The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different...The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different translated results from each other. In general, translators will make translation choices between the “word-for-word translation” and “sense-for-sense translation”. A good translation usually has two translation choices and the difference is just which kind of choice to use more. In addition to this, whether the same word can be translated consistently is also worthy of being discussed, especially in the case of a proper noun or vocabulary with special meaning. If a vocabulary with special meaning in the Bible is translated into different words, it is not only impossible to clarify the conceptual connection or logical relationship between certain words in the Bible, but also makes it possible for readers who read different Bible translations to have the different understanding of the vocabulary. Under the influence of globalization, Christian communication has become more frequent. After different readers read different Bible translations, the problem of inconsistent understanding of the same word or paragraph will be gradually revealed. This article uses the Greek word “ψυχη” to explore the above issues. “ψυχη” is a vocabulary with special meaning in the New Testament and it is mostly discussed in the anthropology of Christian theology. This article compares three English Bible translations and six Chinese Bible translations on the Greek word “ψυχη” and then finds that the Greek word “ψυχη was translated into multiple different words in a single Bible translation and in different Bible translations. This situation shows that the difference in translation may make the readers of different Bible translations have different understandings after reading.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in tu...The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in turn, the history of people＇s last names. At first, some of the Spanish last names were used as nicknames for Italians. The method 1 used to get the data from primary sources was from spending time in Italy for four consecutive summers and visiting towns in the Naples area while I collected surnames found on houses. The Catalonians came to rule Sardinia, and their language and subsequently Spanish were official on the island. The linguistic influence of Spanish does not stop with surnames. A list of Spanish and Basque surnames which is redolent of the history of southern Italy and Sicily is appended. The geolinguistics interest lies in the way that the study of language, both ordinary words and proper nouns, offers important clues to the lives and movements of people of ages past, reflects political and economic aspects and also explains the ethnic origin of people who live in Sicily and Italy today or are descendants of Italians who have been important immigrants in the Americas, in Australia, and indeed around the world.展开更多
When considering indigenous people in Brazil, both in academic and non-academic settings, the individuals＇ names are almost always ignored for the sake of representing their collectivity as communities, as Peoples. D...When considering indigenous people in Brazil, both in academic and non-academic settings, the individuals＇ names are almost always ignored for the sake of representing their collectivity as communities, as Peoples. Discussing autobiographies or indigenous biographies is still an uncommon endeavor, even in our field of Letters/Liberal Arts or in Indigenous Ethnology. However, since the beginning of the process of reclaiming the lands that once belonged to them, the indigenous Peoples have been producing autobiographical narratives, demonstrating how this genre of text production--traditionally linked to the development of the Western individual---can constitute and be appropriated in different Amerindian translations. It is fi＇om this perspective that I intend to present a discussion about those text productions, analyzing what their collective signatures express, and how their proper names are constructed and signified on behalf of the group.展开更多
The present paper describes the use of online free language resources for translating and expanding queries in CLIR （cross-language information retrieval）. In a previous study, we proposed method queries that were t...The present paper describes the use of online free language resources for translating and expanding queries in CLIR （cross-language information retrieval）. In a previous study, we proposed method queries that were translated by two machine translation systems on the Language Gridem. The queries were then expanded using an online dictionary to translate compound words or word phrases. A concept base was used to compare back translation words with the original query in order to delete mistranslated words. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we constructed a CLIR system and used the science documents of the NTCIR1 dataset. The proposed method achieved high precision. However~ proper nouns （names of people and places） appear infrequently in science documents. In information retrieval, proper nouns present unique problems. Since proper nouns are usually unknown words, they are difficult to find in monolingual dictionaries, not to mention bilingual dictionaries. Furthermore, the initial query of the user is not always the best description of the desired information. In order to solve this problem, and to create a better query representation, query expansion is often proposed as a solution. Wikipedia was used to translate compound words or word phrases. It was also used to expand queries together with a concept base. The NTCIRI and NTCIR 6 datasets were used to evaluate the proposed method. In the proposed method, the CLIR system was implemented with a high rate of precision. The proposed syst had a higher ranking than the NTCIRI and NTCIR6 participation systems.展开更多
文摘The purpose of Bible translation is to enable readers to fully understand what the Bible says in their own context. The different Bible translations use different translation principles, therefore, they show different translated results from each other. In general, translators will make translation choices between the “word-for-word translation” and “sense-for-sense translation”. A good translation usually has two translation choices and the difference is just which kind of choice to use more. In addition to this, whether the same word can be translated consistently is also worthy of being discussed, especially in the case of a proper noun or vocabulary with special meaning. If a vocabulary with special meaning in the Bible is translated into different words, it is not only impossible to clarify the conceptual connection or logical relationship between certain words in the Bible, but also makes it possible for readers who read different Bible translations to have the different understanding of the vocabulary. Under the influence of globalization, Christian communication has become more frequent. After different readers read different Bible translations, the problem of inconsistent understanding of the same word or paragraph will be gradually revealed. This article uses the Greek word “ψυχη” to explore the above issues. “ψυχη” is a vocabulary with special meaning in the New Testament and it is mostly discussed in the anthropology of Christian theology. This article compares three English Bible translations and six Chinese Bible translations on the Greek word “ψυχη” and then finds that the Greek word “ψυχη was translated into multiple different words in a single Bible translation and in different Bible translations. This situation shows that the difference in translation may make the readers of different Bible translations have different understandings after reading.
文摘The purpose of this study is to shed light on the southern part of Italy where Catalonians ruled. Great numbers of Spaniards, principally the Catalonians, headed to that country. This affected the language, and, in turn, the history of people＇s last names. At first, some of the Spanish last names were used as nicknames for Italians. The method 1 used to get the data from primary sources was from spending time in Italy for four consecutive summers and visiting towns in the Naples area while I collected surnames found on houses. The Catalonians came to rule Sardinia, and their language and subsequently Spanish were official on the island. The linguistic influence of Spanish does not stop with surnames. A list of Spanish and Basque surnames which is redolent of the history of southern Italy and Sicily is appended. The geolinguistics interest lies in the way that the study of language, both ordinary words and proper nouns, offers important clues to the lives and movements of people of ages past, reflects political and economic aspects and also explains the ethnic origin of people who live in Sicily and Italy today or are descendants of Italians who have been important immigrants in the Americas, in Australia, and indeed around the world.
文摘When considering indigenous people in Brazil, both in academic and non-academic settings, the individuals＇ names are almost always ignored for the sake of representing their collectivity as communities, as Peoples. Discussing autobiographies or indigenous biographies is still an uncommon endeavor, even in our field of Letters/Liberal Arts or in Indigenous Ethnology. However, since the beginning of the process of reclaiming the lands that once belonged to them, the indigenous Peoples have been producing autobiographical narratives, demonstrating how this genre of text production--traditionally linked to the development of the Western individual---can constitute and be appropriated in different Amerindian translations. It is fi＇om this perspective that I intend to present a discussion about those text productions, analyzing what their collective signatures express, and how their proper names are constructed and signified on behalf of the group.
文摘The present paper describes the use of online free language resources for translating and expanding queries in CLIR （cross-language information retrieval）. In a previous study, we proposed method queries that were translated by two machine translation systems on the Language Gridem. The queries were then expanded using an online dictionary to translate compound words or word phrases. A concept base was used to compare back translation words with the original query in order to delete mistranslated words. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we constructed a CLIR system and used the science documents of the NTCIR1 dataset. The proposed method achieved high precision. However~ proper nouns （names of people and places） appear infrequently in science documents. In information retrieval, proper nouns present unique problems. Since proper nouns are usually unknown words, they are difficult to find in monolingual dictionaries, not to mention bilingual dictionaries. Furthermore, the initial query of the user is not always the best description of the desired information. In order to solve this problem, and to create a better query representation, query expansion is often proposed as a solution. Wikipedia was used to translate compound words or word phrases. It was also used to expand queries together with a concept base. The NTCIRI and NTCIR 6 datasets were used to evaluate the proposed method. In the proposed method, the CLIR system was implemented with a high rate of precision. The proposed syst had a higher ranking than the NTCIRI and NTCIR6 participation systems.
