中国玉米百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量的空间差异及驱动因素

【目的】定量中国不同农业生态区和不同产量水平条件下的玉米百千克籽粒地上部吸氮量(N_(100)),分析气候、土壤、品种和施肥因素对玉米N_(100)的影响,为确定合理施氮量提供科学依据。【方法】将中国分为东北、西北、华北平原、长江中下游平原、西南和东南6大农作区,搜集1980—2022年发表的349篇符合要求的文献,通过数据统计分析不同区域和不同产量水平条件下的玉米N_(100),并分析采用统一和区域化的N_(100)计算出的理论施氮量差异,采用皮尔逊相关系数(pearson correlation coefficient)、随机森林(random forest)模型和整合分析(Meta-analysis)方法分析气候、土壤和施肥因素对玉米N_(100)的影响,揭示导致中国玉米N_(100)空间差异的原因。【结果】优化处理条件下,中国春玉米N_(100)显著低于夏玉米,分别为2.21和2.46;不同农业生态区玉米N_(100)存在显著差异,分别为2.19(东北春玉米)、2.12(西北春玉米)、2.54(西北夏玉米)、2.45(华北夏玉米)、2.77(长江中下游春玉米)、2.38(长江中下游夏玉米)和2.39(西南玉米区)。依据本研究全国玉米平均N_(100)(2.34)计算的理论施氮量与采用区域化的N_(100)计算得到的理论施氮量相差-22—31 kg N·hm^(-2)。地上部吸氮量、产量、年均气温是影响玉米N_(100)的最重要因素;N_(100)随产量增加呈显著二次曲线降低的趋势(P<0.01),籽粒产量可以很好地预测N_(100);品种显著影响玉米N_(100),中国常见的玉米品种郑单958、先玉335和登海605的N_(100)分别为2.42、2.12和2.39,新品种玉米N_(100)显著低于老品种。施用氮肥显著增加了玉米N_(100),且在施氮量200—300 kg N·hm^(-2)时,施氮肥引起的N_(100)增加效应最大。单施缓控释肥、深施氮肥、减少氮肥基施比例以及增加施氮次数均显著增加了玉米N_(100)。【结论】在利用N_(100)进行合理施氮量计算时,需要考虑不同农业生态区N_(100)的显著差异,以得到更加准确的推荐施氮量,玉米N_(100)的驱动因素主要为作物地上部吸氮量、产量和年均气温的变异。

不同栽培方式番茄氮素吸收量及理论施氮量

研究不同栽培方式及茬口下番茄产量、地上部氮素吸收量和生产1 000 kg果实需氮量的差异,根据目标产量给出田块尺度理论氮素推荐量,为不同栽培条件下番茄氮肥的合理施肥提供理论依据与技术指导。收集国内外有关番茄氮素利用的文献43篇,统计分析露地、设施冬春茬和设施秋冬茬栽培条件下番茄的产量、地上部氮素携出量和形成1 000 kg果实需氮量;根据不同产量水平,计算1 000 kg番茄果实需氮量的变化;用理论施氮量的方法计算不同目标产量下番茄的理论施氮量。分析表明,露地、设施冬春茬和设施秋冬茬番茄的产量、地上部氮素携出量和形成1 000 kg果实需氮量存在明显差异。设施冬春茬番茄的产量最高为98.5t/hm^(2)(n=159),是露地和设施秋冬茬番茄产量的1.3倍。设施冬春茬地上部氮素携出量为239.3kg/hm^(2)(n=126),高于露地和设施秋冬茬。与产量和地上部氮素携出量不同,设施秋冬茬形成1 000 kg番茄果实的需氮量最高,为2.75 kg(n=99),设施冬春茬和露地相接近,分别为2.43 kg(n=126)和2.44 kg(n=123)。番茄产量和地上部氮素携出量之间有显著的线性相关性,番茄产量随地上部氮素携出量的增加而显著增加。番茄产量和地上部氮素携出量受水肥投入影响,灌溉量对番茄产量的影响极显著,随灌溉量增加产量先缓慢上升后下降,但灌溉量对番茄地上部无显著影响。番茄产量水平在<55、55~85、85~115、115~145、>145t/hm^(2)时,生产1 000 kg果实的需氮量分别为3.17、2.38、2.27、2.25和2.25 kg。番茄形成1 000 kg果实的需氮量随着产量水平的增加反而呈现降低的趋势。理论施氮量的计算简单易推广。番茄目标产量在50~150 t/hm^(2)时,露地、设施冬春茬和设施秋冬茬番茄的理论施氮量范围分别在182~547、183~549和206~619 kg/hm^(2),露地番茄和设施冬春茬番茄的理论推荐施氮量相近。不同栽培形式和岔口对番茄产量和氮素吸收特性均会产生影响。

氮磷钾施用量对灌淤土水稻产量及肥料利用率的影响

在宁夏灌淤土上,利用田间试验研究了氮、磷、钾各3个施肥水平对水稻(宁粳28号)产量、养分累积量及籽粒产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,施用氮、钾肥对水稻产量和养分累积有显著影响;水稻当季氮、磷、钾肥利用率都随着施肥量的增加而降低;穗数和每穗粒数随施氮量的增加而增加,而施磷肥有利于穗粒数的形成,过量施用氮肥还会显著降低水稻千粒质量。本试验水稻氮、磷、钾肥最佳经济施肥量分别为N 254.3、P2O5150.8和K2O 145.6 kg/hm2,获得最高产量的最大施肥量组合分别为N 309.3、P2O5253.9和K2O177.6 kg/hm2。

包膜控释BB肥对水稻产量和土壤养分的影响

为掌握和了解长期使用控释BB肥在提高水稻产量和土壤养分含量方面的效果,以单季稻“宁88”为试验材料,于2016年—2019年连续4年在大田试验条件下,研究了包膜控释BB肥(CRBBF)对水稻产量、植株地上部吸氮量和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,与习惯施肥相比,2016年—2019年连续4年,水稻产量均以CRBBF 100%处理最高,产量为8.60~9.68 t/hm^(2),较习惯施肥处理增产7.56%~12.95%、增收5622~5929元/hm^(2);CRBBF 100%处理的水稻植株地上部吸氮量显著高于其他处理,达157.61 kg/hm^(2);对土壤全氮含量和有效硫含量的提高效果,均以CRBBF 100%处理表现最好,土壤全氮含量和有效硫含量分别较习惯施肥处理提高23.49%和32.57%。

秸秆还田和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区通过连续7年田间定位试验,探索秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、地上部吸氮量、收获期土壤硝态氮残留量及土壤氮素平衡的影响,为小麦增产及氮素高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理为玉米秸秆还田和不还田,副处理设置5个施氮水平,分别为0(N0,不施用氮肥)、84 kg·hm^(-2)(N84,当地推荐氮肥用量的一半)、168 kg·hm^(-2)(N168,当地推荐氮肥用量)、252 kg·hm^(-2)(N252,高氮肥用量)、336 kg·hm^(-2)(N336,超高氮肥用量)。【结果】与秸秆不还田处理相比秸秆还田未提高冬小麦籽粒产量,施用氮肥较不施氮肥小麦增产18%—29%,而超高氮肥用量较推荐氮肥用量有减产风险。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦产量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^(-2)时,公顷小麦穗数增加5%—7%,产量平均增加5%—6%。秸秆还田对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量无显著影响,施用氮肥的籽粒蛋白质含量较不施用氮肥增加16%—33%。秸秆还田对小麦地上部吸氮量无显著影响,施用氮肥的地上部吸氮量较不施用氮肥增加36%—72%。秸秆还田和氮肥用量对小麦地上部吸氮量有交互效应。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田在氮肥用量为252和336 kg·hm^(-2)时地上部吸氮量平均增加5%—8%。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田使土壤硝态氮残留量平均增加18%,增加的硝态氮含量主要分布在70—170 cm土层。N168处理在秸秆不还田条件下土壤氮处于亏损状态,秸秆还田后有效地弥补了氮亏缺,进一步增加氮肥用量,将大幅增加土壤氮盈余量。相对于秸秆还田,氮肥用量对土壤氮盈余量的影响更大。【结论】秸秆还田配施高氮肥用量能增加小麦产量和地上部吸氮量,但同时增加了土壤硝态氮残留量和氮盈余量。综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮残留和土壤表观氮平衡等,秸秆还田配施168 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥更利于维持小麦产量和保护生态环境。

儿童气管解剖学观测及临床应用

在44例儿童尸体标本上观测了气管的临床长度、解剖长度和气管的内径,并与儿童的身高和上部量进行了相关分析.结果表明儿童身高、上部量与气管的长度、内径之间密切相关.在临床上对儿童进行气管镜检查之前,可根据儿童的身高或上部量即可推算出儿童气管的内径大小,为临床医师确定使用气管镜的型号提供可靠依据.

新型硅钙镁磷钾肥在单季稻上的施用效果

以水稻宁88为供试水稻品种，在田间条件下开展了硅钙镁磷钾肥与常规肥配合施用在水稻上的效果试验。结果表明，在等氮量条件下，在农民常规施肥基础上，667m^2分别增施硅钙镁磷钾肥50，75和100kg后，产量分别为8538．3，8652．7和8539．0kg·hm^-2，比常规施肥分别增产1．51％，2．87％和1．52％。在等氮量条件下，在农民常规施肥基础上，667m。分别增施硅钙镁磷钾肥100和125kg的处理，水稻地上部的吸氮量分别达到133．4，124．2kg·hm^-2，而农民常规施肥处理的水稻地上部吸氮量仅为96．9～113．0kg·hm^-2，说明配施硅钙镁磷钾肥能促进水稻对氮素的吸收，提高水稻产量构成因子，从而增加产量。

厦门市0～60月龄儿童身体纵向指标调查及分析

目的在厦门市开展0~60月龄健康儿童身高、坐高、下肢长、上下部量、足长正常值指标详细数据的流行病学调查,统计分析其变化规律,为儿童生长发育过程中身体纵向指标的变化规律及临床积累资料。方法 2013年对10 950名来自市区、郊区及乡村的0~60月龄健康儿童进行身高、坐高、下肢长、上下部量、足长等相关指标的测量,统计其平均水平,并计算各指标与身高的比值水平,观察这些指标随月龄的变化趋势。结果统计0~60月龄儿童身高、坐高、下肢长、上部量、下部量及足长均值均随月龄的增长而增加,男童〉女童,差异有统计学意义（F值分别为6.52E＋06、3.27E＋06、1.64E＋06、1.77E＋06、1.59E＋06、9.56E＋05,P值均〈0.001）。下肢长、下部量、坐高、上部量、足长与身高的相关性依次递减（0.97、0.96、0.94、0.90、0.87）。上下部量比例从0月龄的1.64起,逐月递减,最低为1.09。身高足长比值从6.49~7.09,均值为6.69,各月龄无明显的变化规律。结论通过调查获得福建省厦门市0~60月龄儿童身高、坐高、下肢长、上部量、下部量及足长的人群测量值,且男童〉女童、各项指标均随月龄递增,下肢长、下部量与身高的相关性最高;上下部量比例逐月递减。此项调查结果为儿童体格生长研究及临床实践提供了重要的基础数据。

基于不同方法的汉中盆地稻麦轮作土壤供氮能力评价

【目的】比较多种指标评价汉中盆地稻麦轮作土壤供氮能力的可靠性,为当地土壤氮素管理提供参考。【方法】以采集于汉中盆地及周边丘陵区的12个农田耕层土壤为供试土样,以盆栽黑麦草地上部累积吸氮量为参比,以土壤理化性质指标以及矿质氮法、KCl冷凝回流法、酸性高锰酸钾法3种化学方法和淹水培养法、通气培养法2种生物培养方法测定土壤氮素矿化量作为土壤供氮能力指标。【结果】土壤类型是影响土壤供氮能力的重要因素;土壤全氮或有机质可以反映土壤潜在供氮能力;土壤质地、pH、有效磷、CEC、碳酸钙、颗粒组成(砂粒、粉粒、黏粒)均不能反映稻麦轮作土壤供氮能力。矿质氮法测定氮素值与作物吸氮量相关系数为0.963(P<0.01),但由于起始矿质氮不能反映有机氮矿化量,故矿质氮法只能反映当前供氮能力,不宜作为土壤供氮能力评价指标;KCl冷凝回流法测得的总矿质氮量与作物吸氮量相关系数为0.912(P<0.01),而KCl冷凝回流法测得的可矿化氮量与作物吸氮量相关系数为-0.766(P<0.01),由于KCl冷凝回流法浸取土壤可矿化氮过程中会造成铵态氮的挥发,导致在反映土壤潜在供氮能力和总供氮能力上可能不一致,故KCl冷凝回流法不是反映汉中盆地土壤供氮能力的理想指标;酸性高锰酸钾法测得的总矿质氮量和可矿化氮量与作物吸氮量相关系数分别为0.847和0.833(P<0.01),既能够反映土壤潜在供氮能力,又能够反映总供氮能力,是最佳化学方法。通气培养条件下,总矿质氮量和可矿化氮与作物吸氮量均不相关,而在淹水培养条件下,总矿质氮量和可矿化氮与作物吸氮量的相关系数分别为0.921和0.890(P<0.01),表明淹水培养法可以反映汉中盆地稻麦轮作土壤潜在供氮能力和总供氮能力,是良好的生物培养方法。氮素矿化势(N0)和起始矿质氮+N0与前4期黑麦草地上部累积吸氮量相关系数分别为0.834和0.845(P<0.01),与整株累积吸氮量相关系数分别为0.840和0.851(P<0.01)。表明,N0和起始矿质氮+N0均可反映土壤潜在供氮能力,但N0仅能够反映土壤潜在供氮能力,起始矿质氮+N0可反映土壤潜在供氮能力和总供氮能力,因此,起始矿质氮+N0是评价汉中盆地稻麦轮作土壤供氮能力的理想指标。【结论】对于汉中盆地稻麦轮作土壤供氮能力的评价,酸性高锰酸钾法是最佳化学方法;淹水培养法是良好的生物培养方法,起始矿质氮+N0是反映汉中盆地土壤供氮能力的理想指标。

Effects of Different Flue-curing Barns on Aroma Quality of Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves of K326

[Objective] This study was conducted to compare the aroma quality of up-per leaves of K326 flue-cured in different barns, and provide theoretical references for the development and optimization of bulk curing barn and the supporting tech-niques. [Method] The upper leaves of K326 were flue-cured in a commonness barn, a four-shelf bulk curing barn and a three-shelf bulk curing barn separately, and then the contents of aroma components and taste quality indices of the finished leaves were measured and compared. [Result] The contents of total aroma components, chromoplast pigment degradation products, phenylalanine aroma components and neophytadiene showed no significant differences in the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn and commonness barn, but were significantly or very significantly higher than those in the leaves flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn. The con-tents of carotenoid degradation products, Mail ard reaction products, cembranes aro-ma components and total aroma components （except neophytadiene） showed no significant difference among the three treatments. The results of sensory evaluation revealed that the sensory taste of the leaves flue-cured in four-shelf bulk curing barn was the best, as the finished leaves had rich, delicate aroma, comfortable and clean aftertaste. The leaves flue-cured in commonness barn was better than those flue-cured in three-shelf bulk curing barn in aroma quality, amount and aftertaste. [Conclusion] The four-shelf bulk curing barn had a large volume for tobacco leaf processing, but a similar baking environment to the commonness barn, which is conducive to the formation and accumulation of aroma components, so the finished leaves had similar appearance and quality with those flue-cured in commonness barn. The upper flue-cured leaves in three-shelf bulk curing bran had poorer quality than those flue-cured in the other two barns.

Evaluation of Extracts of Native and Non-Native Plant Species for the Suppression of Cogongrass （Imperata cylindrica L.）

Effects of the extracts of muhly grass （Muhlenbergia capillaries Lam.）, chenopodium （Chenopodium ambrosioides L.） and black walnut （Juglans nigra L.） on the growth of cogongrass （Imperata cylindrica L.） were studied. None purified extracts from these plant species were used to evaluate survival, shoot and root growth of cogongrass. Results of plant species extracts on the production of roots, shoot and rhizomes of cogongrass genets and ramets were determined on a weekly basis. The extracts significantly reduced the growth and survival of cogongrass when compared to the control. Results indicated that for the in vivo studies, chenopodium extracts, black walnut and muhly grass extracts reduced growth, root and shoot biomass of cogongrass by 50 %, 30 % and 41% respectively, compared to control at 8 weeks after planting. These studies indicated plant species with potential for the biological control of cogongrass, an invasive species in the Gulf Coast States.

Judgment of Aroma Types of Middle and Upper Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves Based on Stepwise Discriminant Analysis

[Objective] The aim of this study was to establish mathematical models for judging the aroma types of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the contents and proportions of aroma compositions. [Method] The aroma types of tobacco leaves were judged based on stepwise discriminant analysis, using 63 C3F and 65 B2F tobacco leaf samples from 13 tobacco producing regions in 11 provinces of China （Huili in Sichuan, Baokang in Hubei, Wulong in Chongqing, Lu- oyang in Henan, Zhucheng in Shandong, Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, Malong in Yun- nan, Chuxiong in Yunnan, Bijie in Guizhou, Liuyang in Hunan, Suiyang in Guizhou, Kaiyuan in Liaoning, Nanxiong in Guangdong） as calibration samples, and 67 aroma components as indices. And the Fisher discriminant functions were verified using 21 C3F and 19 B2F tobacco leaf samples. [Result] Variation coefficients of the propor- tions were lower than that of contents of most aroma components in middle and upper leaves of the samples, indicating that the proportions were more stable than contents of aroma components. The proportions of benzyl alcohol, solanone, β-dam- ascone, neophytadiene, farnesylacetone A, palmitic acid, thunbergol, methyl linole- nate and cembratriene-diol were all over 1% in both middle and upper leaves, al- though the dominant aroma components of the same aroma type varied between middle and upper leaves. Moreover, 11, 18, 7 and 11 aroma components were re- spectively introduced into the Fisher discriminant functions established based on the contents and proportions of middle and upper flue-cured tobacco leaves, which ex- hibited accuracy rates of 91.7%, 100%, 91.7% and 91.7% in the judgments of other tobacco leaf samples. The results revealed that the components those determined aroma types in middle leaves were obviously more than in upper leaves. In middle leaves, the accuracy rates of aroma type judgment could be improved by using the proportions rather than the contents of aroma components as indices. However, the functions based on the proportions and the contents of aroma components in upper leaves gave close accuracy rates. [Conclusion] The results of the study will provide references for identifying aroma types of flue-cured tobacco leaves in future work.

Effect of Biofertilizer on Biomass Productivity, Nutrient Balance and Soil Fertility in Rainfed Organic Ginger Production System

Farmers of North-Eastern India grow ginger organically and obtain low yield. Biofertilizer may help in increasing yield and maintaining soil fertility. An investigation made with different biofertilizers showed that seed treatment with biofertilizer increased biomass by 18.3%, enhanced N, P and K removal and improved short-term soil fertility status by increasing N and P balance and reducing negative K balance over control plots. Use of high dose （5.0 kg haL） of Azotobacter （a3） and medium dose （3.75 kg hal） of both Azospirillum （b2） and Phosphotica （c2） increased rhizome biomass by 6.8%-12.5% and shoot biomass by 5.6%-14.3% over other levels. They enhanced N, P and K removal by both rhizome and shoot when compared with other levels. The above biofertilizer treatments improved organic carbon and available N and P status of the soil by increasing N and P balance. The result showed overall strong negative K balance; but biofertilizer treatments greatly reduced the negative K balance in soil as compared to the control plots. Seed treatment with high level of Azotobacter along with medium level of Phosphotica （a3c2） produced the highest biomass yield （7.4 t hal）, increased N and P balance and fertility status in spite of hizh N, P and K removal.

Polyphenols Content, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extracts from the Aerial Part of Rock Rose （Hefianthemum nummularium） Species

This study aimed to evaluate polyphenols content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract from rock rose （Helianthemum nummularium （L.） Mill.）. Plant material has been harvested in July from Romanian Carpathian Mountains. The ethanolic extract （70%, v/v） was prepared from the aerial part of rock rose species. High performance thin layer chromatography （HPTLC） analysis of ethanol extract and subsequently hydrolysed sample indicated that quercetin glycosides were the major polyphenolic compounds, and kaempferol derivates, chlorogenic and gallic phenylcarboxylic acids are also being present in the polar extracts. Chemiluminescence assay in luminol/H：O2 system indicated very high antioxidant activity of the ethanolic type of extract （ICs0 = 1.27 ~tg/mL）, while microbiological studies （cylinder method in plates） indicated certain antimicrobial activity （measuring from 12.5 mm to 21.5 mm of the diameter of the inhibition zone） of the propylene glycol （20%, v/v） standardized extract （5 mg gallic acid equivalents/mL sample） against several standard bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Salmonella enterritidis ATCC 13076, respectively. Therefore, based on the augmented antioxidant effect of the rock rose polar extracts, there can be found numerous applications in the pharmaceutical industry, but also in non-pharmaceutical fields, for example in cosmetic and hygiene products areas, due to certain antimicrobial properties.

Analysis of Tuber Yield- and Maturity- Related Traits in Water Yam （Dioscorea alata L.）

Inadequate yield potential of available varieties and their long growth periods are two of the factors limiting yam （Dioscorea spp.） production. Identifying yield- and maturity-related traits and breeding for them will enhance production. Ten morphological/physiological traits： time of shoot emergence, time of tuber initiation, plant height, shoot dry weight, time of shoot senescence, tuber fresh weight （tuber yield）, tuber number/plant, tuber parenchyma colour, tuber dry matter content and tuber dormancy period were assessed in eight accessions of D. alata L. （water yam） on the field in 2008 and 2009. Tuber yield-related traits were identified as shoot dry weight and time of shoot emergence. Shoot dry weight had the strongest positive effect; time of shoot emergence had a negative effect. High yielding accessions had a high shoot dry weight, but were low in tuber dry matter content. Uniform tuber parenchyma colour was the sole trait related to tuber maturity, but early and late senescing accessions did not consistently differ in the trait. TDa 00/00103 is high yielding and early maturing and may be used as a parent for breeding for high yield and early maturity in D. alata.

The role of maize root size in phosphorus uptake and productivity of maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems

Interspecific root/rhizosphere interactions affect phosphorus (P) uptake and the productivity of maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems. The aim of these experiments was to determine whether manipulation of maize root growth could improve the productivity of the two intercropping systems. Two near isogenic maize hybrids (the larger-rooted T149 and smaller-rooted T222) were intercropped with faba bean and wheat, under conditions of high- and low-P availability. The larger-rooted T149 showed greater competitive ability than the smaller-rooted T222 in both maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems. The higher competitive ability of T149 improved the productivity of the maize/faba bean intercropping system in P-sufficient conditions. In maize/wheat intercropping systems, root growth, shoot biomass, and P uptake of maize were inhibited by wheat, regardless of the P-supply. Compared with T222, the larger-rooted T149 suffered less in the intercropping systems. The total biomass of the maize/wheat intercropping system was higher for wheat/T149 than for wheat/T222 under low-P conditions. These data suggested that genetic improvement of maize root size could enhance maize growth and its ability to compete for P resources in maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems. In addition, depending on the P availability, larger maize roots could increase the productivity of intercropping systems.

Switchgrass Biochar Effects on Plant Biomass and Microbial Dynamics in Two Soils from Different Regions

Biochar amendments to soils may alter soil function and fertility in various ways, including through induced changes in the microbial community. We assessed microbial activity and community composition of two distinct clayey soil types, an Aridisol from Colorado （CO） in the U.S. Central Great Plains, and an Alfisol from Virginia （VA） in the southeastern USA following the application of switchgrass （Panicum virgatum） biochar. The switchgrass biochar was applied at four levels, 0%,0, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, approximately equivalent to biochar additions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 t ha^-1, respectively, to the soils grown with wheat （Triticum aestivum） in an eight-week growth chamber experiment. We measured wheat shoot biomass and nitrogen （N） content and soil nutrient availability and N mineralization rates, and characterized the microbial fatty acid methyl ester （FAME） profiles of the soils. Net N mineralization rates decreased in both soils in proportion to an increase in biochar levels, but the effect was more marked in the VA soil, where net N mineralization decreased from -2.1 to -38.4 mg kg^-1. The 10% biochar addition increased soil pH, electrical conductivity, Mehlich- and bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus （P）, and extractable potassium （K） in both soil types. The wheat shoot biomass decreased from 17.7 to 9.1 g with incremental additions of biochar in the CO soil, but no difference was noted in plants grown in the VA soil. The FAME recovery assay indicated that the switchgrass biochar addition could introduce artifacts in analysis, so the results needed to be interpreted with caution. Non-corrected total FAME concentrations indicated a decline by 457o and 34% with 10% biochar addition in the CO and VA soils, respectively, though these differences became nonsignificant when the extraction efficiency correction factor was applied. A significant decline in the fungi：bacteria ratio was still evident upon correction in the CO soil with biochar. Switchgrass biochar had the potential to cause short-term negative impacts on plant biomass and alter soil microbial community structure unless measures were taken to add supplemental N and labile carbon （C）.

Effects of Double Harvesting on Heavy Metal Uptake by Six Forage Species and the Potential for Phytoextraction in Field

The pollution of soils by heavy metals has dramatically increased in recent decades. Phytoextraction is a technology that extracts elements from polluted soils using hyperaccumulator plants. The selection of appropriate plant materials is an important factor for successful phytoextraction in field. A field study was conducted to compare the efficiency of six high-biomass forage species in their phytoextraction of heavy metals(Cd, Pb, and Zn) from contaminated soil under two harvesting strategies(double harvesting or single harvesting). Among the tested plants, amaranth accumulated the greatest amounts of Cd and Zn, whereas Rumex K^(-1) had the highest amount of Pb in the shoot under both double and single harvesting. Furthermore, double harvesting significantly increased the shoot biomass of amaranth, sweet sorghum and sudangrass and resulted in higher heavy metal contents in the shoot. Under double harvesting, the total amounts of extracted Cd, Pb and Zn(i.e., in the first plus second crops) for amaranth were 945, 2 650 and 12 400 g ha^(-1), respectively, the highest recorded among the six plant species. The present results indicate that amaranth has great potential for the phytoextraction of Cd from contaminated soils. In addition, the double harvesting method is likely to increase phytoextraction efficiency in practice.

Growth and Cd Accumulation of Orychophragmus violaceus as Affected by Inoculation of Cd-Tolerant Bacterial Strains

Beneficial interactions between microorganisms and plants, particularly in the rhizosphere, are a research area of global interest. Four cadmium(Cd)-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal-contaminated sludge and their effects on Cd mobility in soil and the root elongation and Cd accumulation of Orychophragmus violaceus were explored to identify the capability of metalresistant rhizobacteria for promoting the growth of O. violaceus roots on Cd-contaminated soils. The isolated strains, namely, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, B. megaterium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly enhanced the plant Cd accumulation. The Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots were increased by up to 2.29- and 2.86-fold, respectively, by inoculation of B. megaterium, as compared with the uninoculated control. The bacterial strains displayed different effects on the shoot biomass. Compared with the uninoculated plants, the shoot biomass of the inoculated plants was slightly increased by B. megaterium and significantly decreased by the other strains. B. megaterium was identified as the best candidate for enhancing Cd accumulation in O. violaceus. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the development of plant-microbe systems for phytoremediation.

Temporal Variations in Growth and Aboveground Biomass of Phragmites australis and EVI Analysis in Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Salt Marshes, China

To better ascertain leaf, stem and flower traits, and analyze aboveground allocation during the vegetation period, three sampling vegetation transects were settled and reed samples were collected at intervals to determine morphological parameters and dry and wet weights in Jiaozhou Bay wetland. Remote sensing data were also combined to evaluate regional biomass through EVI regression models. Results show that growth dynamics of leaves and stems changed during the vegetation period. Stem length increased rapidly and peaked in September（194.40 ± 23.89 cm）, whereas leaf width peaked in July. There was a significantly negative correlation between stem length and stem diameter with a value of-0.785. Stem biomass was higher than that of leaves, and the maximum value of aboveground biomass was 27.17 ± 3.56 g. F/C exhibited a tendency to increase and values ranged from 0.37–0.76. The aboveground biomass of sample plots reached a peak of 2356 ± 457 g/m^2 in September. EVI was 0.05–0.5; EVI and biomass had a better fitting effect using the power-exponent model compared with other models and its function was y = 4219.30 x^0.88（R^2 = 0.7810）. R^2 of the other three models ranked as linear function〉 polynomial function 〉exponent function, with the values being 0.7769, 0.7623 and 0.6963, respectively. EVI can be used to estimate vegetation biomass, and effectively solved the problems of the destructive effect to sample plots resulting from traditional harvest methods.