也谈“不律谓之笔”

"不律谓之笔"见于《尔雅》。学者们从语音上研究"不律"和"笔"之间的关系,提出了很多观点,这似乎形成了一个误区。试从语言符号的任意性以及字义上讨论"不律"和"笔"的关系,并且将古今学者从语音角度提出的观点加以罗列和介绍。

浅谈老派上海话的魅力

该文通过对比新派、老派上海话,论述老派上海话的若干特色和优点。介绍了上海的特色曲艺。以若干老前辈们讲的上海话为例,论述老派上海话的魅力,及其给予当今学习、研究上海话者的滋养;也分析、比较了各位老前辈讲的老派上海话的异同(大同而小异),并指出了他们讲的老派上海话各自的优点和不足及产生的原因。最后简述了不律吴语版拼音方案(上海)简洁、合理、易用的特点,掌握该拼音方案和关联的小狼毫输入法,对提高上海话水平大有裨益;分析了前辈们讲的老派上海话与该拼音方案的高度吻合性,以此证明该方案是可靠的。

秘书之宝闲话笔

在每位秘书的诸多常用之物里,恐怕首屈一指排头把交椅的非笔莫属。即使在办公电脑日趋普及的当代,笔对秘书而言,仍是朝夕不可或缺的宠物。 的确,有一支或数支得心应手的笔,或为文、或绘画、或赋诗、或谱曲,传事留言,那简直可以说是一种无言的享受。无怪自古誉其为“宝”了。 然而,在笔这个“大家族”里,古今中外的种种趣闻逸事秘书未必都知道。

Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics Subject to the Anomalous Langevin Equation in Liouville Space

Considering that thermodynarmic irreversibility and hydrodynamic equations can not be derived rigorously and unifiedly from the Liouville equations, the anomalous Langevin equation in the Liouville space is proposed as a fundamental equation of statistical physics. This equation reflects that the law of motion of particles obeying reversible, deterministic laws in dynamics becomes irreversible and stochastic in thermodynamics. From this the fundamental equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the principle of entropy increase and the theorem of minimum entropy production have been derived. The hydrodynamic equations, such as the generalized Navier-Stokes equation and the mass drift-diffusion equation etc. have been derived rigorously from the kinetic kinetic equation which is reduced from the anomalous Langevin equation in Liouville space. All these are unified and self consistent. But it is difficult to prove that entropy production density σ can never be negative everywhere for all the isolated inhomogeneous systems far from equilibrium.

Relationship between autonomic nervous system function and acute mountain sickness

Objective: To elucidate the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in acute mountain sickness (AMS) during the initial phase at acute high-altitude exposure. Methods: Ninety-nine healthy sea-level residents rapidly ascended to Tibet plateau (3 675 m altitude) by airplane from Chengdu plain (560 m altitude). ANS function was tested in plain and day 2–4 in Tibet by heart rate variability (HRV), cold pressor test (CPT). AMS was evaluated by clinic symptomatic scores. All subjects were divided into non-AMS group (57, scores≤4) and AMS group (42, scores>4). Results: Compared with non-AMS group, AMS group had higher standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of delta RR (rMSSD), low-frequency (LF) power, and normalized low-frequency (LFnu) power in plain (P<0.05). After arrival at 3 675 m altitude, AMS group had greater reduction in percentage of delta RR>50 ms(PNN50), rMSSD (P<0.01) and SDNN, LF, total power (TP) (P<0.05). Although no significant differences in the increase of SP and DP during CPT were found between 2 groups in plain, the SP increase during CPT of AMS group was less than non-AMS group (P<0.05) at 3 675 m altitude. AMS symptomatic scores was not only positively correlated with SDNN, rMSSD, LF/HF in plain (P<0.05), but also negatively correlated with HFnu in plain (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the initial high altitude exposure, ANS modulation is generally blunted, but the relatively predominant sympathetic control is enhanced, and this characteristic change of ANS function is positively correlated with the development of AMS.

Electrophysiology and heart rhythm disorders in older adults

1 Introduction Heart rhythm disorders, including bradyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation （AF）, and ventricular arrhythmias, become increasingly common with aging and represent important causes of morbidity and mortality among older adults.[1-3] Older adults are particularly predisposed to these conditions due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in con- junction with age-related changes that occur in the heart and cardiac conduction system.

Spontaneous type 1 pattern, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in Brugada Syndrome： an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Brugada syndrome （BrS） is primary electrical disorder characterized by ST segment elevation with right bundle branch block morphology in patients with apparent structurally normal hearts, It predisposes affected individuals to ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation （VT/VF） and sudden cardiac death （SCD）.A number of studies have identified risk factors that are associated with a more malignant course of disease. These include male gender, syncope, a spontaneous type 1 ECG pattern, family history of SCD, family history of Brugada syndrome,

A numerical simulation of seepage structure surface and its feasibility

According to Cubic law and incompressible fluid law of mass conservation, the seepage character of the fracture surface was simulated with the simulation method of fractal theory and random Brown function. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient of the single fracture was obtained. In order to test the stability of the method, 500 simulations were conducted on each different fractal dimension. The simulated permeability coefficient was analyzed in probability density distribution and probability cumulative distribution statistics. Statistics showed that the discrete degree of the permeability coefficient increases with the increase of the fractal dimension. And the calculation result has better stability when the fractal dimension value is relatively small. According to the Bayes theory, the characteristic index of the permeability coefficient on fractal dimension P（Dfi｜ Ri） is established. The index, P（Dfi｜ Ri）, shows that when the simulated permeability coefficient is relatively large, it can clearly represent the fractal dimension of the structure surface, the probability is 82%. The calculated results of the characteristic index verify the feasibility of the method.

Equivalent elastic compliance tensor for rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets:Exact derivation via modified crack tensor

Discontinuities constitute an integral part of rock mass and inherently affect its anisotropic deformation behavior.This work focuses on the equivalent elastic deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets.A new method based on the space geometric and mechanical properties of the modified crack tensor is proposed,providing an analytical solution for the equivalent elastic compliance tensor of rock mass.A series of experiments validate the capability of the compliance tensor to accurately represent the deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets,based on conditions set by the basic hypothesis.The spatially varying rules of the equivalent elastic parameters of rock mass with a single joint set are analyzed to reveal the universal law of the stratified rock mass.

Broadband underwater target echo detection based on signal spectral irregularity feature

For the detection of underwater target echo under strong interferences,the modulation feature of direct echo signal and reverberation spectrum are characterized by the signal spectral irregularity feature,and the relationship between signal spectral irregularity and target physical properties is theoretically formed.A novel method of broadband underwater target echo detection under reverberation based on the signal spectral irregularity characteristics is proposed.The proposed method has the capability of discriminating between the direct target echo signal from reverberation.Simulation results of complex underwater target broadband acoustic scattering show that the echo can be detected even with the signal to reverberation ratio(SRR)below-10 dB by the proposed method based on the spectral irregularity(SI)feature.The corresponding sea experimental results also show that echo can be detected when the SRR is below 0 dB.The effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method are verified both in simulated data and in real data in sea experiment.

Time Varying Gravitational Constant G via Entropic Force

If the uncertainty principle applies to the Verlinde entropic idea, it leads to a new term in the Newton＇s second law of mechanics in the Planck＇s scale. This curious velocity dependent term inspires a frictional feature of the gravity. In this short letter we address that this new term modifies the effective mass and the Newtonian constant as the time dependent quantities. Thus we must have a running on the value of the effective mass on the particle mass m near the holographic screen and the G. This result has a nigh relation with the Dirac hypothesis about the large numbers hypothesis （L.N.H.）. We propose that the corrected entropie terms via Verlinde idea can be brought as a holographic evidence for the authenticity of the Dirac idea.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PROGNOSIS OF FETAL ARRHYTHMIAS

Objective To explore fetal arrhythmia clinical significance and its correlation with fetal prognosis. Methods Twenty-six cases of fetal arrhythmia detected among 12 799 pregnant women recorded over a ten-year period in Peking Uinon Medical College (PUMC) Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Fetal arrhythmia was diagnosed by fetal auscultation, ultrasonography, electric fetal heart monitoring, and fetal echocardiography. Results Twenty-six fetuses were documented with fetal arrhythmia (3 tachycardia, 4 bradycardia, 19 normal heart rate with irregular fetal cardiac rhythm). The incidence of fetal arrhythmia in our hospital was 0.2%. They were diagnosed at the average of 35 weeks’ gestation (15 to 41 weeks). Twenty-two cases were diagnosed by antenatal fetal auscultation, 1 case was diagnosed by ultrasonography, and 3 cases were diagnosed by electric fetal heart monitoring. Fetal echocardiograms were per-formed on 17 fetuses, 6 cases (35.3%) of which showed that ventricular premature beats with normal structure of fetal heart. All neonates survived postnatally and 24 of them (92.3%) were followed up. Echocardiograms were performed for 16 neonates and 2 of them were identified as atrial septal defects with normal heart rhythms. The results of follow-up showed that the two patients had no apparent clinical manifestation. The echocardiogram showed that atrial septal defect obliterated already. Conclusion The prognosis is well for most of the fetuses with arrhythmias, with low incidence of heart deformation.

Global Bounded Solutions for Reaction-diffusion Systems with a Full Matrix of Diffusion Coefficients and a Balance Law

This paper deals with an initial boundary value problem for the strongly coupledreaction-diffusion systems with a full matrix of diffusion coefficients. The global existence ofsolutions is proved by using the techniques based on invariant regions, Lyapunov functionalmethods, and local Lp prior estimates independent of time.

Use of antiarrhythmic drugs in elderly patients

Human aging is a global issue with important implications for current and future incidence and prevalence of health conditions and disability. Cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, sudden cardiac death, and bradycardia requiring pacemaker placement, all increase exponentially after the age of 60. It is important to distinguish between the normal, physiological consequences of aging on cardiac electrophysiology and the abnormal, pathological alterations. The age-related cardiac changes include ventricular hypertrophy, senile amyloidosis, cardiac valvular degenerative changes and annular calcification, fibrous infiltration of the conduction system, and loss of natural pacemaker cells and these changes could have a profound effect on the development of arrhythmias. The age-related cardiac electrophysiological changes include up- and down-regulation of specific ion channel expression and intmcellular Ca2＋ overload which promote the development of cardiac arrhythmias. As ion channels are the substrates of antiarrhythmic drugs, it follows that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs will also change with age. Aging alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of antiarrhythmic drugs, so liver and kidney function must be monitored to avoid potential adverse drug effects, and antiarrhythmic dosing may need to be adjusted for age. Elderly patients are also more susceptible to the side effects of many antiarrhytbanics, including bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, urinary retention, and falls. Moreover, the choice of antiarrhythmic drugs in the elderly patient is frequently complicated by the presence of co-morbid conditions and by polypharmacy, and the astute physician must pay careful attention to potential drug-drug interactions. Finally, it is important to remember that the use of antiarrhythmic drugs in elderly patients must be individualized and tailored to each patient＇s physiology, disease processes, and medication regimen.

Robust stabilization and disturbance attenuation for a class of underactuated mechanical systems

The robust control problem for a class of underactuated mechanical systems called acrobots is addressed. The goal is to drive the acrobots away from the straight-down position and balance them at the straight-up unstable equilibrium position in the presence of parametric uncertainties and external disturbance. First, in the swing-up area, it is shown that the time derivative of energy is independent of the parameter uncertainties, but exogenous disturbance may destroy the characteristic of increase in mechanical energy. So, a swing-up controller with compensator is designed to suppress the influence of the disturbance. Then, in the attractive area, the control problem is formulated into a H~ control framework by introducing a proper error signal, and a sufficient condition of the existence of Hoo state feedback control law based on linear matrix inequality （LMI） is proposed to guarantee the quadratic stability of the control system. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed control approach can simultaneously handle a maximum ±10% parameter perturbation and a big disturbance simultaneously.

One Direction Rough Law Generation and Its Security Transmission

By using function one direction S-rough sets （function one direction singular rough sets）, the concept of one direction rough law is proposed, where one direction rough law is the law pair { w（x）-, w（x） - } composed by w（x）- and w（x）-, ffthe attribute set {a_ , a-} of function one direction S-rough sets changes, then one direction rough law { w（x）_, w（x）- } will change, too. By employing ellipse curves, the concept of one direction rough law security is presented, the security theorem of one direction rough law is proposed and the applications are given. One direction rough law security, which is generated by the intersection and penetration between function one direction S-rough sets and ellipse curves, is a new applied research direction of function S-rough sets.

Benford＇s Law and Invariances

Benford＇s law is logarithmic law for distribution of leading digits formulated by P[D=d]= log（1＋1/d） where d is leading digit or group of digits. It＇s named by Frank Albert Benford （1938） who formulated mathematical model of this probability. Befbre him, the same observation was made by Simon Newcomb. This law has changed usual preasumption of equal probability of each digit on each position in number.The main characteristic properties of this law are base, scale, sum, inverse and product invariance. Base invariance means that logarithmic law is valid for any base. Inverse invariance means that logarithmic law for leading digits holds for inverse values in sample. Multiplication invariance means that if random variable X follows Benford＇s law and Y is arbitrary random variable with continuous density then XY follows Benford＇s law too. Sum invariance means that sums of significand are the same for any leading digit or group of digits. In this text method of testing sum invariance property is proposed.

Notes on Stefan-Maxwell Equation versus Graham's Diffusion Law

Certain prerequisite information on the component fluxes is necessary for solution of the Stefan-Maxwell equation in multicomponent diffusion systems and the Graham's law of diffusion and effusion is often resorted for this purpose. This article addresses solution of the Stefan-Maxwell equation in binary gas systems and explores the necessary conditions for definite solution of concentration profiles and pertinent component fluxes. It is found that there are multiple solutions for component fluxes in contradiction to what specified by the Graham's law of diffusion.The theorem of minimum entropy production in the non-equilibrium thermodynamics is believed instructive in determining the stable steady state solution out of infinite multiple solutions possible under the specified conditions.It is suggested that only when the boundary condition of component concentration is symmetrical in an isothermal binary system, the counter-diffusion becomes equimolar. The Graham's law of diffusion seems not generally valid for the case of isothermal ordinary diffusion.

The Mal-distribution of Weeping from a Distillation Tray and Its Effect on Tray Efficiency

Experiments demonstrated that the weeping is mal-distributed andoccurs mainly in a region of tray deck next to the inlet weir. Theamount of weeping in this region depends on the weeping rate. On thisbasis, three types of weeping distribution are proposed. The effectof mal-distributed weeping on the Murphree tray efficiency isevaluated by using the three-dimensional non-equilibrium mixing poolmodel, where the influences of the flow pattern and the variation ofMurphree pint efficiency on a tray are taken into account.