中华文明五千年不断裂特点的考古学阐释

中华文明在世界文明史上独具特色,其突出特点是“五千年”而“不断裂”。五千多年前中华大地上已有不同地区形成各自的早期神权、王权模式为主的不同“文明”,但是它们之中在此后代代相传的“文明”则是始于中原龙山文化及其后继者的夏商周、秦汉至元明清王朝的“王权”与“皇权”模式国家。这从中华的“国家”、“国民”与“国土”的五千年来基本一脉相承可以说明;从作为“国家文化”(或“大传统”)的都城、帝王陵墓、礼制建筑与礼器、文字的“五千年”沿袭发展可以佐证;从都城的“求中”、“一门三道”、“大朝正殿居中”与“左祖右社”格局、都城中轴线及都城、宫城四面辟门等是“中”、“中和”的核心理念“物化形式”可以再现。五千年来这些不断裂文明的物化形式由少变多,反映了“中”与“中和”理念越来越强化、深化。中华五千年不断裂文明思想根源是“中”、“中和”理念,这是“国家认同”的思想基础与中华民族历史的核心价值观。

THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITIES FOR HYDROGEN-INDUCED DELAYED FAILURE OF WELD METAL OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

It was found that hydrogen induced delayed failure could occur in 308L and 347L weld metals,and the threshold stress intensities of 308L and 347L welds were lower than that of 304L austenitic stainless steel.When dynamically charged under load on a single edge notched specimen,the threshold stress intensities of 308L,347L and 304L decrease with the increase in the diffusible hydrogen content C 0 and the experimental results are as follows:K ⅠH =85.2-10.7 ln C 0 (308L),K ⅠH =76.1-9.3 ln C 0 (347L),K ⅠH =91.7-10.1 ln C 0 (304L).The morphology of the hydrogen induced delayed fracture in the three materials are correlated with the K Ⅰ and C 0 values.

Study of Paleoearthquakes by Excavation of Grouped Trenches on the Zemuhe Fault in Daqingliangzi,Xichang,Sichuan

Uncertainties are common in the dating of paleoearthquakes.To improve the credibility of the dating of paleoearthquakes,analysis was done on fault activity,sedimentary environment and seismo-geomorphology to investigate paleoearthquakes along the Zemuhe active fault zone.Grouped trenches were excavated near Daqingliangzi,which revealed three palaeoearthquake events aged 160a,3100a and 5500a～8900a,respectively,including recurrence intervals of about 3000a.Sedimentary processes related to strike-slip fault type earthquakes were discussed,and a sedimentary model was put forward for strike-slip faults at hillsides where drumlin and reverse scarp developed.

Mineralization enrichment regularity of gold deposit in Shangzhuang, northwestern Jiaodong

Shangzhuang gold deposit located in the Wangershan fault zone of northwestern Jiaodong is of meso- hypogenic altered rock type. The ore bodies occur at the hanging wall and footwall of Wangershan fault in vein or irregular shapes with the NE strike, NW trend, 30° -60°~ in dip and the lateral trending of SW. The ores are composed of pyrite, quartz, sericite, bismuthinite, native gold, bismuth sulfosah minerals, chalcopyrite, etc. , shown as brecciated structure and vein structure with metasomatic dissolution textures. The wall rock altera- tion is mainly described as phyllic alteration and silicification. The mineralization of this deposit is controlled by structure and altered rocks. The ore-controlling fault structures of this deposit is Wangershan fault, of which the intersection of major fault and secondary fault is the main ore-bearing position of this gold deposit, and the lar- ger arc curved position is a favorable part for ore body occurrence. On the plane, the ore body is shown as equi- distant pinch-out reproduction.

中华民族“凝聚力”考古学研究

习近平总书记指出:“中华文明是世界上唯一自古延续至今、从未中断的文明。”其不断裂的表现,是这一文明的祖先还是中华大地上“百万年人类史”与“一万年文化史”的缔造者。“中华文明史”的实质是中国的国家历史。以考古学、历史学、分子生物学研究中华大地上的各个族群,得出几乎一致的科学结论,它们有着基本共同或相近的“遗传基因”、共同的“祖源”。在中华五千多年不断裂文明史中,不论是什么时代(王朝),也不论是中华大地什么地方的族群或人群管理中华国家,都坚持“中”与“中和”的国家“大一统”理念,从“三皇五帝”到历代中华不同族群建立的不同王朝,都维系着“中华统绪”,这是几千年来形成的中华大地的多民族共同体对中华优秀历史文化传统的认同、对中华民族及其大一统国家的认同。回顾古代世界的两河流域文明、埃及古文明、印度古文明与中华文明“四大文明”,加之美洲的玛雅文明与印加文明,除中华文明之外,至迟在公元6世纪或“大航海时代”之后,其他文明均已“断裂”,而只有中华文明延续至今。之所以这样,乃是源于中华文明一代又一代传承着从“家国一体”到“家国同构”至“国家认同”的“中”与“中和”这一“日用而不觉的文化基因”。

The important turning points during evolution of Cenozoic basin offshore the Bohai Sea:Evidence and regional dynamics analysis

The Cenozoic basin offshore the Bohai Sea underwent a multicycle-rifting during its evolutionary process, which resulted in the multiple unconformities in the strata. The tectonic activities shown by these unconformities have different manifestations and influences on the basin evolution. The authors systematically analyze the tectonic evolution characteristics of the sags off-shore the Bohai Sea with a large set of hydrocarbon exploration data. The analysis reveals that two phases of tectonic activities during the late depositional stage of the third member of Shahejie Formation (about 38 Ma) and the late depositional stage of Dongying Formation (about 24 Ma) reflect the significant changes in the basin's features and structural framework before and after these tectonic activities. As a result, the two phases of tectonic activities are recognized as important turning points (i.e., tectonic transitions) of Cenozoic basin evolution. The regional dynamic backgrounds of the two phases of tectonic transitions are also discussed. It is suggested that the early tectonic transition occurred at about 38 Ma under such regional dynamic back- ground that a huge kinematics adjustment happened between Eurasian Plate and its neighboring plates, i.e., Pacific Plate and Indian Plate. Meanwhile, the Tan-Lu Fault's slip reversed from left lateral to right lateral. The late tectonic transition occurred in late Paleogene (about 24 Ma) and reflected the Himalayan orogeny's influence on the Chinese continent and even the Asian continent; at the same time, the stress field produced by the escape tectonics was related to the Himalayan orogeny, superposed on the pre-existing stress field, and then enhanced the right lateral slip activity of the Tan-Lu Fault.

Cosmogenic nuclide burial age of the Sanying Formation and its implications

The Pliocene fluvial/lacustrine sediments of the Sanying Formation lie along the Red River fault and its northwest extension;their majority outcrops appear around Eryuan.The Sanying Formation is characterized by multiple intercalated coal layers and its unconformities contact with the underlying Triassic limestone and the overlying Quaternary coarse sediments.Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating confirms the Pliocene age of the Sanying Formation.The burial ages of the overlying Quaternary sediments provide the lower age limit of the Sanying Formation:2 Ma.Detrital zircon U-Pb age distribution suggests provenance of the Sanying Formation traced to the Songpan-Ganzi flysch belt.From the spatial distribution as well as sedimentary and fault ages,we found a strong connection of the Sanying Formation with the Red River and the Jianchuan faults.We therefore propose that activation of the Red River and the Jianchuan faults during the Late Miocene resulted in subsidence of basins in the extensional areas around Eryuan and in the middle to south segments of the Red River fault.The basins were filled with water carried by the Jinsha River and overflow-lakes formed within the basins where the Sanying Formation was deposited.Most of the lakes were dried and sedimentation of the Sanying Formation ceased due to the uplift of the Yunling Mountains,which forced rerouting of the Jinsha River at the beginning of Quaternary.