公民服从不正义法律的伦理考辨——兼析对不正义法律的道德矫正方式

从伦理学的视角来讨论公民服从,即要考察政治生活中的服从在道德上是一种自律而不是一种他律,而不正义法律要想获得对公民的道德约束力,它必须满足两个条件,一是它所在的法律体系是近乎正义的,二是它的不正义程度没有逾越社会作为一个公平的合作体系所能容忍的道德底线。在满足上述两个条件的情况下,公民对不正义法律的自觉遵守是公民主体性意识的理性自律,也是维护法律权威的正义要求。一般而言,对不正义法律的矫正只能通过合法的方式进行,但是"公民不服从"这种矫正方式以其强烈的道德意识、远大的感召力能够得到道德的辩护。

试论不正义法律的道德约束力

法律与道德的关系问题,是自然法学派与实证法学派之间争论的焦点,但在政治实践中主张法律与道德的完全对立或者统一,是行不通的。本文立足于公民的主体性,探讨不正义法律获得道德约束力的前提、理由及其限度,其目的不是要与实证法学派站在一起,与自然法学派分庭抗争,而是要在人的主体性空前伸张、社会矛盾突显的现代社会中,为个体与社会的共同发展寻找一条在理论上立得住、在实践中行得通的思路。

Environmental Justice in the Context of Scientific Uncertainty: On the Safety of Genetically Modified Organisms

A foremost issue of our time is our response to risks,especially those arising from scientific uncertainty,such as genetically modified organisms(GMOs).In this context,we need to achieve and maintain environmental justice.This should be based on the corresponding scientific research;essentially,however,it is a kind of social construct.We must maintain a free market mechanism for the development,application,and dissemination of modern technology,including genetically modified biotech and its products.At the same time,the necessary government intervention and legal regulation of the relevant science and technology should be put in place to ensure public safety and the interests of socially disadvantaged groups.