循环冷却水水质稳定处理的系统设计要求

作者根据循环冷却水系统水质稳定处理实施工作的冲洗、化学清洗、预膜及正常处理等步骤，对于系统的排空、清扫、充水置换、监测及正常加药等的技术要求，对循环冷却水工程设计提出了相关建议。论及了循环冷却水给水与回水管道、排空系统的措施、补充水设施、冷却塔、循环水泵站、加药设施及仪表选择等；并对工程设计提出较具体的要求。

Preliminary Studies on the Effect of Photoperiod and Temperature on Male Fertility of a Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line in Wheat

[Objective] The study aimed to reveal the effect of photoperiod and temperature on male fertility of cytoplasmic male sterile line Vtai911289a in wheat and discuss the mechanism of male fertility alteration. [ Method ] The sowing-date tests and designed conditions were conducted during 2003 -2005. [ Result] Fertility of Vtai911289a, could alter under specific photoperiod and temperature conditions. Temperature is one of the main factors influencing male fertility of the male sterile lines. Vtai911289a, showed stable sterility under the condition of the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 19℃ and presented partial fertility when the mean of daily temperature at fertility sensitive stage lower than 20 - 22℃. Photoperiod to some extent affects the male fertility of Vtai911289a, long-day condition is helpful for the male fertility of the sterile line. [ Conclusion] The application of photoperiod temperature-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile line in production has a higher safety than that of temperature sensitive sterile line.

Ground stability of underground gateroad with 1 km burial depth： A case study from Xingdong coal mine, China

This paper presents an integrated investigation of the ground stability of a deep gateroad with a 1 km burial depth based on a field test, case studies, and numerical modelling. In situ stress measurements and mechanical properties tests were first conducted in the test site. Then, the deformation behavior, stress and yield zone distributions, as well as the bolts load of the gateroad, were simulated using FLAC3D software. The model results demonstrated that the soft rock properties and high in situ stress were the main factors for the deep gateroad instability, and the shear slip failure induced by the high stress was the primary failure model for the deep rock mass. In addition, the unsuitable support patterns, especially the relatively short bolts/cables with low pre-tensions, the lack of high-strengthen secondary supports and the unsupported floor strata, also contributed to the gateroad instability. Subsequently, a new combined supporting strategy, incorporating longer bolts/cables, yielding ring supports, and grouting measures, was proposed for the deep gateroad, and its validity was verified via field monitoring. All these could be a reference for understanding the failure mechanism of the gateroad with 1 km burial depth.

Experiments of Brittle-Plastic Transition and Instability Modes of Juyongguan Granite at Different Temperatures and Pressures

Three groups of experiments on brittle-plastic transition and instability modes of granite were performed in a triaxial vessel with solid pressure medium at high temperature and high pressure. The results of experiments show that brittle faulting is the major failure mode at temperature <300℃, but crystal-plastic deformation is dominate at temperature >800℃, and there is a transition with increasing temperature from semi-brittle faulting to cataclastic flow and semi-brittle flow at temperatures of 300～800℃. So, temperature is the most influential factor in brittle-plastic transition of granite and confining pressure is the second factor. The results also show that progressive failure of granite occurs at lower pressure or high temperature where there is crystal plasticity, and sudden instability occurs at room temperature and high pressure (>300MPa) or high temperature and great pressure(550℃600MPa ～650℃700MPa), and a broad regime of quasi-sudden instability exists between the T-P condition of progressive failure and sudden instability. So, instability modes of granite depend simultaneously on the pressure and temperature.

Soil Aggregates, Organic Matter, and Labile C and N Fractions after 37 Years of N, P and K Applications to an Irrigated Subtropical Soil under Maize-Wheat Rotation

Abstract： Physical, chemical and biological soil properties in surface （0-5 cm） and subsurface soil （5-15 cm） were determined in a field experiment conducted with seven treatments consisted of different combinations of fertilizer N （0, 100 and 200 kg N ha^-1）, P （0, 22 and 44 kg P2O5 ha^-1） and K （0, 41 and 82 kg K2O ha^-1） applied both to summer-grown maize （Zea mays L.） and winter-grown wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） crops continuously for 37 years under irrigated subtropical conditions. Application of N, P and K significantly increased water stable aggregates and had profound effects in increasing the mean weight diameter as well as the formation of macro-aggregates, which were highest in both surface （81%） and subsurface （74%） soil layers with application of 100 kg N ＋ 22 kg P2O5 ＋ 41 kg K2O ha^-1 （N100P22K41）. The N100P22K41 treatment also enhanced total organic C （TOC） from 4.4 g kg^-1 in no-NPK control to 4.8 g kg^-1in surface layer and from 3.3 to 4.1 g kg1 in subsurface layer leading to the 20% higher TOC stocks in 0-15 cm soil. The labile C and N fractions such as water soluble C, particulate and light fraction organic matter, potentially mineralizable N and microbial biomass were also highest under the optimized balanced application of N100P22K41. Relatively higher increase in all labile fractions of C and N as proportion of TOC and total N, respectively suggested that these are potential indicators to reflect changes in management practices long before changes in TOC and TN are detectable. These results demonstrated that optimized balanced application of N, P and K is crucial for improving soil health ensuring long-term sustainability of farming systems in semiarid subtropical soils.

Effects of porosity heterogeneity on chemical dissolution-front instability in fluid-saturated rocks

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are two totally different concepts in nature.At the particle length scale,rocks exhibit strong heterogeneity in their constituents and porosities.When the heterogeneity of porosity obeys the random uniform distribution,both the mean value and the variance of porosities in the heterogeneous porosity field can be used to reflect the overall heterogeneous characteristics of the porosity field.The main purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of porosity heterogeneity on chemical dissolution front instability in fluid-saturated rocks by the computational simulation method.The related computational simulation results have demonstrated that:1) since the propagation speed of a chemical dissolution front is inversely proportional to the difference between the final porosity and the mean value of porosities in the initial porosity field,an increase in the extent of the porosity heterogeneity can cause an increase in the mean value of porosities in the initial porosity field and an increase in the propagation speed of the chemical dissolution front.2) An increase in the variance of porosities in the initial porosity field can cause an increase in the instability probability of the chemical dissolution front in the fluid-saturated rock.3) The greater the mean value of porosities in the initial porosity field,the quicker the irregular morphology of the chemical dissolution front changes in the supercritical chemical dissolution systems.This means that the irregular morphology of a chemical dissolution front grows quicker in a porosity field of heterogeneity than it does in that of homogeneity when the chemical dissolution system is at a supercritical stage.

R-Parity Violation Effects on b_1 → bχ_1~0 in Minimal SupersymmetricStandard Model

We investigate in detail the effects of R-parity lepton number violation onthe decay b_1 → bχ_1~0 in the R-parity violating minimal supersymmetric standard model (R_p-MSSM)under the present experimental constraints on R_p parameters. In our numerical calculations weconsider two cases of input parameters of the squark and slepton sectors, M_(squark) 【 M_(slepton)and M_(squark) 】 M_(slepton), for comparison. The results show that the relative R-parity violatingcorrection is not very sensitive to the mass of the lightest neutralino bχ_1~0 the degenerateR-parity violating coupling parameter λ′_2 but strongly depends on M_(squark), M_(slepton) tan βand tie degenerate R-parity violating coupling parameter λ′_1. The relative correction is about -4～ 3% and can exceed -6% in some region of parameter space. Therefore, precise experiment analyseson the decay b_1 → bχ_1~0 may provide a probe of the R-parity violation.

Different Carbon Fractions in Soils and Their Relationship with Trace Elements Content

Luvisols, Stagnogleys and Cambisols, although less fertile, are used intensively for mixed farming, grazing and as forestland. Therefore we aimed our study at determination of total organic carbon （TOC） content, humic substances （HS） content, humic acids （HA） content, fulvic acids （FA）, hot water extractable carbon （Chw） content and content total and labile trace elements content. Humic substances quality was assessed by HA/FA ratio and by coloured indexes measured in ultraviolet and visible UV-VIS spectral range. The total and labile contents of Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Mo and Se were determined by flame or electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry after extraction of the soil samples in the aqua regia （total content） and in the solution of 0.01 M CaCI2. Total and labile trace elements content was correlated with determined carbon fractions and soil reaction. Results showed that studied soils content low amount of TOC and had low quality of humic substances. HA/FA ratio was less than 1 and colour indexes were higher than 4. All determined carbon fractions correlated with labile form of Zn and Cd. Correlation between soil reaction and total zinc content was found. Significant effect of humic substances content on to water-soluble forms of heavy metals was detected.

Conceptions of Childhood and the Educational Rights of the Child

Formulations of children＇s rights rest on assumptions about the nature of childhood yet conceptions of childhood are not stable across time and space. Such conceptions can be understood as placing different emphases among three different factors： the child as subservient to parents and ancestors （Child 1）, as a young person requiring special protection and having characteristics distinct from adults （Child 2） and as a novice （Child 3）. Different social arrangements place relatively different emphases on these three factors in their overall conceptions of childhood. Adopting the distinction between Will and Interest rights （Archard 2002）, the paper considers how an emphasis on Child 1, 2 or 3 presupposes and demands a distinctive consideration of children＇s rights. The argument concludes with a reflection on how children＇s rights might be construed if the nature of adulthood is problematised alongside that of childhood. In this case, capabilities （as means to enable functionings） may prove a more fruitful concept than rights （as actual or possible existential conditions）.

Phyllanthus emblica Linn.fruit extract potentiates the anticancer efficacy of mitomycin C and cisplatin and reduces their genotoxicity to normal cells in vitro

Objective： Fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. （PE） is widely consumed as a functional food and used as a folk medicine due to its remarkable nutritional and pharmacological effects. Mitomycin C （MMC） and cisplatin （cDDP） are the most widely used forms of chemotherapeutic drug, but their clinical use is limited by their genotoxicity to normal cells. We aimed to determine whether PE has potential to reduce the genotoxicity, while improving the anticancer effect, of MMC and cDDP. Methods： Cell proliferation was evaluated using the trypan blue exclusion assay and colony-forming assay. Genomic instability （GIN） was measured using the cytokinesis-block micronucieus assay. Results： Co-treatment （72 h） with PE at 20-320 μg/ml significantly enhanced the efficacy of MMC （0.05 μg/ml） and cDDP （1 μg/ml） against Colo205 colorectal cancer cells （P〈0.05）, and at 80-320 μg/ml significantly decreased MMC- and cDDP-induced GIN and multinucleation in normal colonic NCM460 cells （P〈0.05）. PE significantly decreased the mitotic index （P〈0.01）, blocked mitotic progression （P〈0.05）, and promoted apoptosis （P〈0.01） in MMC- and cDDP-treated NCM460 cells, suggesting that PE-mediated inhibition of mitosis and induction of apoptosis may limit the division and survival of highly damaged cells. Also, PE was found to inhibit the clonal expansion of MMC- and cDDP-treated NCM460 cells （P〈0.05） and decrease the heterogeneity of the surviving clones. Conclusions： PE potentiates the anticancer efficacy of MMC and cDDP, while preventing their genotoxicity and inhibiting clonal expansions of unstable genomes in normal cells. These data suggest that PE has the potential to reduce the risk of secondary cancers induced by chemotherapeutics.

Recent progress in the fields of tuning the band gap of quantum dots

Band gap, which can be tuned by changing the size of quantum dots (QDs) based on the quantum confinement effect, plays a fundamental role in electrical and optical properties of QDs. However, the tuning of the band gap by changing the size results in a series of intrinsic problems, such as the instability of the extremely small QDs, negative combination with biomolecules because of the large size of QDs, etc. Recently, several new methods have been developed to further study and improve the tuning of the band gap. In this paper, we summarized the recent progress in the fields of tuning the band gap of QDs, including alloyed QDs, core-shell QDs and doped QDs. The review has also prospected the development trend of tuning the band gap as well as their applications.

Conservation and characterization of unique porcine interstitial telomeric sequences

Telomeres are composed of TTAGGG repeats and located at the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres protect chromosomes from instability in mammals, including mice and humans. Repetitive TTAGGG sequences are also found at intrachromosomal sites, where they are named as interstitial telomeric sequences （ITSs）. Aberrant ITSs are implicated in chromosomal instability and found in cancer cells. Interestingly, in pigs, vertebrate telomere sequences TTAGGG （vlTSs） are also localized at the centro- meric region of chromosome 6, in addition to the end of all chromosomes. Surprisingly, we found that botanic telomere se- quences, TTTAGGG （bITSs）, also localize with vITSs at the centromeric regions of pig chromosome 6 using telomere fluo- rescence in situ hybridization （FISH） and by comparisons between several species. Furthermore, the average lengths of vITSs are highly correlated with those of the terminal telomeres （TTS）. Also, pig ITSs show a high incidence of telomere doublets, suggesting that pig ITSs might be unstable and dynamic. Together, our results show that pig cells maintain the conserved te- lomere sequences that are found at the ITSs from of plants and other vertebrates. Further understanding of the function and regulation of pig ITSs may provide new clues for evolution and chromosomal instability.

A numerical study of shock-interface interaction and prediction of the mixing zone growth in inhomogeneous medium

The growth of mixing zone on an interface induced by Richtmyer-Meshkov(RM)instability occurs frequently in natural phenomena and in engineering applications.Usually,the medium on which the RM instability happens is inhomogeneous,the effect of medium inhomogeneity on the growth of the mixing zone during the RM instability is still not clear.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the RM instability in inhomogeneous medium.Based on a high-order computational scheme,the interactions of a density interface with an incident shock wave(ISW)in inhomogeneous medium are numerically simulated by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations.The effect of the inhomogeneity on the interface evolution after the passage of ISW through the interface is investigated.The results show that the interface morphology develops in a distinctive "spike-spike"structure in inhomogeneous medium.Particularly,the spike structure on the bottom of the interface is due to the reverse induction of RM instability by curved ISW or reflected shock wave.With the increase of inhomogeneity,the growth rate of the mixing zone width on interface increases,and the wave patterns caused by interaction between the shock wave and interface are more complex.Compared with RM instability in homogeneous medium,the inhomogeneous distribution of the density in medium further enhances the baroclinic effect and induces larger vorticity in flow field.Therefore,the interface is stretched much more significantly under the induction of enhanced vorticity in inhomogeneous medium.Based on above analyses,a model for predicting the growth of mixing zone width on the interface after the passage of ISW is proposed,in order to provide a useful method for evaluations of perturbation growth behavior during the RM instability in inhomogeneous medium.

Low Speed Axial Compressor Stall Margin Improvement by Unsteady Plasma Actuation

This research investigates the use of single dielectric barrier discharge(SDBD) actuators for energizing the tip leakage flow to suppress rotating stall inception and extend the stable operating range of a low speed axial compressor with a single rotor.The jet induced by the plasma actuator adds momentum to the flow in the tip region and has a significant impact on the tip-gap flow.Experiments are carried out on a low speed axial compressor with a single rotor.The static pressure is measured at both the rotor inlet and outlet.The flow coefficient and pressure rise coefficient are calculated.Then the characteristic line is acquired to show the overall performance of the compressor.With unsteady plasma actuation of 18kV and 60W the compressor stability range improvement is realized at rotor speed of 1500 r/min – 2400 r/min.