上游来流量对堰塞坝溃决过程影响试验研究

为了探究上游来流量对堰塞坝溃决过程的影响,进行了上游来流量分别为0.3L/s、0.6L/s、0.8L/s、2L/s、6L/s的五组工况下的水槽试验。实验结果表明:不同上游来流量下的堰塞坝溃决流量发展过程都分为三个阶段:溃决流量稳定增长阶段、峰值流量阶段及趋于稳定阶段;溃决历时则随着上游来流量的增大而缩短,峰现时间也随着上游来流量的增大而提前;堰塞坝溃决结束后残余的坝体体积随着上游来流量的增大而减小。

顺直微弯型分汊河道水流的紊动特性试验研究

对顺直微弯型分汊河道的水流紊动特性进行了试验研究,构建了分汊河道的物理模型试验系统,探究了在不同汊道宽度比和上游来流量条件下,水流在分汊河道沿程不同断面的紊动能分布特征.试验结果表明:在平面上,水流紊动最为剧烈的区域发生在支汊进口段凹岸的回流区与凸岸的高流速区之间的过渡地带,表、中、底3层的高紊动区的强度和范围以中层为最大,表层次之,底层最小;在横断面上,紊动强度在分汊前、中、后各有不同,支汊进口段断面的凹岸侧紊动强度最大,其高紊动区等值线由底至表呈现由凹岸倾向凸岸的规律,交汇断面对应岛屿尾尖的区域紊动也较为剧烈;上游来流增大明显增强断面紊动强度,但对紊动能等值线分布特征影响较小;不同支汊宽度比引起交汇断面高紊动能位置的变化,以及支汊进口断面紊动能的量值与位置也有所差异.

溃坝洪水数值模拟

在已有溃坝洪水数学模型基础上建立的溃坝洪水计算模型,可对洪水由库尾向坝址的传播过程、溃坝洪水向下游的推进过程、溃坝洪水漫过堤防后在下游城镇内的淹没过程进行水动力学模拟.利用所建立的溃坝洪水计算模型,对某水电站大坝溃坝洪水在拟定的各工况下进行的坝下游洪水预测表明,溃坝历时、水库上游来流量及溃坝时不同的坝前水位是影响该模型计算结果的主要因素.

Filling of the Three Gorges Reservoir to the 135-m Level: Instant Effects on the Yangtze Discharge and Suspended Sediment Concentration Entering the Estuary

Via the valuable opportunity of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) 135-m filling in June 2003, the Yangtze discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) entering the estuary during the period from 15 May to 15 July 2003 were analyzed to examine the instant effects of the filling on them. The Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary in the periods before, during and after the filling clearly indicated three phases: 1) the pre-storage phase characterized by natural conditions, in which the SSC increased with increasing water discharge; 2) the storage phase, during which the SSC decreased dramatically with decreasing water discharge; and 3) the post-storage phase, during which both the SSC and water discharge remained at relatively low levels first until the end of June, then the SSC increased gradually with increasing water discharge. It seems that the times for the instant effects of the decreasing discharge downstream from the upper Yangtze on the Yangtze discharge and SSC entering the estuary due to the TGR 135-m filling to take place were about 5 d and 1 d respectively, while both were about 18 d for those of the increasing discharge. This probably reflects the buffering and resultantly hysteresis of the 1800-km stretch from the upper Yangtze to the estuary. The results are helpful for scientific and hydrological investigation of the Yangtze mainstream downstream from the TGR Dam and of the estuarine and adjacent coastal waters.

Influence of Vegetation on Runoff and Sediment in Wind-water Erosion Crisscross Region in the Upper Yellow River of China

All characteristics of vegetation,runoff and sediment from 1960 to 2010 in the Xiliu Gully Watershed,which is a representative watershed in wind-water erosion crisscross region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River of China,have been analyzed in this study.Based on the remote sensing image data,and used multi-spectral interpretation method,the characteristics of vegetation variation in the Xiliu Gully Watershed have been analyzed.And the rules of precipitation,runoff and sediment's changes have been illuminated by using mathematical statistics method.What′s more,the influence mechanism of vegetation on runoff and sediment has been discussed by using the data obtained from artificial rainfall simulation test.The results showed that the main vegetation type was given priority to low coverage,and the area of the low vegetation coverage type was reducing year by year.On the country,the area of the high vegetation coverage type was gradually increasing.In a word,vegetation conditions had got better improved since 2000 when the watershed management project started.The average annual precipitation of the river basin also got slightly increase in 2000–2010.The average annual runoff reduced by 37.5%,and the average annual sediment reduced by 73.9% in the same period.The results of artificial rainfall simulation tests showed that the improvement of vegetation coverage could increase not only soil infiltration but also vegetation evapotranspiration,and then made the rainfall-induced runoff production decrease.Vegetation root system could increases the resistance ability of soil to erosion,and vegetation aboveground part could reduce raindrop kinetic energy and splash soil erosion.Therefore,with the increase of vegetation coverage,the rainfall-induced sediment could decrease.

Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Stock in the Upper Yangtze River Basin

Soil organic carbon is of great importance to terrestrial ecosystems. Studies on the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in various types of soil can help to better understand the role of soil in the global carbon cycle and provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the magnitude of carbon stored in a given area. Here we present estimates of soil organic carbon stock in soils in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on soil types as defined by Chinese Soil Taxonomy and recently compiled into a digital soil database. The results showed that the total soil organic carbon stock of the upper Yangtze River to a depth of 100 cm was 1.452x1013 kg. The highest soil organic carbon stock was found in felty soils （2.419x10TM kg）, followed by dark brown soils （1.269x10=kg）, and dark feltysoils （L139x10=kg）. Chernozems and irrigation silting soils showed the lowest soil organic carbon stock, mainly due to the small total area of such soils. The soil organic carbon density of these major soil types ranged from 5.6 to 26.1 kg m2- The average soil organic carbon density of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was 16.4 kg m-2, which was higher than that of the national average. Soil organic carbon density indicated a distinct decreasing trend from west to east, which corresponds to the pattern of increasing temperature from cold to subtropical.

The scheme optimization on construction diversion with discharge control feature of upstream operational reservoir

There is a discharge control feature of construction diversion system with the upstream operational reservoir. The risk evaluation model of construction diversion is established by taking into consideration the risk factors of construction diversion system with discharge control feature as well as their composition. And the risk factors include the upstream operational reservoir discharge control, the interval flood and branch flood and the diversion system itself. And then based on analyzing of the conversion relation between risk index and investment index of diversion scheme, the risk control and conversion principals of diversion system are put forward, and the feasible diversion scheme model is built. At last, the risk and economic evaluation and scheme economic feasibility analysis method of diversion scheme are shown by an example of construction diversion scheme optimization with the discharge control condition of upstream hydropower station. The study is valuable for establishment and optimization of construction diversion scheme with upstream reservoir discharge control.

田间便携式短喉槽的数值模拟

为进一步研究田间便携式短喉槽过槽的水流特性及测流精度,基于临界流原理和RNGk-ε三维湍流模型,利用FLOW-3D软件对喉道宽度为76mm的田间便携式短喉槽在16种工况下的水力特性进行全流场数值计算,获得了时均流场、槽内水流流态、断面流速分布及佛汝德数,并与试验实测值进行对比分析。结果表明:1)模拟流场分布及流态与模型试验情况具有一致性,量测流量范围宽,最大可达40L/s,能够满足田间量水的流量要求;2)水深、断面流速、佛汝德数模拟值与实测值基本吻合,相对误差均小于10%;3)该短喉槽最大水头损失占总水头的12.89%,小于长喉槽最大水头损失占总水头的13%;4)通过回归分析得到了田间便携式短喉槽的上游水深-流量计算公式,其最大测流误差为9.95%,满足灌区量水精度的要求。

Numerical simulation of the effect of upstream swirling flow on swirl meter performance

Flow measurement is important in the fluid process and transmission system. For the need of accuracy measure- ment of fluid, stable flow is acquired. However, the elbows and devices as valves and rotary machines may pro- duce swirling flow in the natural gas pipeline networks system and many other industry fields. In order to reveal the influence of upstream swirling flow on internal flow fields and the metrological characteristics, numerical si- mulations are carried out on the swirl meter. Using RNG k-e turbulent model and SIMPLE algorithm, the flow field is numerically simulated under swirling flows generated from co-swirl and counter-swirl flow. Simulation results show fluctuation is enhanced or weakened depending on the rotating direction of swirling flow. A coun- ter-swift flow increases the entropy production rate at the inlet and outlet of the swirler, the junction region between throat and divergent section, and then the pressure loss is increased. The vortex precession dominates the static pressure distributions on the solid walls and in the channel, especially at the end region of the throat.