构模型,考虑面板堆石坝填筑施工与蓄水过程,利用中点增量法对苗家坝面板堆石坝进行了三维有限元数值仿真分析,得到了坝体施工期和蓄水期坝体的应力变形分布规律,从坝体结构意义上判断,堆石坝体工作是可靠的;同时,为了获得面板及其接缝应力变形更为精确可靠的结果,采用发展的三维子模型方法,而面板与垫层区之间的特殊边界用耦合的薄层单元进行模拟。工程算例的计算结果表明:面板应力和变形规律正常,较大拉应力分布范围局限在铺盖保护区以内,面板竖缝和周边缝变形值不大,面板的安全性是比较有保障的。同时,进一步证明了用耦合的薄层单元模型模拟接触面的子模型法在面板应力变形计算中具有一定的可行性和可靠性。

商业银行核心竞争力的三维评价研究

研究商业银行的核心竞争力评价问题对繁荣我国的金融市场具有重要意义。首先构建了评价商业银行核心竞争力的指标体系,采用系统的思想提出了一种分析核心竞争力的三维评价模型,并给出了综合评价核心竞争力的最优点法。在此基础上深入讨论了该模型的投影操作。

对土石方计算中数据正确性校验方法的探究

现阶段,我国的基础建设项目蓬勃发展,涉及到大方量的土石方综合性工程越来越多,土石方计算就越来越显示出其重要性。如何快速准确地计算出土石方量就成了人们日益关心的问题。土石方计算的方法有很多,无论是方格网法,还是DTM法等等,计算方法的理论都很成熟,但是土石方的计算归结为根本就是数据的合理性和准确性。本文依托《哈尔巴岭日本遗弃在华化学武器销毁项目保管区平整工程》重点分析方格网法和DTM法,然后从校验数据正确性的角度出发,总结出利用"绘制等高线法"和"绘制三维模型法",最终达到能通过对土石方原始数据的校核,省去大量的人工检查数据的劳动时间,提高效率,为工程计算真确性提供保证。

高陡地形料场储量计算方法探讨

传统的天然建筑材料储量计算方法由于受地形起伏、有用层厚度不均、勘探点布置不规则等影响,在使用时存在多种限制条件。随着计算机技术的发展,三维模型计算法以准确、快捷和高效的优势在工程中得到了越来越广泛的应用。文章以某人工骨料场为例,在满足相关规程的条件下,将传统平行断面法与三维模型储量计算结果进行对比,结果表明:高陡地形料场储量计算中,虽然平行断面法增加断面数量能够提高料场储量的计算精度,但其效果并不明显;随着断面间距的加密,平行断面法的计算结果有向三维模型计算法计算结果收敛的趋势,三维模型计算法相比平行断面法计算结果更接近料场实际储量,验证了三维模型计算法储量计算具有可行性、准确性。

高职《机械制图》课程教学方法探究

机械制图课程是一门机电行业的基础课程,本课程在机械设计制造过程中起着重要的作用。高职院校学生知识层次不一,缺乏空间想象能力。为了让学生更好地掌握基础机械制图知识,必须探究新的教学方法。基于此,本文主要探究课前培训法、三维模型辅助法和取点法这三种方法在高职机械制图课程教学中的应用。

利用三维加速度点质量模型法解算华北地区陆地水储量变化

三维加速度点质量模型法为反演陆地水储量变化提供了新的途径,采用三维加速度点质量模型法计算了中国华北地区2003—2014年的水储量变化。为了检验反演结果,采用球谐系数法以及德克萨斯大学空间研究中心(Center for Space Research,University of Texas at Austin,CSR)发布的RL06 Mascon模型进行对比分析。研究结果表明,两种方法反演结果均反映出华北地区陆地水储量长期处于亏损趋势,但不同方法计算的亏损速度有一定的差别,三维加速度点质量模型法采用CSR提供的RL06数据反演的华北地区陆地水储量亏损速度为-3.09 cm/a,而球谐系数法反演结果为-2.60 cm/a;三维加速度点质量模型法特征点的反演结果与Mascon法相关系数更高,而球谐系数法与三维加速度点质量模型法结果之间的差异主要是由条带噪声约束平滑策略不一致导致的。

流变效应对高混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形的影响

采用三维非线性有限单元法对牛牛混凝土面板堆石坝施工期和蓄水期的应力变形进行模拟计算,并结合沈珠江提出的指数型曲线流变模型,采用自行编制的有限元程序对大坝进行了三维流变分析,得到了坝体、面板在各个时期的应力和变形情况,以及堆石流变对坝体应力变形的影响:计算面板和周边缝位移时采用了三维子模型法,根据实际的坝体填筑、蓄水过程,对每一期面板浇筑之前的坝体上游面位移进行修正,并通过在面板与堆石体之间设置三维面-面摩擦接触单元,来有效模拟面板的应力、变形,为该坝的进一步优化设计提供了有益的建议。

面板与坝体的分期施工高差对面板脱空变形的影响

【目的】研究高面板堆石坝面板与坝体的分期施工高差对于面板脱空变形的影响。【方法】在分析面板脱空机理的基础上,运用三维有限元子模型法,考虑堆石体的流变变形,以国内某高面板堆石坝工程为例,对不同面板与坝体分期施工高差方案所产生的面板脱空变形特征进行分析。【结果】面板与坝体的分期施工高差对各期面板的脱空变形影响显著,分期施工高差越大,各期面板的脱空变形相应越小;对于200m级的高面板堆石坝,为有效避免面板脱空现象,面板与坝体的分期施工高差宜控制在15m以上。【结论】对于采用分期施工方案的高面板堆石坝,应结合工程实际情况,通过有限元计算等方法合理选择适宜的面板与坝体的分期施工高差。

Three-dimensional land FD-CSEM forward modeling using edge finite-element method

A modeling tool for simulating three-dimensional land frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic surveys,based on a finite-element discretization of the Helmholtz equation for the electric fields,has been developed.The main difference between our modeling method and those previous works is edge finite-element approach applied to solving the three-dimensional land frequency-domain electromagnetic responses generated by horizontal electric dipole source.Firstly,the edge finite-element equation is formulated through the Galerkin method based on Helmholtz equation of the electric fields.Secondly,in order to check the validity of the modeling code,the numerical results are compared with the analytical solutions for a homogeneous half-space model.Finally,other three models are simulated with three-dimensional electromagnetic responses.The results indicate that the method can be applied for solving three-dimensional electromagnetic responses.The algorithm has been demonstrated,which can be effective to modeling the complex geo-electrical structures.This efficient algorithm will help to study the distribution laws of3-D land frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic responses and to setup basis for research of three-dimensional inversion.

Three-dimensional inversion of borehole-surface electrical data based on quasi-analytical approximation

3D inversion of borehole-surface electrical data for complex geo-electrical models is still a challenging problem in geophysical exploration. We have developed a program for 3D inversion to borehole-surface electrical data based on the quasi-analytical approximation （QA） and re-weighted regularized conjugate gradient method （RRCG） algorithms using Visual Fortran 6.5. Application of the QA approximation to forward modeling and Frechet derivative computations speeds up the calculation dramatically. The trial calculation for synthetic data of theoretical model showed that the program is fast and highly precise.

Reliability analysis for seismic stability of tunnel faces in soft rock masses based on a 3D stochastic collapse model

A new horn failure mechanism was constructed for tunnel faces in the soft rock mass by means of the logarithmic spiral curve. The seismic action was incorporated into the horn failure mechanism using the pseudo-static method. Considering the randomness of rock mass parameters and loads, a three-dimensional (3D) stochastic collapse model was established. Reliability analysis of seismic stability of tunnel faces was presented via the kinematical approach and the response surface method. The results show that, the reliability of tunnel faces is significantly affected by the supporting pressure, geological strength index, uniaxial compressive strength, rock bulk density and seismic forces. It is worth noting that, if the effect of seismic force was not considered, the stability of tunnel faces would be obviously overestimated. However, the correlation between horizontal and vertical seismic forces can be ignored under the condition of low calculation accuracy.

Simulation and visualization of the displacement between CO2 and formation fluids at pore-scale levels and its application to the recovery of shale gas

This article reports recent developments and advances in the simulation of the CO2-formation fluid displacement behaviour at the pore scale of subsurface porous media. Roughly, there are three effective visualization approaches to detect and observe the CO2-formation fluid displacement mechanism at the micro-scale, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography and fabricated micromodels, but they are not capable of investigating the dis- placement process at the nano-scale. Though a lab-on-chip approach for the direct visualization of the fluid flow behaviour in nanoscale channels has been developed using an advanced epi-fluorescence microscopy method combined with a nanofluidic chip, it is still a qualitative analysis method. The lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） can simulate the CO2 displacement processes in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional （3D） pore structure, but until now, the CO2 displace- ment mechanisms had not been thoroughly investigated and the 3D pore structure of real rock had not been directly taken into account in the simulation of the CO2 displacement process. The status of research on the applications of CO2 displacement to enhance shale gas recovery is also analyzed in this paper. The coupling of molecular dynamics and LBM in tandem is proposed to simulate the CO2-shale gas displacement process based on the 3D digital model of shale obtained from focused ion beams and scanning electron microscopy.

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional combustion flows

A finite-rate method is used to simulate the three-dimensional combustion process in a plasma generator with CH4 as the fuel. The simulation was run with RNG k-ε model to simulate turbulence, with eddy-dissipation-concept (EDC) model to simulate the combustion and with discrete ordinates model to simulate radiation. The numerical results show that the flow field characteristics and the parameter distributions are under the condition of rich fuels, and these results provide valuable information when optimizing the plasma generator design and organizing its flow fields.

Improvements in seismic event locations in a deep western U.S. coal mine using tomographic velocity models and an evolutionary search algorithm

Methods of improving seismic event locations were investigated as part of a research study aimed at reducing ground control safety hazards. Seismic event waveforms collected with a 23-station three-dimensional sensor array during longwall coal mining provide the data set used in the analyses. A spatially variable seismic velocity model is constructed using seismic event sources in a passive tomographic method. The resulting three-dimensional velocity model is used to relocate seismic event positions. An evolutionary optimization algorithm is implemented and used in both the velocity model development and in seeking improved event location solutions. Results obtained using the different velocity models are compared. The combination of the tomographic velocity model development and evolutionary search algorithm provides improvement to the event locations.

3D stability analysis method of concave slope based on the Bishop method

In order to study the stability control mechanism of a concave slope with circular landslide, and remove the influence of differences in shape on slope stability, the limit analysis method of a simplified Bishop method was employed. The sliding body was divided into strips in a three-dimensional model, and the lateral earth pressure was put into mechanical analysis and the three-dimensional stability analysis methods applicable for circular sliding in concave slope were deduced. Based on geometric structure and the geological parameters of a concave slope, the influence rule of curvature radius and the top and bottom arch height on the concave slope stability were analyzed. The results show that the stability coefficient decreases after growth, first in the transition stage of slope shape from flat to concave, and it has been confirmed that there is a best size to make the slope stability factor reach a maximum. By contrast with average slope, the stability of a concave slope features a smaller range of ascension with slope height increase, which indicates that the enhancing effect of a concave slope is apparent only with lower slope heights.