自由民主制度是否能关上历史之门?

在世界政体剧变的20世纪,福山提出了在世界范围内引起巨大轰动的"历史终结论",他指出历史是有方向性的且历史会终结于社会的某一形态即自由民主制度。在《历史的终结及最后之人》这本书中,福山分析了历史发展的动力机制以及自由民主制度的合法性基础等。但自由民主制度是否真的能够关上历史之门、意识形态是终结还是发展、福山理论存在的困境,这些都已成为验证"历史终结论"的关键,历史并不会因自由民主制度而终结。

福山“历史终结论”及其对马克思历史观的误读

福山的“历史终结论”从普遍史的角度,认为历史具有方向性,同时也具有终结性。在他看来,马克思也是一位“历史终结论者”。福山认为,人类的历史就是一部以自由民主制度为目标的普遍史,自由民主制度构成了人类历史的终结。福山的这一观点是对当代西方资本主义制度的美化,同时也是对马克思历史观的曲解。马克思主义反对把自由民主制度理解为历史的终结,而只是把它视为走向共产主义社会的一个必经的历史阶段。

历史终结的理论和证据——评《历史的终结及最后之人》

弗朗西斯·福山在《历史的终结及最后之人》中详尽论述了其历史终结理论。该书的论证存在明显的本质上的缺陷。首先,在＂历史终结＂和＂自由民主＂这两个核心概念上,作者难以给出准确统一的定义。其次,作者在论证历史发展机制时,片面引用黑格尔的唯心史观,在理论上主观而薄弱,不能被历史发展所证实。最后,当理论与现实相违背时,他补充了新的解释,但这样又与总论点产生了矛盾。冷战后至今的历史进程对福山的理论提出挑战,值得注视。

The Asiatic Mode of Production in World History Perspective: From a Universal to a Particularistic View of History

Discussions on Marx＇s ＂Asiatic mode of production＂ are essentially about the relationship between the universal and the particularistic view of history. Marx adhered to the world history position, but in the course of formulating his theory of the Asiatic mode of production he moved from universal history to a particularistic view of history; whereas the shift from the ＂Russian path＂ and ＂Russian way＂ provided by the Russian revolution to Stalin＇s doctrine of the ＂five forms＂ of social development represented a return from particularistic to universal history. In developing a Chinese view of history, three elements cannot be overlooked： the Chinese pattern of historical development and China＇s present development experience; Marx＇s theory of social forms and his thoughts on Oriental society in his later years; and the ＂Russian path＂ and ＂systemic transformation＂ launched by the October Revolution.

Marx’s International Outlook and Its Contemporary Value

Marx probed into the laws of the evolution of world history and the international system from the perspective of grand history,incisively revealing the inherent historical dynamics and evolutionary secrets of the laws of this development and thus providing a new analytical framework for our understanding of the nature of international relations and the characteristics of the era.Compared with related international relations theories of the same period,Marx’s international outlook had a unique class standpoint and methodological principles and adopted rigorous speculative logic and lofty values.Marx conducted scientific research and dialectical analysis of the laws of evolution and the intrinsic nature of international society,especially the historical mission of the proletariat.These ideas,unique in the intellectual and theoretical spectrum of international relations,provide an intellectual guide for the innovation of Chinese diplomatic theory in the new era.