含糊其辞与语用协同

言语交际中,含糊其辞话语会产生语言协同、语境协同、信息协同、语用不协同等语用现象。语用协同既是成功交际的基础,也是言语交际顺利进行的有效运作机制。语用不协同虽会给交际带来一定的负面影响,但也不会造成交际完全失败。

BTXA治疗脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱的临床研究

目的:观察尿道括约肌内注射A型肉毒毒素BTXA对脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱逼尿肌-尿道括约肌不协同的疗效,比较两种注射途径的优劣。方法:选择存在逼尿肌-括约肌不协同的17例脊髓损伤患者进行尿道外括约肌BTXA注射,分为经尿道(TU)注射组和经会阴(TP)注射组,TU组采用膀胱镜定位4点注射法,TP组采用肛门指检定位1点尿道周围注射法,每病例注射100U。结果:两组治疗前后排尿障碍情况均有显著性改善,注射后3天—2周开始出现漏尿次数及间断导尿次数减少,残余尿量减少,每次排尿量增加;治疗后1个月的统计结果显示,间断导尿次数、残余尿量减少,每次排尿量增加(P<0.05),注射后1个月尿动力学检查提示第一次无抑制性收缩时膀胱容量及最大膀胱容量增加(P<0.05),最大尿道压降低(P<0.05);注射后3个月上述指标虽有所回升,但并未回到注射前;两种注射途径在排尿日记及尿动力学参数的变化上差异无显著性意义。结论:尿道外括约肌的BTXA注射治疗可明显改善脊髓损伤后神经原性膀胱的逼尿肌-括约肌不协同,改善排尿功能,降低残余尿量及漏尿的发生,减少尿路感染及自主神经反射的发生;经会阴注射和经膀胱镜注射对神经原性膀胱的疗效无明显差异。

Discourse Marker Na(那)as an Interpersonal-Level Compensatory Strategy in Clinical Interviews

Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-hemisphere-damaged(RHD) patients.Drawing on data collected from clinical interviews between psychotherapists and RHD patients,this study examined the functions of na in response to RHD topical divergence,focusing on the topic and attitudinal aspects.It was found that na was mainly employed by psychotherapists to mark a reproffer of interview topics(i.e.,an attempt to return to earlier topics),and a display of disalignment and disaffiliation with RHD topical divergence.These functions of na reflect the psychotherapists’ attempts to overcome communicative problems arising from RHD topical divergence,so as to ensure the achievement of the communicative goal.Thus,na can be interpreted as a compensatory strategy for dealing with RHD topical divergence on an interpersonal level.These findings not only expand our knowledge about the function spectrum of na,but also offer insights for RHD patients’ interlocutors to enhance conversational communication with RHD patients via the compensatory strategy.

Enantioselective intermolecular[2+2]photocycloadditions of vinylazaarenes with triplet-state electron-deficient olefins

The development of catalytic asymmetric radical reactions is an attractive but formidable task.The high reactivity of radicals enables the use of readily accessible feedstocks and mild reaction conditions,but it leads to substantial difficulty for chiral catalysts to provide sufficient enantiocontrol.Moreover,a racemic background process is often inevitable,further deteriorating enantioselectivity.In this regard,an effective protocol has been established for enantioselective intermolecular[2+2]photocycloadditions to overcome the challenges,which is capitalising on the ground-state preassociations of chiral catalysts with photoactivated substrates.Here,we report the viability of substrate-differentiating synergistic catalysis for this important reaction.In this new platform,energy transfer occurs between DPZ as a photosensitizer and enones or(E)-2-substituted vinylazaarenes for producing triplet-state species,and chiral phosphoric acid interacts with ground-state 2-vinylazaarenes via hydrogen bonding for subsequent enantiofacial cycloaddition.Although all active species are dispersed in the reaction system,valuable enantioenriched mono-and di-azaarene-functionalized cyclobutanes are obtained efficiently and selectively.In addition to constructing all-carbon quaternary stereocentres,flexible modulation of azaaryl groups and other substituents on the cyclobutane ring is also operative.

Conjugate addition‐enantioselective protonation to forge tertiary stereocentresαto azaarenes via cooperative hydrogen atom transfer and chiral hydrogen‐bonding catalysis

Cooperative hydrogen atom transfer and chiral hydrogen‐bonding catalysis as a new platform for the asymmetric synthesis of azaarene derivatives is reported.By using a tetrabutylammonium decatungstate as the photocatalyst and a chiral phosphoric acid as the hydrogen‐bonding catalyst,transformations of a variety of commercially available hydrocarbons and silanes with diverseα‐branched 2‐vinylazaarenes could efficiently experience a tandem radical conjugate addition and enantioselective protonation process,providing a convenient and fully atom economical approach to access a range of valuable enantioenrichedα‐tertiary azaarenes in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities(up to 93%ee).Through the direct use of tert‐butyl methylcarbamate as the feedstock,this method enables a highly practical and concise synthesis of the enantiomerically pure medicinal molecule pheniramine(Avil).

Slip synergism of planar strike-slip fault during meta-instable state:Experimental research based on digital image correlation analysis

The meta-instable state(MIS)is the final stage before fault instability during stick-slip movement.Thus,identification of MIS is of great significance for assessing earthquake hazard in fault zones.A rock sample with a precut planar fault was loaded on a horizontally biaxial servo-controlled press machine to create stick-slip conditions.Digital images of the sample surface were taken by a high-speed camera at a rate of 1000 frames per second during the stick-slip motion and processed using a 2D digital image correlation method to obtain the displacement field.We define a synergism coefficient that describes the relative dispersion of the accumulative fault slip.The results reveal that:(1)a local pre-slip area spreads very slowly along the fault before the MIS develops.It extends at a higher but still slow speed during meta-instable state I(MIS-I).During the final^1.5%of MIS,in meta-instable state II(MIS-II),the local pre-slip area first extends at a speed of^0.9 m/s,and then expands out of the observed image area at a very high speed.These results indicate that the local pre-slip area transforms from a state of quasi-static extension in MIS-I to quasi-dynamic extension in MIS-II.(2)The synergism coefficient of the fault slip decreases to half of its original value in MIS-I and to a quarter of its original value in MIS-II.This continuous decrease of synergism coefficient indicates that the strengthening of fault slip synergism is a characteristic of MIS.(3)Furthermore,the unstable sliding stage includes three sliding processes:initial-,fast-,and adjusted-sliding.There are two pauses between the three sliding processes.

Asymmetric cooperative catalysis in the conjugate addition of pyrazolones to nitroolefins and subsequent dearomative chlorination

Over the past decade many bifunctional amine-thioureas have been developed as active metal-free organocatalysts. Coopera-tive catalysis of these amino-thioureas allows high reaction rates and excellent transfer of stereocbemical information. Despite these impressive advances, the design of new high-performance catalysts for applications in asymmetric catalytic reactions is of ongoing interest in organic chemistry. Herein we describe a cooperative catalyst system consisting of a chiral amine thiourea and an achiral organic acid that promotes the conjugate addition of 4-nonsubstituted pyrazolones to nitroolefins and subsequent dearomative chlorination. The corresponding adducts and the subsequent products were obtained in high to excel lent yields （up to 99%） and high stereoselectivities （up to 99/1 dr, 98% ee） under mild reacton conditions. These transforma tions provide an easy access to enantio-enriched pvrazole derivatives, which could possess Potential oharmaceutical activity.