A two-phase monadic approach is presented for monadically slicing programs with procedures. In the monadic slice algorithm for interprocedural programs, phase 1 initializes the slice table of formal parameters in a pr...A two-phase monadic approach is presented for monadically slicing programs with procedures. In the monadic slice algorithm for interprocedural programs, phase 1 initializes the slice table of formal parameters in a procedure with the given labels, and then captures the callees＇ influence on callers when analyzing call statements. Phase 2 captures the callees＇ dependence on callers by replacing all given labels appearing in the corresponding sets of formal parameters. By the introduction of given labels, this slice method can obtain similar summary information in system-dependence-graph（SDG）-based algorithms for addressing the calling-context problem. With the use of the slice monad transformer, this monadic slicing approach achieves a high level of modularity and flexibility. It shows that the monadic interprocedural algorithm has less complexity and it is not less precise than SDG algorithms.展开更多
Pepsinogens are zymogens of pepsins,aspecific proteases working as digestive enzymes in vertebrate stomach,of which biological and molecular properties have been extensively studied.Several exhaustive studies have bee...Pepsinogens are zymogens of pepsins,aspecific proteases working as digestive enzymes in vertebrate stomach,of which biological and molecular properties have been extensively studied.Several exhaustive studies have been performed in the pepsinogen producing cells in developing rat stomachs,but little is known about the expression of pepsinogen gene in these cells.In this study,the ontogeny of pepsinogen producing cells in rat fundic glands was studied by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe.The rat gastric epithelium was stratified but was morphologically undifferentiated at the stage of 18.5 days of gestation.The pepsinogen mRNA was expressed both in chief cells and mucous neck cells in adult rats,which was first detected by in situ hybridization in the stomach of the rats at 3.5 days after birth.The development of pepsinogen producing cells could be classified into four stages:(1) 18.5 days of gestation to 0.5 day after birth;(2) 3.5 days to 2 weeks after birth;(3) 3～4 weeks after birth;(4) 8 weeks after birth.Pepsinogen expression is strictly limited to these cells,the distribution of which shown a developmental stage-specific manner.We concluded the pepsinogen C could offer excellent molecular markers of differentiation during stomach epithelial cellulur development.展开更多
The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was view...The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was viewed as a bottom-up process in a word-sentence-passage sequence, in which readers decode the text and rebuild what the writer wants to convey. Accordingly, reading teaching becomes teaching of language points known as grammar and vocabulary. This kind of English reading teaching to a great extent hinders EFL students＇ language proficiency. In this paper, the author puts forward some problems in the present EFL reading teaching and offers some suggestions for classroom teaching in the hope of opening up a new perspective for EFL reading.展开更多
AIM:To investigate whether peripheral corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation, mediates the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of colitis. METHOD...AIM:To investigate whether peripheral corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation, mediates the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of colitis. METHODS:We measured mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as a marker of inflammation, plasma CRH level, and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) to colorectal distension as a visceral nociceptive response at 2, 7 and 14 d after the induction of colitis with 4% acetic acid. RESULTS:Colonic inflammation, quantified by MPO activity, significantly increased on d 2 and subsided thereafter, which indicated a resolution of inflammation within 7 d. On the contrary, plasma CRH level and AWR score were increased on d 2, remained high on d 7, and returned to control level on d 14. Intraperitoneal injection of a CRH antagonist, astressin (30 μg/kg), significantly attenuated the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity on d 7. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of CRH (3 and 10 μg/kg) mimicked the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in naive rats. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that increased peripheral CRH mediates the enhanced visceral nociception in rats recovered from experimental colitis.展开更多
Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments(catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with di...Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments(catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with different areas to provide useful information to inform data extension from a gauged-catchment to an ungauged catchment. The results showed that there are seasonal changes in the dominant driving mode of the rise of the water level. The rise of the water level in March is likely mainly driven by the mode of stored-full runoff, and in September or October, it is mainly driven by Horton-flow. The correlation coefficients of all indexes were significant among the three catchments, suggesting that these catchments have similarities and that water level data extension is likely to be completed successfully between the large catchment(III-Catchment) and the small catchment(ICatchment). It was confirmed that there is good similarity between the 0.6 km^2 and 6 km^2 catchments, and the data correlation is good between the catchments with the area differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In addition, the rise processes of the water level in the catchments were not only different under the same rain conditions, but this difference could also change with the rain condition.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effects of adrenomedullin (AM) gene overexpression on the biological characteristics of human hepatic stellate cells (hHSCs) by stable transfection.METHODS: hHSCs which express low basal levels...AIM: To investigate the effects of adrenomedullin (AM) gene overexpression on the biological characteristics of human hepatic stellate cells (hHSCs) by stable transfection.METHODS: hHSCs which express low basal levels of AM were stably transfected with an expression construct containing rat AM gene or with an empty expression vector. Expression of AM in hHSCs was determined by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cell proliferation was evaluated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and immunocytochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to test the expression of procollagen types Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Protein expressions of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), gelatinase (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) were assessed by Western blot.RESULTS: Two cell clones (A-2, A-8) transfected withthe AM gene expressed higher levels of AM mRNA (nontransfected group: 0.86±0.11, empty vector group: 1.01±0.11, A-2 clone group: 1.44±0.08 and A-8 clone group: 1.36±0.05) and protein (12.31±0.17, 12.35±0.12,12.56±0.06 and 12.62±0.07) (P＜0.05). AM geneoverexpression had inhibitory effects on cell proliferation of hHSCs (29.6%, 30.9%, 18.9% and 21.8%, respectively. P＜0.05) and expression of procollagen type Ⅰ (0.58±0.1,0.48±0.11, 0.3±0.06 and 0.31±0.07 at mRNA level)(0.27±0.07, 0.3±0.06, 0.14±0.05 and 0.13±0.05 at protein level) (P＜0.05) and procollagen type Ⅲ (0.17±0.04, 0.15±0.03, 0.1±0.02 and 0.09±0.02 at mRNA level) (0.22±0.04, 0.2±0.03, 0.11±0.04 and 0.13±0.03 at protein level) (P＜0.05). Compared with cells non-transfected (TIMp2: 2.77±0.03, MMP-2: 0.5±0.04, MMP-1: 0.49±0.07) and transfected with empty vector (TIMP2: 2.79±0.04,MMP-2: 0.48±0.03, MMP-1: 0.45±0.09), these two clones had lower expression levels of TIMP2(A-2 clone group: 2.7±0.02 and A-8 clone group: 2.71±0.02) (P＜0.05) and MMP-2(A-2 clone group: 0.15±0.05 and A-8 clone group: 0.13±0.04) (P＜0.05) but displayed a higher expression level of MMP-1(A-2 clone group: 0.68±0.06 and A-8 clone group: 0.81±0.09) (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION: AM gene exerts negative influence to some extent on hHSCs by inhibiting proliferation and production of extracellular matrix (ECM) in addition to inducing MMP-1 expression.展开更多
OBJECTIVE of using cold （CIN）. METHODS To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia We retrospectively analyzed 186 cases with CIN diagnosed and treate...OBJECTIVE of using cold （CIN）. METHODS To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia We retrospectively analyzed 186 cases with CIN diagnosed and treated in our hospital; compared the histologic diagnoses from cervical conization and from colposcopic multiple punch biopsies, and then evaluated their postoperative histologic findings and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 186 cases, there was a correlation in histologic findings between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple punch biopsies in 138 cases （74.2%）, and there was no correlation in the other 48 cases （25.8%）. Incomplete excision was performed in 8 cases （4.3%）, but the failure rate was only 1.1%; the cure rate was 98.9%. Five cases with early invasive cancer were found. Eleven patients underwent subsequent hysterectomy. The main complications associated with conization were hemorrhage and cervical stenosis. Bleeding occurred in 8 （4.3%） of the patients, and cervical stenosis occurred in 3 （1.6%）. CONCLUSION Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was diagnosed more accurately using conization than by colposcopic multiple punch biopsies. Conization can also play an important role in the treatment for CIN. If properly performed, the procedure has a low risk of complications. It can provide an accurate histologic representation of the disease process, and be curative in most cases.展开更多
AIM: To describe the effect of Rheum tanguticum polysaccharide (RTP) on hydrogen peroxide-induced human intestinal epithelial cell injury. METHODS: Hydrogen peroxide (100 μmol/L) was introduced to induce human intest...AIM: To describe the effect of Rheum tanguticum polysaccharide (RTP) on hydrogen peroxide-induced human intestinal epithelial cell injury. METHODS: Hydrogen peroxide (100 μmol/L) was introduced to induce human intestinal epithelial cell injury. Cells were pretreated with RTP (30,100,300 μg/mL) for 24 h before exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay and morphological observation. Acridine orange staining and flow cytometry were performed to assess cell apoptosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by spectrophotometry with corresponding assay kits. RESULTS: Following exposure to H2O2, a marked decrease in cell survival and SOD activity, increased production of MDA, LDH leakage and cell apoptosis were found. Pretreatment of the cells with RTP could significantly elevate cell survival, SOD activity and decrease the level of MDA, LDH activity and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: RTP may have cytoprotective and anti-oxidant effects against H2O2-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis and necrosis. This might be one of the possible mechanisms of RTP for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in rats.展开更多
Radioimmunoassays were used to measure the concentration changes of plasma endothelin(ET) and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) during the onset and after termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(SVT). 30 ...Radioimmunoassays were used to measure the concentration changes of plasma endothelin(ET) and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) during the onset and after termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(SVT). 30 cases were reviewed and compansons with 42 normal subjects were made. There are very significant differences(P<0.0001) in the concentration changes of both plasma ET and ANP during the onset and 30 minutes after the termination of SVT. During the onset period of SVT. the plasma ET and ANP were markedly elevated and 30 minutes after its termination they were lowered significantly, but their concentrations were still 2-fold higher than ihose of the control group. As the biological effects of ANP and ET are antagonistic to each other. their parallel elevation and lowering of plasma concentrations during and.after the termination of SVT reveal that these 2 hormones parucipate in the pathophysiological process of SVT. This phenomenon is possibly one of the homeostatic regulatory functions in the organism.展开更多
In the last years, architectural practice has been confronted with a paradigm shift towards the application of digital methods in design activities. In this regard, it is a pedagogic challenge to provide a suitable co...In the last years, architectural practice has been confronted with a paradigm shift towards the application of digital methods in design activities. In this regard, it is a pedagogic challenge to provide a suitable computational background for architectural students, to improve their ability to apply algorithmic-parametric logic, as well as fabrication and prototyping resources to design problem solving. This challenge is even stronger when considering less favored social and technological contexts, such as in Brazil, for example. In this scenario, this article presents and discusses the procedures and the results from a didactic experience carried out in a design computing-oriented discipline, inserted in the curriculum of a Brazilian architecture course. Hence, this paper shares some design computing teaching experiences and presents some results on computational methods and creative approaches, with a view to contribute to a better understanding about the relations between logical thinking, mathematics and architectural design processes.展开更多
基金The National Outstanding Young Scientist Foundation by NSFC(No.60703086,60503020)
文摘A two-phase monadic approach is presented for monadically slicing programs with procedures. In the monadic slice algorithm for interprocedural programs, phase 1 initializes the slice table of formal parameters in a procedure with the given labels, and then captures the callees＇ influence on callers when analyzing call statements. Phase 2 captures the callees＇ dependence on callers by replacing all given labels appearing in the corresponding sets of formal parameters. By the introduction of given labels, this slice method can obtain similar summary information in system-dependence-graph（SDG）-based algorithms for addressing the calling-context problem. With the use of the slice monad transformer, this monadic slicing approach achieves a high level of modularity and flexibility. It shows that the monadic interprocedural algorithm has less complexity and it is not less precise than SDG algorithms.
文摘Pepsinogens are zymogens of pepsins,aspecific proteases working as digestive enzymes in vertebrate stomach,of which biological and molecular properties have been extensively studied.Several exhaustive studies have been performed in the pepsinogen producing cells in developing rat stomachs,but little is known about the expression of pepsinogen gene in these cells.In this study,the ontogeny of pepsinogen producing cells in rat fundic glands was studied by in situ hybridization using a digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe.The rat gastric epithelium was stratified but was morphologically undifferentiated at the stage of 18.5 days of gestation.The pepsinogen mRNA was expressed both in chief cells and mucous neck cells in adult rats,which was first detected by in situ hybridization in the stomach of the rats at 3.5 days after birth.The development of pepsinogen producing cells could be classified into four stages:(1) 18.5 days of gestation to 0.5 day after birth;(2) 3.5 days to 2 weeks after birth;(3) 3～4 weeks after birth;(4) 8 weeks after birth.Pepsinogen expression is strictly limited to these cells,the distribution of which shown a developmental stage-specific manner.We concluded the pepsinogen C could offer excellent molecular markers of differentiation during stomach epithelial cellulur development.
文摘The ability to read is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. In other words, reading plays a vital role in second language acquisition. But for a long time, reading was viewed as a bottom-up process in a word-sentence-passage sequence, in which readers decode the text and rebuild what the writer wants to convey. Accordingly, reading teaching becomes teaching of language points known as grammar and vocabulary. This kind of English reading teaching to a great extent hinders EFL students＇ language proficiency. In this paper, the author puts forward some problems in the present EFL reading teaching and offers some suggestions for classroom teaching in the hope of opening up a new perspective for EFL reading.
文摘AIM:To investigate whether peripheral corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), which is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation, mediates the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of colitis. METHODS:We measured mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as a marker of inflammation, plasma CRH level, and abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) to colorectal distension as a visceral nociceptive response at 2, 7 and 14 d after the induction of colitis with 4% acetic acid. RESULTS:Colonic inflammation, quantified by MPO activity, significantly increased on d 2 and subsided thereafter, which indicated a resolution of inflammation within 7 d. On the contrary, plasma CRH level and AWR score were increased on d 2, remained high on d 7, and returned to control level on d 14. Intraperitoneal injection of a CRH antagonist, astressin (30 μg/kg), significantly attenuated the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity on d 7. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of CRH (3 and 10 μg/kg) mimicked the post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in naive rats. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that increased peripheral CRH mediates the enhanced visceral nociception in rats recovered from experimental colitis.
基金funded by West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences,CASthe State Council Three Gorges Construction Committee Project of China
文摘Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments(catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with different areas to provide useful information to inform data extension from a gauged-catchment to an ungauged catchment. The results showed that there are seasonal changes in the dominant driving mode of the rise of the water level. The rise of the water level in March is likely mainly driven by the mode of stored-full runoff, and in September or October, it is mainly driven by Horton-flow. The correlation coefficients of all indexes were significant among the three catchments, suggesting that these catchments have similarities and that water level data extension is likely to be completed successfully between the large catchment(III-Catchment) and the small catchment(ICatchment). It was confirmed that there is good similarity between the 0.6 km^2 and 6 km^2 catchments, and the data correlation is good between the catchments with the area differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In addition, the rise processes of the water level in the catchments were not only different under the same rain conditions, but this difference could also change with the rain condition.
基金Supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China,No.30170417
文摘AIM: To investigate the effects of adrenomedullin (AM) gene overexpression on the biological characteristics of human hepatic stellate cells (hHSCs) by stable transfection.METHODS: hHSCs which express low basal levels of AM were stably transfected with an expression construct containing rat AM gene or with an empty expression vector. Expression of AM in hHSCs was determined by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cell proliferation was evaluated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and immunocytochemistry. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to test the expression of procollagen types Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Protein expressions of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), gelatinase (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) were assessed by Western blot.RESULTS: Two cell clones (A-2, A-8) transfected withthe AM gene expressed higher levels of AM mRNA (nontransfected group: 0.86±0.11, empty vector group: 1.01±0.11, A-2 clone group: 1.44±0.08 and A-8 clone group: 1.36±0.05) and protein (12.31±0.17, 12.35±0.12,12.56±0.06 and 12.62±0.07) (P＜0.05). AM geneoverexpression had inhibitory effects on cell proliferation of hHSCs (29.6%, 30.9%, 18.9% and 21.8%, respectively. P＜0.05) and expression of procollagen type Ⅰ (0.58±0.1,0.48±0.11, 0.3±0.06 and 0.31±0.07 at mRNA level)(0.27±0.07, 0.3±0.06, 0.14±0.05 and 0.13±0.05 at protein level) (P＜0.05) and procollagen type Ⅲ (0.17±0.04, 0.15±0.03, 0.1±0.02 and 0.09±0.02 at mRNA level) (0.22±0.04, 0.2±0.03, 0.11±0.04 and 0.13±0.03 at protein level) (P＜0.05). Compared with cells non-transfected (TIMp2: 2.77±0.03, MMP-2: 0.5±0.04, MMP-1: 0.49±0.07) and transfected with empty vector (TIMP2: 2.79±0.04,MMP-2: 0.48±0.03, MMP-1: 0.45±0.09), these two clones had lower expression levels of TIMP2(A-2 clone group: 2.7±0.02 and A-8 clone group: 2.71±0.02) (P＜0.05) and MMP-2(A-2 clone group: 0.15±0.05 and A-8 clone group: 0.13±0.04) (P＜0.05) but displayed a higher expression level of MMP-1(A-2 clone group: 0.68±0.06 and A-8 clone group: 0.81±0.09) (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION: AM gene exerts negative influence to some extent on hHSCs by inhibiting proliferation and production of extracellular matrix (ECM) in addition to inducing MMP-1 expression.
文摘OBJECTIVE of using cold （CIN）. METHODS To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia We retrospectively analyzed 186 cases with CIN diagnosed and treated in our hospital; compared the histologic diagnoses from cervical conization and from colposcopic multiple punch biopsies, and then evaluated their postoperative histologic findings and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 186 cases, there was a correlation in histologic findings between cervical conization and colposcopic multiple punch biopsies in 138 cases （74.2%）, and there was no correlation in the other 48 cases （25.8%）. Incomplete excision was performed in 8 cases （4.3%）, but the failure rate was only 1.1%; the cure rate was 98.9%. Five cases with early invasive cancer were found. Eleven patients underwent subsequent hysterectomy. The main complications associated with conization were hemorrhage and cervical stenosis. Bleeding occurred in 8 （4.3%） of the patients, and cervical stenosis occurred in 3 （1.6%）. CONCLUSION Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was diagnosed more accurately using conization than by colposcopic multiple punch biopsies. Conization can also play an important role in the treatment for CIN. If properly performed, the procedure has a low risk of complications. It can provide an accurate histologic representation of the disease process, and be curative in most cases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 30100239
文摘AIM: To describe the effect of Rheum tanguticum polysaccharide (RTP) on hydrogen peroxide-induced human intestinal epithelial cell injury. METHODS: Hydrogen peroxide (100 μmol/L) was introduced to induce human intestinal epithelial cell injury. Cells were pretreated with RTP (30,100,300 μg/mL) for 24 h before exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay and morphological observation. Acridine orange staining and flow cytometry were performed to assess cell apoptosis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by spectrophotometry with corresponding assay kits. RESULTS: Following exposure to H2O2, a marked decrease in cell survival and SOD activity, increased production of MDA, LDH leakage and cell apoptosis were found. Pretreatment of the cells with RTP could significantly elevate cell survival, SOD activity and decrease the level of MDA, LDH activity and cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: RTP may have cytoprotective and anti-oxidant effects against H2O2-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis and necrosis. This might be one of the possible mechanisms of RTP for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in rats.
文摘Radioimmunoassays were used to measure the concentration changes of plasma endothelin(ET) and atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) during the onset and after termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(SVT). 30 cases were reviewed and compansons with 42 normal subjects were made. There are very significant differences(P<0.0001) in the concentration changes of both plasma ET and ANP during the onset and 30 minutes after the termination of SVT. During the onset period of SVT. the plasma ET and ANP were markedly elevated and 30 minutes after its termination they were lowered significantly, but their concentrations were still 2-fold higher than ihose of the control group. As the biological effects of ANP and ET are antagonistic to each other. their parallel elevation and lowering of plasma concentrations during and.after the termination of SVT reveal that these 2 hormones parucipate in the pathophysiological process of SVT. This phenomenon is possibly one of the homeostatic regulatory functions in the organism.
文摘In the last years, architectural practice has been confronted with a paradigm shift towards the application of digital methods in design activities. In this regard, it is a pedagogic challenge to provide a suitable computational background for architectural students, to improve their ability to apply algorithmic-parametric logic, as well as fabrication and prototyping resources to design problem solving. This challenge is even stronger when considering less favored social and technological contexts, such as in Brazil, for example. In this scenario, this article presents and discusses the procedures and the results from a didactic experience carried out in a design computing-oriented discipline, inserted in the curriculum of a Brazilian architecture course. Hence, this paper shares some design computing teaching experiences and presents some results on computational methods and creative approaches, with a view to contribute to a better understanding about the relations between logical thinking, mathematics and architectural design processes.
