Gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: new insights into age-related cognitive decline

With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.

Maresin 1 alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture

Objective:Inflammation in the central nervous system plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.This study aims to explore the effects of maresin 1(MaR1),an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator,on sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.Methods:Mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups:A sham group(sham operation+vehicle),a cecal ligation and puncture(CLP)group(CLP operation+vehicle),a MaR1-LD group(CLP operation+1 ng MaR1),and a MaR1-HD group(CLP operation+10 ng MaR1).MaR1 or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered starting 1 h before CLP operation,then every other day for 7 days.Survival rates were monitored,and serum inflammatory cytokines[tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6]were measured 24 h after operation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cognitive function was assessed 7 days after operation using the Morris water maze(MWM)test and novel object recognition(NOR)task.The mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),IL-4,IL-10,and arginase 1(Arg1)in cortical and hippocampal tissues was determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of iNOS,Arg1,signal transducer and activator of transcription 6(STAT6),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ),and phosphorylated STAT6(p-STAT6)in hippocampal tissue.Microglia activation was visualized via immunofluorescence.Mice were also treated with the PPARγantagonist GW9662 to confirm the involvement of this pathway in MaR1’s effects.Results:CLP increased serum levels of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6,and reduced body weight and survival rates(all P<0.05).Both 1 ng and 10 ng doses of MaR1 significantly reduced serum TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 levels,improved body weight,and increased survival rates(all P<0.05).No significant difference in efficacy was observed between the 2 doses(all P>0.05).MWM test and NOR task indicated that CLP impaired spatial learning,which MaR1 mitigated.However,GW9662 partially reversed MaR1’s protective effects.Real-time RTPCR results demonstrated that,compared to the sham group,mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-1β,and iNOS significantly increased in hippocampal tissues following CLP(all P<0.05),while IL-4,IL-10,and Arg1 showed a slight decrease,though the differences were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).Compared to the CLP group,both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 decreased TNF-α,IL-1β,and iNOS mRNA expression in hippocampal tissues and increased IL-4,IL-10,and Arg1 mRNA expression(all P<0.05).Immunofluorescence results indicated a significant increase in Iba1-positive microglia in the hippocampus after CLP compared to the sham group(P<0.05).Administration of 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 reduced the percentage area of Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus compared to the CLP group(both P<0.05).Western blotting results showed that,compared to the CLP group,both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 down-regulated the iNOS expression,while up-regulated the expression of Arg1,PPARγ,and p-STAT6(all P<0.05).However,the inclusion of GW9662 counteracted the MaR1-induced upregulation of Arg1 and PPARγcompared to the MaR1-LD group(all P<0.05).Conclusion:MaR1 inhibits the classical activation of hippocampal microglia,promotes alternative activation,reduces sepsis-induced neuroinflammation,and improves cognitive decline.

西北欧全新世中期的Elm Decline研究新进展

在５０００ａＢＰ西北欧发生的ＥｌｍＤｅｃｌｉｎｅ，是全新世突发性环境事件或灾变过程的表现。它在６０年来一直是欧洲环境变迁、考古和（１４）Ｃ年代学界关。Ｃ的热点论题。对其研究进展作了系统的评述，以了解其研究现状，促进我国全新世环境变迁和人地关系演变科学研究。

Effects of SPAD Decline Value of Mid-season Hybrid Rice Leaves after Full-heading Stage on Productivity of Rice Fertilized with Nitrogen

[Objective] The aim was to research relationship between SPAD decline index after full-heading stage （SDIFHS） and productivity of rice. fertilized with nitro- gen in order to provide theoretical and practical references for selection and breed- ing of rice varieties. [Method] From 2008 to 2010, 18 mid-season hybrid rice vari- eties were researched every year to explore relationship＇ between SDIFHS and pro- ductivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen. [Result] The productivity of rice fertilized with nitrogen was of extremely significant positive corretation with SDIFHS, because the higher SPAD decline index is, the higher LAI decline index and the transformation ratio of dry matter to spikes in overground plant would be. [Conclusion] The re- search established a new method to predict productivity of rice fertilized with nitro- gen based on SPAD decline index.

中国写作理论元范畴“辞”论纲

“辞”是“司”的后起分化字。西周青铜铭文中“辞”与法律诉讼有关,本义为“讼辞”。东周“辞”引申出普通言辞的意义,孔子提出“修辞”概念,诸子共同建构了修辞伦理、修辞技艺和文体三位一体的修辞学说。修辞学术以语言为中心探索了怎样思考、如何表达的问题,具有很强的工具性。“辞”成为一个跨界语言学、逻辑学、修辞学、文体学的重要范畴,被提升到理论层面予以反思和研究。这是中国写作理论元范畴“关键的一跳”。秦汉以来“言文分离”,随着诗文书写日益发展,表意单位为篇章且基于书面文辞的“辞章”概念产生。先秦修辞学演化为汉魏六朝辞章学,后者追求作品的辞藻、辞趣,偏向语言风格旨趣,窄化了写作学范围。如何赓续传统,继往开来,推进全球视域下21世纪中国写作学术的繁荣与发展,由“辞”进入,当能另辟蹊径。

陶渊明《归去来兮辞》是“文”吗?——兼论“辞”的文体特点

陶渊明《归去来兮辞》,高中《语文》课本定为“文”,而当代研究著作及诗文选本中,或被归为“诗”,或被归为“文”,使得《归去来兮辞》文体归属成了疑难问题。经考察,《归去来兮辞》在宋前被归于“辞”或“诗”无异议,宋代开始有人将其视作“文”。“辞”作为文体概念时有两重含义,其一指“楚辞体”的诗,与“骚”实为一体异名,这一文体常与“赋”发生混淆。较之于“赋”,在文体形式上“辞”在句中或句末多带有“兮”字或其他语气助词;在文体属性上“辞”更多的是直接自我抒情,与“赋”以铺陈体物为主有别;文体写作上“辞”的感情流动是作品内部生发的,即所谓“潜气内转”,“赋”则多靠使用关联词连接意脉。其二指歌词,这一文体概念后来被“词”包含。《归去来兮辞》完全符合“辞”的文体特点,本质属性是诗,在当下文体分类中应该归于诗而非文。

论夫子的辞趣与子路在儒门的地位

孔子的弟子子路在很多文献中名声显赫、地位崇高,但后世学者却多停留在“门人不敬子路”这种印象上。要想还原子路在孔门的形象、重诂子路在儒门的地位,须首先回到“门人不敬子路”说的章句文献中,考察具体语境和能指背后的所指等问题,同时须跳出一章之训解,全面审视、整体体察孔子对子路的态度;而要准确理解夫子对待子路的真切情感和实际态度,又须剖明夫子百变的辞趣、不变的心事,以及语录现场的氛围和春秋时期的历史文化语境。孔子在回答子路问题和指导子路成长时,方法多样、修辞丰富,从中可以体察到夫子对子路一贯的忧虑和爱护以及策略性表彰。“门人不敬子路”的说法歪曲了先贤形象,是对经典片面理解所致。

取旧辞与引古事:萧纲骈文使事用典的文本建构作用

萧纲作品经常引经据典,尤以骈文使事用典为多。萧纲骈文用典以引成辞的语典为主,典事来源范围广泛又重点突出。使事用典是萧纲骈文文本的重要构建手段,无论是掇取旧辞,还是使用古事,都在内容上拓展了萧纲骈文的表现疆域,令其内涵更绚烂多姿,意蕴更深入厚重。引古事取旧辞是萧纲骈文书写的重要手段,不仅是构成文本内容的重要组成部分,在文本的语句熔铸和篇章结构上也具有不可忽视的作用。萧纲骈文使事用典既追摹学习前修时贤典范作品,又求新求变,形成了鲜明的个性特点。

郑伯克段:破坏人伦秩序是大恶——公羊家亲亲尊尊复杂个案的辞法辨义

郑庄公杀死亲弟共叔段一案因为渗透着亲亲尊尊的纠结、政治与伦理的对冲而常被后世所议论,但《春秋》诠释史上却罕有论及郑伯大恶的根本原因是破坏人伦秩序。经文书“伯”而非“侯”,已有贬义,称“克”、书“段”则表明兄弟已宛若“途之人然,亲亲之义绝”。对兄弟关系诉诸武力,有违亲亲原则。不弟之辞是谴责庄公蔽于昆仲一伦。叔段是自取灭亡,其不遵臣道,当国、僭制,本就该杀。兄弟一伦崩溃,弟而不弟,兄而不兄。庄公也需要母爱,故对弟弟得宠始终心存芥蒂,明知母亲更爱其弟却依然杀之,视同间接施虐于其母,不孝之至。分析《春秋公羊传》多种辞法,可以辨析此案包含的义理来重新理解罪责的判定,进而论证郑庄公破坏血亲人伦基本秩序已构成大恶的道理,指出公羊家评价之不足。

清雅细美与浓墨重彩——胡志平演奏二胡曲《纳兰性德辞意》的美学意蕴及其他

二胡与乐队《纳兰性德辞意》是一首文人题材、文人格调、既现代又很有意味的二胡曲。文章从乐曲的创作、演出及其他,乐曲二度艺术创造的美学追求及技法表现,对乐曲一度创作的精巧构思、二度创作所体现的“文人二胡艺术”的美学追求及创新实践和作品近40年来的传播影响进行分析探究。

Preventive Effect of Gastrodin on Cognitive Decline after Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass:A Double-Blind,Randomized Controlled Study

Cognitive decline is a common complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass（CPB）,but as such no pharmacological therapy has been shown to be efficacious in preventing the decline.However,gastrodin has been shown to have multi-pharmacological effects on neurological functions.We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that gastrodin would potentially prevent CPB-associated neurocognitive decline.We randomly assigned 200 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement surgery to receive either gastrodin（40 mg/kg） or saline after the induction of anesthesia and subsequently evaluated cognitive function before surgery,at discharge,and at 3rd month after surgery by using a battery of five neurocognitive tests,or adverse effects of gastrodin postoperatively.Neurocognitive decline in postoperative function was defined as a drop of 1 SD or more in the scores on tests of any one of the four domains of cognitive function.Cognitive decline occurred in 9% of the patients in the gastrodin group in contrast to 42% in the control group（P〈0.01） at discharge.Cognitive outcome could be determined at 3rd month in 87 patients in the gastrodin group and 89 in the control group.Cognitive decline was detected in 6% in the gastrodin group and 31% in the control group（P〈0.01）.The incidences of possible adverse effects were similar between two groups.These results indicate that gastrodin is an effective and a safe drug for the prevention of neurocognitive decline in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement surgery with CPB.

Decline of eucalypt trees in tablelands of New South Wales, Australia

Eucalyptus species are the native and major plant group in Australian landscapes. Since European settlement, eucalypt trees heavily decline in the tablelands .of New South Wales. Tree recruitment bog down and the landscape ecosystem hardly recovers to the original state. This paper introduces the history of eucalypt trees and native shrubs decline, analyzes reasons of seedling recruitment decrease in this region, such as clearing, grazing, fire, competition from exotic species, dieback, insects, drought and so on, and summarizes the probable conditions of eucalypt tree recruitment, such as suitable conditions of seedling survival, sufficient seed supply, keep from predation, suitable germination conditions, non-grazed environment, mechanical treatment, weed control, fire regime, disease control etc, lending suggests how to preserve and encourage eucalypt trees recruitment in the area.

Recent tree growth decline unprecedented over the last four centuries in a Tibetan juniper forest

Forest structure and function are subject to risks of growth declines from intensified drought and frequent extreme events related to climate warming.Knowledge of tree growth declines will help anticipate future responses of forests to climate change.In this study,we investigated tree growth declines over the last four centuries in a juniper forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.By analyzing the radial growth trajectories of individual trees,we identified two events of intense growth decline,one in 1817–1830 and the other in 1969–1999 over the past four centuries.The intensity of the recent decline was unprecedented in the period under study.Ring-width chronology showed a positive correlation with self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Indices and a negative correlation with mean monthly temperatures in May and June.The recent intensified growth decline may have been due to temperatureinduced frequent droughts in the study area.Our findings suggest that trees in this juniper forest may face a higher risk of growth decline and even mortality under continued climate warming.

陶渊明《归去来兮辞》与莱昂修士《隐居颂》中自然书写的比较

自然书写一直是诗歌批评的重要主题,也是中西比较诗学常见的切入点,但诗歌中的自然并不孤立存在,自然是诗人眼中的自然,“物我关联”才是深刻剖析中西自然书写异同的关键。本文选择中国隐逸诗之宗《归去来兮辞》与西班牙隐逸诗经典《隐居颂》作为比较对象,从自然意象、物我互动与隐逸缘由三个方面展开比较,以物我关系、物我神关系的对照为内核,呈现中西诗歌自然书写的差异以及由此折射出不同的人与自然的关系。

Characterisation of pH decline and meat color development of beef carcasses during the early postmortem period in a Chinese beef cattle abattoir

This study investigated the pH/temperature decline of beef carcasses in a typical Chinese abattoir and color development as pH declined during rigor onset. A natural cubic spline model was used to model the pH/temperature decline for those carcasses which passed through pH 6.0. Six of the 97 carcasses that exhibited a high （-〉6.10） ultimate pH （pHu） （darkcutting） in the M. Iongissimus lumborum （LL） were sampled, along with the same numbers of normal pHu and intermediate pHu carcasses （5.40-5.79; 5.80-6.10, respectively）, to examine color development within 24 h postmortem. It was shown that 66.7% of the modeled carcasses were outside the ideal pH/temperature window with a temperature@pH6.0 lower than ideal, suggesting the need for acceleration of the pH decline. The stable and low a^＊, b^＊ and chroma values of high pHu beef within the first 12 h indicated dark-cutting beef might be detected earlier than expected.

Risks of rapid decline renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes

Progressive rising population of diabetes and related nephropathy, namely, diabetic kidney disease and associated end stage renal disease has become a major global public health issue. Results of observational studies indicate that most diabetic kidney disease progresses over decades; however, certain diabetes patients display a rapid decline in renal function, which may lead to renal failure within months. Although the definition of rapid renal function decline remained speculative, in general,it is defined by the decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR) in absolute rate of loss or percent change. Based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2012 clinical practice guidelines, a rapid decline in renal function is defined as a sustained declinein e GFR of 】 5 m L/min per 1.73 m2 per year. It has been reported that potential factors contributing to a rapid decline in renal function include ethnic/genetic and demographic causes, smoking habits, increased glycated hemoglobin levels, obesity, albuminuria, anemia, low serum magnesium levels, high serum phosphate levels, vitamin D deficiency, elevated systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity values, retinopathy, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. This article reviews current literatures in this area and provides insight on the early detection of diabetic subjects who are at risk of a rapid decline in renal function in order to develop a more aggressive approach to renal and cardiovascular protection.

Blasingame production decline type curves for analysing a multi-fractured horizontal well in tight gas reservoirs

Production decline analysis has been considered as an important method to obtain the flow parameters, reservoir properties and original gas in place. Although advanced Blasingame production decline analysis methods for vertical wells, fractured wells and horizontal wells are widely used, limited study has conducted on Blasingame production decline type curves for multi-fractured horizontal well(MFHW). Based on the perpendicular bisection(PEBI) grids, a numerical model was developed and the solution was obtained using control volume finite element method and the fully implicit method. Blasingame production decline-type curves of the infinitely conductive MFHW were plotted through computer programming. A field case was presented to analyse and verify the model developed. Five flow regimes, including early formation linear flow, early radial flow, compound linear flow, transient flow and pseudo-radial flow, are recognized. Fracture spacing is the main factor that affects early radial flow, compound linear flow and transient flow, the distance from the well to the circular boundary affects the pseudo-radial flow, and the type curves are also significantly affected by the formation permeability, fracture number and fracture half-length. The validation of field case suggests that the Blasingame production decline type curves proposed in this work can be applied to the production decline analysis for MFHW in tight gas reservoirs.

义必明雅 辞必巧丽——台湾骚体赋论

台湾骚体赋自清代以降一直是重要的文学课题。台湾赋的整理校注工作始自2005年由许俊雅、吴福助主持编纂的《全台赋》。该书承续传统赋作形式,多记台湾形胜地景、自然生态与历史文化。53篇骚体赋应用“兮”字,间有赋中系诗。赋末乱辞亦沿《楚辞》之“歌曰”“辞曰”“和曰”,有简约全篇、收尾之用。《全台赋》作者或为仕台官员或居台文人,其中少数作者具有编纂方志的经验。《全台赋》展现了他们深厚的文化底蕴以及惊采绝艳的视角,涵濡之深可见骚学之递嬗与创新。

Arctic autumn sea ice decline and Asian winter temperature anomaly

Associations between the autumn Arctic sea ice concentration （SIC） and Asian winter temperature are discussed using the singular value decomposition analysis. Results show that in recent 33 years reduced autumn Arctic sea ice is accompanied by Asian winter temperature decrease except in the Tibetan plateau and the Arctic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean coast. The autumn SIC reduction excites two geopotential height centers in Eurasia and the north Arctic Ocean, which are persistent from autumn to winter. The negative center is in Barents Sea/Kara Sea. The positive center is located in Mongolia. The anomalous winds are associated with geopotential height centers, providing favorable clod air for the Asian winter temperature decreasing in recent 33 years. This relationship indicates a potential long-term outlook for the Asian winter temperature decrease as the decline of the autumn sea ice in the Arctic Ocean is expected to continue as climate warms.

Rise and decline of ancient salt industry revealed by Na and Ca concentrations in sediments at Zhongba site, Chongqing

Based on dynastic period division and AMS ^14 C dating performed on the sedimentary layers at Zhongba and Yuxi sites,and also the analysis of Na,Ca and Mg of 201 sedimentary samples from Zhongba site and that of Ca and Na in 47 sedimentary samples from Yuxi by using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry（ICP）,we found that there were 35 time periods when the contents of Ca and Na were reversely correlated,i.e.whenever the content of Ca was the highest,the content of Na was the lowest,and vice versa. Among them,there were 21 time periods when the content of Ca was the highest,and Na was the lowest,indicating that there were about 21 prosperous periods of ancient salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.Other 14 time periods with the peak values of Na while the low values of Ca indicate 14 declined periods of salt production at Zhongba site since 3000BC.The conclusion obtained from the reverse relationship between Ca and Na contents in this paper is consistent with that＂the salt production at Zhongba site started in the new stone age,developed in the Xia and Shang dynasties,reached at the heyday in periods from the Western Zhou to the Han Dynasties,maintained stable to develop in the Tang and the Song dynasties,and gradually declined after the Song Dynasty because the sea salt were conveyed into Sichuan region,however,still had production in the 1970s-1980s＂,educed from archeological exploration.All the above mentioned results indicate that there is a reverse relationship obviously between the contents of Na and Ca in sediments at Zhongba site for ancient salt production,which can be used to reveal the process of rise and decline of ancient salt industry at Zhongba site.