病证之“五趣”

由实热闭阻引起的五种症状,《内经》称为五实。即脉盛、皮热、腹胀、前后不通、闷瞀;五种虚弱证,归为五虚。即脉细、皮寒、气少、泄利前后、饮食不入;五种黄疸,称之五疸。即黄疸、谷疸、酒疸、女劳疸、黑疸;人体腔内包块,有五积之名,即心之积,伏梁;肝之积,肥气;脾之积,痞气;肺之积,息贲;肾之积,奔豚;饮食噎塞难下之证,按病因可分五噎。即气噎、忧噎、食噎、劳噎、思噎;五种疝气,习称五疝。即石疝、血疝、阴疝、妒疝、气疝;五种瘿瘤,谓之五瘿。

我国古代的婚前检查

我国古人就十分重视婚前检查,且历史相当悠久。起初,婚前检查仅为帝王选妃所用,后来逐渐在统治阶层、达官显贵中时兴,逐渐发展为民间平民百姓所用。

Clinical Study on the Treatment of Male Immune Infertility with Sheng Jing Zhong Zi Tang

Using Sheng Jing Zhong Zi Tang (生精种子汤Decoction for Promoting Generation of Vital Energy), we have in recent years treated 90 cases of masculine infertility and obtained quite good therapeutic effects. A report follows.

The Therapeutic Effects of Sheng Jing Zhong Zi Tang in Treating Male Infertility

Eight-seven cases of male infertility due to spermatopathy were treated with Sheng Jing Zhong Zi Tang (SJZZT [symbol: see text]) for 1-3 courses. The total effective rate was 95.40% (83/87). 56.32% (49/87) of their spouses got pregnant and the semen quality was markedly improved (P

New understandings of the genetic basis of isolated diopathic central hypogonadism

Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a rare disease that is characterized by delayed/absent puberty and/or infertility due to an insufficient stimulation of an otherwise normal pituitary-gonadal axis by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone （GnRH） action. Because reduced or normal luteinizing hormone （LH）/follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH） levels may be observed in the affected patients, the term idiopathic central hypogonadism （ICH） appears to be more appropriate. This disease should be distinguished from central hypogonadism that is combined with other pituitary deficiencies. Isolated ICH has a complex pathogenesis and ~s fivefold more prevalent in males. ICH frequently appears in a sporadic form, but several familial cases have also been reported. This finding, in conjunction with the description of numerous pathogenetic gene variants and the generation of several knockout models, supports the existence of a strong genetic component. ICH may be associated with several morphogenetic abnormalities, which include osmic defects that, with ICH, constitute the cardinal manifestations of Kallmann syndrome （KS）. KS accounts for approximately 40% of the total ICH cases and has been generally considered to be a distinct subgroup. However, the description of several pedigrees, which include relatives who are affected either with isolated osmic defects, KS, or normo-osmic ICH （nlCH）, justifies the emerging idea that ICH is a complex genetic disease that is characterized by variable expressivity and penetrance. In this context, either multiple gene variants or environmental factors and epigenetic modifications may contribute to the variable disease manifestations. We review the genetic mechanisms that are presently known to be involved in ICH pathogenesis and provide a clinical overview of the 227 cases that have been collected by the collaborating centres of the Italian ICH Network.

Acupuncture Treatment of 42 Cases of Insufficient Blood Supply to Vertebrobasilar Artery

Insufficient blood supply to vertebrobasilarartery is one of the ischemic cerebrovascular diseasesencountered commonly and frequently in old people.Its clinical symptoms are capricious,and severeischemia may jeopardize the life of the patient.Thekey point for saving the patient's life and raising thequality of life is to relieve the symptoms and improveblood supply to the brain.From May 1995 to

SELECTION OF ACUPOINTS BY DOPPLER SOUND SPECTROGRAM FOR TREATMENT OF INSUFFICIENT BLOOD SUPPLY OF CEREBRAL BASILAR ARTERY

Acupuncture moxibustion has been recognized to be effective for treatment of cerebral ischemia, but there are still some problems such as undefined criteria for evaluating the effectiveness and unchecked selection of acupoints. In the late 1980s, cerebrovascular examination was revolutionized in China

当代伦理视野下的佛教“邪淫”观

通过梳理汉传佛教大小乘经论中有关"邪淫"的文献,分析"邪淫"的具体内涵和本质,总结佛教"不邪淫"的基本精神及与当代性伦理的异同。"不邪淫"属于世间因缘法,是佛教依据当时的社会道德、风俗习惯以及大众的心理接纳程度而建立的伦理规范。该规范既非神化的性伦理模式,又非罪恶化、工具化的性伦理模式,更非快乐主义性伦理模式。其根本精神与当代性伦理倡导的无伤原则、私事原则和婚姻性爱原则、禁规原则并不矛盾,可以彼此沟通。

Relationship between microdeletion on Y chromosome and patients with idiopathic azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia in the Chinese

Objectives To evaluate the relationship between microdeletion or mutation on the Y chromosome and Chinese patients with idiopathic azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia and to establish a molecular detection method.Methods Microdeletion or mutation detection at the AZFa (sY84 and USP9Y), AZFb, AZFc/DAZ and SRY regions of the Y chromosome. Seventy-three azoospermia and 28 severe oligozoospermia patients were evaluated using PCR and PCR-SSCP techniques.Results Twelve of 101 patients (12%) with the AZFc/DAZ microdeletion were found, including 8 with azoospermia (11%) and 4 with severe oligozoospermia (14.3%), and 1 patient had a AZFb and AZFc/DAZ double deletion. No deletions in the AZFa or SRY regions were found. No deletions in AZFa, AZFb, AZFc/DAZ or SRY regions were found in 60 normal men who had produced one or more children.Conclusions Microdeletion on the Y chromosome, especially at its AZFc/DAZ regions, may be a major cause of azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia leading to male infertility in China. It is recommended that patients have genetic counseling and microdeletion detection on the Y chromosome before intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Clinical Observation of Combined Acupuncture ＆ Medications in Treating Dysspermia Infertility

Objective： To observe the curative effect of combined acupuncture and medication on infertility due to seminal abnormality. Method： Thirty-eight patients with seminal abnormality were separately treated by acupuncture and traditional Chinese medications （“Erxian Decoction”） plus Clomiphene. Results and Conclusion： The total effective rate was 96.0% in the acupuncture plus traditional Chinese medication group （26 cases） and 66.7% in the acupuncture and western medication groups （12 cases）. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference （P〈0.05）. The cure rate and the pregnancy rate were 38.5% and 30.8% respectively in the acupuncture and traditional Chinese medication group. Both of them were higher than 8.3% and 8.3% in the acupuncture and western medication group respectively, but there were no statistically significant differences. In the two groups of patients, seminal volume, liquefaction time and viscosity and spermatozoal density, death rate and one-hour survival rate took a significant turn for the better after treatment as compared with before treatment （P〈 0.05）. In the acupuncture and traditional Chinese medication groups of patients, symptoms markedly improved after treatment as compared with before treatment.

Eurycoma Longifolia as a potential adoptogen of male sexual health: a systematic review on clinical studies

Eurycoma longifolia(EL) has been well recognized as a booster of male sexual health. Over the past few decades, numerous in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials have been conducted across the globe to explore the promising role of EL in managing various male sexual disorders, which include erectile dysfunction, male infertility, low libido, and downregulated testosterone levels. The aim of the present review is to analyze and summarize the literature on human clinical trials which revealed the clinical significance and therapeutic feasibility of EL in improving male sexual health. This systematic review is focused on the following databases: Medline, Wiley Online Library, Bio Med Central, Hindawi, Web of Knowledge, Pub Med Central and Google Scholar, using search terms such as "Eurycoma longifolia", "EL", "Tongkat Ali", "male sexual health", "sexual infertility", "erectile dysfunction", "male libido", and "testosterone levels". Notably, only human clinical studies published between 2000 and 2014 were selected and thoroughly reviewed for relevant citations. Out of 150 articles, 11 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of articles included were randomized placebo-controlled trials, multiple cohort studies, or pilot trials. All these studies demonstrated considerable effects of EL on male sexual health disorders. Among them, 7 studies revealed remarkable association between the use of EL and the efficacy in the treatment of male sexual disorders, and remaining 4 studies failed to demonstrate sufficient effects on male sexual health. In summary, there is convincing evidence for the prominence of EL in improving the male sexual health. The review also substantiates the use of current methodology in the development of novel and more rationale natural herbal medicines for the management of male sexual disorders.

Treatment of Male Sterility by Acupuncture： A Report of 34 Cases

Nuchal plexus needling, sacral plexus needling and body acupuncture were applied to treat 34 cases of male sterility. Twenty-five cases were cured, among those 22 cases＇ wives had been pregnant, 6 improved, 3 obtained no effect, and the total effective rate was 91. 18%. Therewas obvious difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment in sperm density, mobility, forward movement rate, movement speed, average linear ratio, average vertical ratio and average swing frequency of sperm head （P〈 0.05）.

Research Progress of Common Andrological Diseases Treated by Moxibustion Therapy

Objective： To summarize the current status of clinical and experimental researches on the treatment of common andrological diseases by moxibustion therapy. Methods： In search of the domestic medical databases by the keywords of moxibustion and andrology, the therapeutic methods of moxibustion on andrological diseases, the rules in acupoints selection and research progress on the mechanism, , are summarized based upon the available literature. Results and Conclusion： Moxibustion therapy is safe and effective for common andrological diseases. However, the therapeutic plan, the criteria of diagnostic and therapeutic effect still need to be further standardized.

Effect of a comprehensive therapy plus Gushenyutai plaster administered at Guanyuan(CV 4) on male infertility associated with semen non-liquefaction

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical effect of Gushenyutai plaster administered at the Guanyuan(CV4) acupoint on male infertility associated with semen non-liquefaction.METHODS: Sixty-two male patients with infertility caused by semen non-liquefaction were random-ized into a treatment and control group. The control group received comprehensive therapy, which included oral administration of clarithromycin sustained release tablets, hip bath with Zhongyaoxiaoyan granules, prostate massage, and transurethral microwave treatment. The treatment group was administered Gushenyutai plaster in addition to the comprehensive therapy. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. After treatment, the clinical effect and pregnancy rate were assessed and compared between the two groups.RESULTS: The effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group(96.77% vs 70.97%, P<0.05) and the pregnancy rates of the treatment group and control groups were 38.71% and 16.13%, respectively(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The effect of Gushenyutai plaster plus comprehensive therapy was better than that of the comprehensive therapy alone on male infertility induced by semen non-liquefaction.

Protective effect of L-carnitine in cyclophosphamide-induced germ cell apoptosis

Cyclophosphamide(CP) is a widely used anti-cancer agent; however, it can also induce serious male infertility. There are currently no effective drugs to alleviate this side-effect. L-Carnitine has been used to treat male infertility, but whether it can be used to protect against CP-induced male infertility is still unclear. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of L-carnitine in male infertility induced by CP. CP was used to establish an animal model. After three weeks of treatment, rats were sacrificed and testis and serum were harvested for further evaluation. Testosterone and estrogen levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Testicular injury was examined by hematoxylin and eosin(H & E) staining, and germ-cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dU TP nick end labeling(TUNEL). The expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 was examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR), respectively. Compared with the CP group, L-carnitine significantly increases sperm motility, viability, and testosterone level(P<0.05). Western blot and real-time PCR results showed that L-carnitine treatment can significantly up-regulate the LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression in the CP+L-carnitine group when compared with the control group(P<0.05). In addition, TUNEL-positive cells were also more numerous in the CP group; however, L-carnitine can effectively retard cell apoptosis in the CP+ L-carnitine group. In conclusion, L-carnitine contributes to the inhibition of cell apoptosis and the modulation of autophagy in protecting CP-induced testicular injury. These results suggest the applicability of L-carnitine in the treatment of male infertility.

Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6*10 and the effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia

Tamoxifen citrate, as the first line of treatment for infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia, was proposed by the World Health Organization （WHO）, and testosterone undecanoate has shown benefits in semen values. Our objective was to assess the effectiveness of treatment with tamoxifen citrate and testosterone un- decanoate in infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia, and whether the results would be affected by polymor- phisms of CYP2D6＊10. A total of 230 infertile men and 147 controls were included in the study. Patients were treated with tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate. Sex hormone, sperm parameters, and incidence of spontaneous pregnancy were detected. There were no significant differences between the control and patient groups with respect to CYP2D6＊10 genotype frequencies （P〉0.05）. The follicle-stimulation hormone （FSH）, luteinizing hormone （LH）, and testosterone （T） levels were raised, and sperm concentration and motility were increased at 3 months and became significant at 6 months, and they were higher in the wild-type allele （C/C） than in the heterozygous variant allele （C/T） or homozygous variant allele （T/T） subgroups （P〈0.05）. In addition, the percentage of normal morphology was raised at 6 months, and represented the highest percentage in the C/C subgroup （P〈0.05）. The incidence of spontaneous pregnancy in the C/C subgroup was higher than that in the C/T or T/T subgroups （P〈0.01）. This study showed that the CYP2D6＊10variant genotype demonstrated worse clinical effects in infertile men with idiopathic oligozoospermia.

Mutations in CCIN cause teratozoospermia and male infertility

Teratozoospermia is usually associated with defective spermiogenesis and is a disorder with considerable genetic heterogeneity. Although previous studies have identified several teratozoospermia-associated genes, the etiology remains unknown for a majority of affected men. Here, we identified a homozygous missense mutation and a compound heterozygous mutation of CCIN in patients suffering from teratozoospermia. CCIN encodes the cytoskeletal protein Calicin that is involved in the formation and maintenance of the highly regular organization of the calyx of mammalian spermatozoa, and has been proposed to play a role in sperm head structure remodeling during the process of spermiogenesis. Our morphological and ultrastructural analyses of the spermatozoa obtained from all three men harboring deleterious CCIN mutants reveal severe head malformation. Further immunofluorescence assays unveil markedly reduced levels of Calicin in spermatozoa. These patient phenotypes are successfully recapitulated in mouse models expressing the disease-associated variants, confirming the role of Calicin in male fertility.Notably, all mutant spermatozoa from mice and human patients fail to adhere to the zona mass, which likely is the major mechanistic reason for CCIN-mutant sperm-derived infertility. Finally, the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injections(ICSI) successfully makes mutated mice and two couples with CCIN variants have healthy offspring. Taken together, our findings identify the role of Calicin in sperm head shaping and male fertility, providing important guidance for genetic counseling and assisted reproduction treatments.

Treatment of Oligospermia by Acupuncture in 39 Cases

Thirty-nine men with oligospermia were treated by needling Qihai（CV 6） through Guanyuan（CV4）, Shenshu（BL 23） through Mingmen（GV 4）, and by routinely needling Ciliao （BL 32）, Zusanli（ST 36）, Sanyinjiao（SP 6）,Ligou（LR 5）, Taixi（KI 3） and Taichong（LR 3）.Twenty-one cases got cure,10 cases improvement and 8 cases failure, and the total effective rate was 79.5%.

Effect of Acupuncture-moxibustion Therapy on Sperm Quality in Infertility Patients with Sperm Abnormality

Objective： Working on seminal plasma acid phosphatase, to explore the mechanism by which acupuncture improves sperm quality （concentration, viability and motility） in infertility patients. Methods： A total of 118 patients received acupuncture-moxibustion treatment. Before and 3, and 6 months after the treatment were detected their seminal plasma acid phosphatase, sperm concentration, sperm viability and sperm motility were measured. Results： The differences between before and after treatments in sperm motility and seminal plasma acid phosphatase levels were statistically significant （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Acupuncture-moxibustion can improve seminal plasma acid phosphatase levels in infertility patients.

Acupuncture-moxibustion Therapy for Infertility due to Sperm Abnormality

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy for infertility due to sperm abnormality （SAI）. Methods： We treated a series of 35 cases of SAI with electroacupuncture combined with herb cake-partitioned moxibustion, observing the variation before and after treatment in symptom integral, sperm status, sex hormone and prostate function. Results： After treatment, the patients were remarkably improved in symptom integral, sperm status, sex hormone and prostate function as compared with those prior to treatment. Conclusion： Acupuncture-moxibustion is an effective therapy for SAI.