World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (C...World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.展开更多
Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbaniz...Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbanization, However, the Ottoman households that governed Galilee and Palestine＇s coastal areas did not help local merchants （tujjar） to develop inter-regional or intra-regional trade networks, as was the case in central Palestine. The disappearance of the main two obstacles to these networks--the dominant local leaders and the monopoly system--ushered in a new era in Palestine＇s trading and commercial history. Jaffa became Palestine＇s main transit port and gradually attracted wealthy merchants from far and wide. Besides their importing and exporting activities, these merchants invested heavily in citrus plantations, transforming the citrus fruit trade into Palestine＇s largest economic sector. Palestine＇s most powerful merchants played an important role as ＂the modern agents of change＂, as they did elsewhere in the Middle East. This development found expression in many aspects of their lifestyle： in the ornate architecture of their houses, in their patterns of consumption, and in their elevated living standards. These powerful merchants were also the first actors to import new technologies to Palestine, in order to develop their businesses. In short, this paper argued that the Palestinian entrepreneurial and mercantile classes, but not members of the old elite and the traditional leadership, emerged as models for imitation by society at large. In many respects, this shift in influence constituted a revolutionary change.展开更多
Learning English requires an English environment, but it is impossible for us to communicate with the English speaking people face-to-face frequently, Computer network can he said to narrow the distance between people...Learning English requires an English environment, but it is impossible for us to communicate with the English speaking people face-to-face frequently, Computer network can he said to narrow the distance between people from the space, turn the world into a global village, and provide people in the world with more and more convenient opporttmities. The use of computer-aided English teaching can make up for the deficiencies of the traditional English teaching methods, which will greatly improve English teaching. In this paper, in view of the perspective of psycholinguistics to analyze common English pod cast, network language and foreign learning phenomenon.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship by the British Academy (No. SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371030)
文摘World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.
文摘Just as in the eighteenth century cotton trade pulled Palestine＇s economy into the orbit of the world economy, so it also enabled Palestine, through its ruler shaykh Zahir al-＇Umar, to instigate a process of urbanization, However, the Ottoman households that governed Galilee and Palestine＇s coastal areas did not help local merchants （tujjar） to develop inter-regional or intra-regional trade networks, as was the case in central Palestine. The disappearance of the main two obstacles to these networks--the dominant local leaders and the monopoly system--ushered in a new era in Palestine＇s trading and commercial history. Jaffa became Palestine＇s main transit port and gradually attracted wealthy merchants from far and wide. Besides their importing and exporting activities, these merchants invested heavily in citrus plantations, transforming the citrus fruit trade into Palestine＇s largest economic sector. Palestine＇s most powerful merchants played an important role as ＂the modern agents of change＂, as they did elsewhere in the Middle East. This development found expression in many aspects of their lifestyle： in the ornate architecture of their houses, in their patterns of consumption, and in their elevated living standards. These powerful merchants were also the first actors to import new technologies to Palestine, in order to develop their businesses. In short, this paper argued that the Palestinian entrepreneurial and mercantile classes, but not members of the old elite and the traditional leadership, emerged as models for imitation by society at large. In many respects, this shift in influence constituted a revolutionary change.
文摘Learning English requires an English environment, but it is impossible for us to communicate with the English speaking people face-to-face frequently, Computer network can he said to narrow the distance between people from the space, turn the world into a global village, and provide people in the world with more and more convenient opporttmities. The use of computer-aided English teaching can make up for the deficiencies of the traditional English teaching methods, which will greatly improve English teaching. In this paper, in view of the perspective of psycholinguistics to analyze common English pod cast, network language and foreign learning phenomenon.
