Considering that thermodynarmic irreversibility and hydrodynamic equations can not be derived rigorously and unifiedly from the Liouville equations, the anomalous Langevin equation in the Liouville space is proposed a...Considering that thermodynarmic irreversibility and hydrodynamic equations can not be derived rigorously and unifiedly from the Liouville equations, the anomalous Langevin equation in the Liouville space is proposed as a fundamental equation of statistical physics. This equation reflects that the law of motion of particles obeying reversible, deterministic laws in dynamics becomes irreversible and stochastic in thermodynamics. From this the fundamental equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the principle of entropy increase and the theorem of minimum entropy production have been derived. The hydrodynamic equations, such as the generalized Navier-Stokes equation and the mass drift-diffusion equation etc. have been derived rigorously from the kinetic kinetic equation which is reduced from the anomalous Langevin equation in Liouville space. All these are unified and self consistent. But it is difficult to prove that entropy production density σ can never be negative everywhere for all the isolated inhomogeneous systems far from equilibrium.展开更多
A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind o...A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind of filters are not only characterized by high-transparency, but also by high - reflection ,therefore , it is superior to the common equal thickness interference system with quarter wavelength . it is easier to control the manufacturing techniques of the new design as compared with that of interference filter of non- quarter wavelength.展开更多
文摘Considering that thermodynarmic irreversibility and hydrodynamic equations can not be derived rigorously and unifiedly from the Liouville equations, the anomalous Langevin equation in the Liouville space is proposed as a fundamental equation of statistical physics. This equation reflects that the law of motion of particles obeying reversible, deterministic laws in dynamics becomes irreversible and stochastic in thermodynamics. From this the fundamental equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the principle of entropy increase and the theorem of minimum entropy production have been derived. The hydrodynamic equations, such as the generalized Navier-Stokes equation and the mass drift-diffusion equation etc. have been derived rigorously from the kinetic kinetic equation which is reduced from the anomalous Langevin equation in Liouville space. All these are unified and self consistent. But it is difficult to prove that entropy production density σ can never be negative everywhere for all the isolated inhomogeneous systems far from equilibrium.
文摘A system of unequal thickness interference filters with quarter wavelength stack which consists of a spacer surrounded by two multilayer stacks is designed, and the examples of the filter design are given. This kind of filters are not only characterized by high-transparency, but also by high - reflection ,therefore , it is superior to the common equal thickness interference system with quarter wavelength . it is easier to control the manufacturing techniques of the new design as compared with that of interference filter of non- quarter wavelength.
